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Study of the Transport Behavior of Multispherical Proppant in Intersecting Fracture Based on Discrete Element Method

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Energy Engineering 2025年第1期122卷 185-201页

作者： Chengyong Peng JianshuWu Mao Jiang Biao Yin Yishan Lou CNOOC Research Institute company Limited Beijing100028China School of Petroleum Engineering Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100China Hubei Key Laboratory of oil and gas Drilling and Production Engineering(Yangtze University) Wuhan430100China

To analyze the differences in the transport and distribution of different types of proppants and to address issues such as the short effective support of proppant and poor placement in hydraulically intersecting fractures,this study considered the combined impact of geological-engineering factors on *** reservoir production parameters and the discrete elementmethod,multispherical proppants were ***,a 3D fracture model,based on the specified conditions of the L block,employed coupled(Computational Fluid Dynamics)CFD-DEM(Discrete ElementMethod)for joint simulations to quantitatively analyze the transport and placement patterns of multispherical proppants in intersecting *** indicate that turbulent kinetic energy is an intrinsic factor affecting proppant ***,the efficiency of placement and migration distance of low-sphericity quartz sand constructed by the DEM in the main fracture are significantly reduced compared to spherical ceramic proppants,with a 27.7%decrease in the volume fraction of the fracture surface,subsequently affecting the placement concentration and damaging fracture *** to small-angle fractures,controlling artificial and natural fractures to expand at angles of 45°to 60°increases the effective support length by approximately 20.6%.During hydraulic fracturing of gas wells,ensuring the fracture support area and post-closure conductivity can be achieved by controlling the sphericity of proppants and adjusting the perforation direction to control the direction of artificial fractures.

关键词： Hydraulic fracturing discrete element method proppant sphericity CFD-DEM

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Composition, environment, and economic value of the Permian to Cretaceous coated grains from Zagros and the Persian Gulf

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2023年第3期38卷 316-334页

作者： Mehrangiz Naderi-Khujin Vahid Tavakoli pars oil and gas company School of Geology College of Science University of Tehran

Ooid grainstone/packstone carbonate facies of the Dalan, Kangan, and Arab formations are the main hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Persian Gulf. Based on detailed petrographic and petrophysical analyses,sedimentological and mineralogical features of the Permian to Late Cretaceous carbonate and iron-rich coated grains from Zagros and the Persian Gulf were investigated. Frequent ooids in these formations indicate a high-energy environment and a wave-dominated shallow carbonate platform. Because of wide-spread Permian-Triassic epiric seas and long-lasting periods of arid and hot climate, Permian-Triassic carbonate ooids have more vertical and lateral distribution in comparison with Late Jurassic carbonate ooids. Dolomite, calcite, and anhydrite are the major minerals of carbonate ooid grains. Early Cretaceous iron-rich ooids have been deposited above a major Late Aptian disconformity during the highstand systems tract. Ooid ironstone bulk sample X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis shows that goethite,siderite, fluorapatite, calcite, quartz, and pyrite are the major phases of ooid ironstone deposits. This layer of iron bearing ooids could have economic importance in its outcrops in the Zagros area. Late Cretaceous iron-rich coated grains(pisoid-oncoids) were deposited above the Sarvak exposure surface during the Late Cretaceous, long-lasting sea-level fall on the Arabian Plate. Boehmite, diaspore, hematite, and goethite are the main minerals of these kind of iron-rich deposits. Late Cretaceous karst-type bauxite deposits have also been reported from different sections of the Zagros area and have economic value for mining.

关键词： Coated grains Depositional conditions Permian Cretaceous Bauxite

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Synergistic action of erosion-corrosion on L360N in different condensate oil-contained NaCl solutions

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2024年第11期31卷 2864-2878页

作者： Yan-ran Wang Hai-feng Liu Hong-fa Huang Xiao-xiong Guo Lin-cai Peng Chang-hui Zhang Petrochina Southwest oil and gasfield company Research Institute of Natural Gas TechnologyChengdu610213SichuanChina Petrochina Southwest oil and gasfield company Chengdu610051SichuanChina Central Sichuan District Oil and Gas Petrochina Southwest Oil and Gasfield CompanySuining629000SichuanChina

The experiments studying on the components of pure erosion, pure corrosion and their synergism were performed in multiphase systems containing sand particles, NaCl solution and condensate oil. The influence of condensate oil content on damage degree for each component was investigated by designing four different levels (0, 5, 10 and 20 vol.%). The mechanism about erosion-corrosion was analyzed by measurements of thinning rate, electrochemical experiments, scanning electron morphology and white light interferometer. The results showed that the presence of condensate oil enhanced mechanical damage of L360N pipeline steel because of the increase in viscosity. The erosion-corrosion and pure erosion were significantly accelerated with the increase in condensate oil content. However, the condensate oil content had basically no effect on pure corrosion, and the thinning rate for it was much lower than that for pure erosion. Therefore, the pure erosion component dominated the erosion-corrosion damage in such multiphase systems.

关键词： Condensate oil Erosion-corrosion Synergistic action Rotating-disk erosion L360N pipeline steel

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A Model of Hydrothermal Dolomite Reservoir Facies in Precambrian Dolomite, Central Sichuan Basin, SW China and its Geochemical Characteristics

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第1期93卷 130-145页

作者： GU Yifan ZHOU Lu JIANG Yuqiang JIANG Chan LUO Mingsheng ZHU Xun School of Geosciences & Technology Southwest Petroleum University Exploration Division PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company Shunan Division of Petrochina Southwest oil&gas Field company Exploration and Development Institute of Southwest oil&gas Field company PetroChina

Hydrothermal mineral assemblages and related hydrothermally enhanced fracturing are common in the Precambrian Dengying Formation of Central Sichuan Basin. Petrographic and geochemical analyses of core samples show that the hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs of Dengying Formation consist of four main types of pores in the reservoir facies. These include: 1) hydrothermal dissolution vug(or pore), 2) intercrystalline pore, 3) residual inter-breccia vug(or pore), and 4) enlarged dissolved-fracture. There are three different fabrics dolomite in hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs, namely, saddle dolomite, fine-medium dolomite and micritic dolomite. Micritic dolomite is the original lithology of host rock. Saddle dolomite with curved or irregular crystal faces was directly crystallized from hydrothermal fluids(average temperature 192°C). Fine-medium dolomites are the products of recrystallization of micritic dolomite, resulting in abnormal geochemical characteristics, such as slight depletion of δ^(18)O, significant enrichment of Mn-Fe and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr, and positive Eu anomaly. A model for the distribution of various hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies is proposed here, which incorporates three fundamental geological controls: 1) extensional tectonics and tectono-hydrothermal events(i.e., the Xingkai Taphrogenesis of Late Sinian-Early Cambrian, and Emei Taphrogenesis of Late Permian), 2) hydrothermal fluid storage in clastic rocks with large thickness(e.g., Nanhua System of Chengjiang Formation and part of Doushantuo Formation), and 3) confining bed for hydrothermal fluids(such as, the shale in Qiongzhusi Formation). The supply of hydrothermal fluid is critical. Large basement-rooted faults and associated grid-like fracture system may function as the channels for upward migration of hydrothermal fluid flow. The intersection of the above-mentioned faults(including the conversion fault), especially transtensional sags above negative flower structures on wrench faults can s

关键词： hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies geochemical characteristics Precambrian Dengying Formation central Sichuan Basin

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The Origin of Paleokarst in the Huanglong Formation of the Eastern Sichuan Basin:Evidence from δ^(13)C, δ^(18)O and ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第6期88卷 1852-1862页

作者： CHEN Haoru ZHENG Rongcai WEN Huaguo LI Shilin LI Shuang ZHOU Gang WEN Longbin State Key Laboratory of oil and gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu University of Technology Chongqing gas District of Southwest oil and gas company of CNPC Petroleum Exploration and Development Research Institute PetroC hina Southwest Oil and Gasfield Company

Karst rocks from the Huanglong Formation exposed at the margin of the Eastern Sichuan Basin can be divided into four types：slightly corroded, moderately corroded porous, intensely corroded brecciated and intensely corroded and replaced secondary calcic karstic rocks. The carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope compositions of the various karst rocks are analyzed systematically and compared to rocks without karst corrosion. The results indicate that（1） the Huanglong Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin was a restricted bay supplied and controlled by freshwater in which mudmicrite and mud-dolomicrite exhibit low δ13C and δ18O values and high 87Sr/86 Sr ratios;（2） all types of karstic rocks in the paleokarst reservoirs of the Huanglong Formation in the research area are affected by atmospheric freshwater with the δ13C and δ18O values and 87Sr/86 Sr ratios in the original formation approaching those of atmospheric freshwater, which reflects ancient hydrological conditions, fluid properties, isotopic source and the fractionation effect;（3） the intensely corroded and replaced secondary limestone is affected by a variety of diagenetic fluids, often reflected by δ13C and δ18O values, while the 87Sr/86 Sr ratios exhibit the strong degree of the corrosion;（4） after comparing the 87Sr/86 Sr ratios of each type of karst rock, the diagenetic fluids are determined to be mainly atmospheric freshwater, and depending on the strength of corrosion, and the low 87Sr/86 Sr ratio fluids in the layer will participate in the karst process. The carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopes of different karstic reservoirs can provide meaningful geochemical information for forecasting and evaluating the development and distribution rules of the Huanglong Formation at the margin of the eastern Sichuan Basin in time and space.

关键词： paleokarst reservoirs carbon and oxygen isotope strontium isotope geochemistry Huanglong Formation eastern Sichuan area

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A Well Productivity Model for Multi-Layered Marine and Continental Transitional Reservoirs with Complex Fracture Networks

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第6期20卷 1313-1330页

作者： Huiyan Zhao Xuezhong Chen Zhijian Hu Man Chen Bo Xiong Jianying Yang Sichuan Changning Natural gas Development company Limited PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field CompanyYibin644399China Sichuan Shale gas Exploration and Development company Limited PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field CompanyNeijiang641100China New Energy Division PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field CompanyChengdu610051China

Using the typical characteristics of multi-layered marine and continental transitional gas reservoirs as a basis,a model is developed to predict the related well production *** model relies on the fractal theory of tortuous capillary bundles and can take into account multiple gas flow mechanisms at the micrometer and nanometer scales,as well as the flow characteristics in different types of thin layers(tight sandstone gas,shale gas,and coalbed gas).Moreover,a source-sink function concept and a pressure drop superposition principle are utilized to introduce a coupled flow model in the reservoir.A semi-analytical solution for the production rate is obtained using a matrix iteration method.A specific well is selected for fitting dynamic production data,and the calculation results show that the tight sandstone has the highest gas production per unit thickness compared with the other types of ***,desorption and diffusion of coalbed gas and shale gas can significantly contribute to gas production,and the daily production of these two gases decreases rapidly with decreasing reservoir ***,the gas production from fractures exhibits an approximately U-shaped distribution,indicating the need to optimize the spacing between clusters during hydraulic fracturing to reduce the area of overlapping fracture *** coal matrix water saturation significantly affects the coalbed gas production,with higher water saturation leading to lower production.

关键词： Marine-continental transitional reservoir multi-layered reservoir seepage mechanisms apparent permeability hydraulic horizontal well productivity model

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Basin-Scale Sand Deposition in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation of the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China: Sedimentary Framework and Conceptual Model

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Journal of Earth Science 2013年第1期24卷 89-103页

作者：谭秀成夏青松陈景山李凌刘宏罗冰夏吉文杨家静 State Key Laboratory of oil and gas Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University School of Resource and Environment Southwest Petroleum University Research Institute of Exploration and Development PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company Branch of Shunan gas Field PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company

The Upper Triassic Xujiahe （须家河） Formation in the Sichuan （四川） Basin, Southwest China is distinctive for the basin-scale sand deposition. This relatively rare sedimentary phenomenon has not been well interpreted. Here we addressed this issue by discussing sedimentary framework and conceptual model. Analysis of sedimentary setting implied that the basin received transgression during the deposition. It had multiple provenance supplies and river networks, as being surrounded by old- lands in multiple directions including the north, east and south. Thus, the basin was generally charac-terized by coastal and widely open and shallow lacustrine deposition during the Late Triassic Xujiahe period. This is similar to the modern well-known Poyang （鄱阳） Lake. Therefore, we investigated the framework and conceptual model of the Sichuan Basin during the Xujiahe period with an analogue to the Poyang Lake. Results show that the conceptual model of the deposition can be divided into transgressive and regressive stages. The first, third and fifth mem- bers of the formation are in transgressive stage and the deposits are dominated by shore and shallow lacustrine mud. In contrast, the deposition is mainly of braided river channel sand deposits during the regressive stage, mainly including the second, fourth and sixth members of the formation. The sand deposited in almost the entire basin because of the lateral migration and forward moving of the cross networks of the braided rivers. The multiple alternations of short and rapid transgression and relatively long regression are beneficial to the basin-scale sand deposition. Thus, the main channel of the braided river and its extensional areas are favorable for the development of hydrocarbon reservoir. This provides practical significance to the reservoir evaluation and exploration. In addition, the results also justify the relatively distinctive sedimentary phenomenon in the study area and may also have im- plications for understanding the

关键词： basin-scale sand deposition coastal and widely open lake sedimentary framework sedimentary conceptual model channel of braided river Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation Sichuan Basin.

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Key aspects of underground hydrogen storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and saline aquifers:A review and understanding

Energy Geoscience

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Energy Geoscience 2024年第4期5卷 55-74页

作者： Rawaa A.Sadkhan Watheq J.Al-Mudhafar Basra University of oil and gas BasrahIraq Basrah oil company BasrahIraq

Underground hydrogen storage is critical for renewable energy integration and *** aquifers and depleted oil and gas reservoirs represent viable large-scale hydrogen storage solutions due to their capacity and *** paper provides a comparative analysis of the current status of hydrogen storage in various ***,it assesses the geological compatibility,capacity,and security of these storage environments with minimal leakage and *** in-depth analysis was also conducted on the economic and environmental issues that impact the hydrogen *** addition,the capacity of these structures was also clarified,and it is similar to storing carbon dioxide,except for the cushion gas that is injected with hydrogen to provide pressure when withdrawing from the store to increase *** research also discusses the pros and cons of hydrogen storage in saline aquifers and depleted oil and gas *** include numerous storage sites,compatibility with existing infrastructure,and the possibility to repurpose declining oil and gas ***,it was identified that depleted gas reservoirs are better for hydrogen gas storage than depleted oil reservoirs because hydrogen gas may interact with the *** saline aquifers rank third because of uncertainty,limited capacity,construction and injection *** properties that affect the hydrogen injection process were also discussed in terms of solid,fluid,and solid-fluid *** all structures,successful implementation requires characterizing sites,monitoring and managing risks,and designing efficient storage *** findings expand hydrogen storage technology and enable a renewable energy-based energy system.

关键词： Underground hydrogen storage Renewable energy Depleted reservoirs Saline aquifers Fundamental review

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Evaluation of Well Spacing for Primary Development of Fractured Horizontal Wells in Tight Sandstone gas Reservoirs

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Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2024年第5期20卷 1015-1030页

作者： Fang Li Juan Wu Haiyong Yi Lihong Wu Lingyun Du Yuan Zeng Exploration and Development Research Institute PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyChengdu610041China oil and gas Resources Department PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyChengdu610000China

Methods for horizontal well spacing calculation in tight gas reservoirs are still adversely affected by the complexity of related control factors,such as strong reservoir heterogeneity and seepage *** this study,the stress sensitivity and threshold pressure gradient of various types of reservoirs are quantitatively evaluated through reservoir seepage *** the basis of these experiments,a numerical simulation model(based on the special seepage mechanism)and an inverse dynamic reserve algorithm(with different equivalent drainage areas)were *** well spacing ranges of Classes I,II,and III wells in the Q gas field are determined to be 802–1,000,600–662,and 285–400 m,respectively,with their average ranges as 901,631,and 342.5 m,*** considering both the pairs of parallel well groups and series well groups as examples,the reliability of the calculation results is *** is shown that the combination of the two models can reduce errors and provide accurate results.

关键词： Well spacing for primary development tight gas reservoir fractured horizontal well threshold pressure gradient stress sensitivity

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The Newly Discovered Yanchang gas Field in the Ordos Basin, Central China

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Journal of Earth Science 2017年第2期28卷 347-357页

作者： Hairen Gao Weili Wang oil and gas Exploration company Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co. LTD

The Yanchang gas field is located in the Ordos Basin of central China to the southeast of the Yishan Slope, covers an exploration area of 2.6× 10~4 km^2 and has approximately 3.5× 10^（11） m^3 of gas reserves. The gas field is dominated by lithologic gas reservoirs but also has a few structural gas reservoirs. Sand bodies were deposited in the Carboniferous Benxi Formation around offshore barrier islands and in distributary channel fillings in the delta front of the P_1s_2 and P_1s_1 divisions of the Permian Shanxi Formation. The P_2h_8 division of the Shihezi Formation contains the main reservoirs. The depths of the reservoirs are between 1 970 and 3 500 m. The Yanchang gas field can be classified as a typical tight sandstone gas reservoir filed because its porosity is lower than 10% and permeability lower than 1 mD. The discovery and development of the Yanchang gas field has led to a great increase in total natural gas reserves in the Ordos Basin. Its exploration has improved methods of locating large gas fields in deep-water depositional environments in the south part of the basin.

关键词： Yanchang gas field Ordos Basin Central China tight gas reservoir lithologic reservoir gas in coal-bearing strata

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