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COVID-19 case management strategies: what are the options for Africa?

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2021年第2期10卷 38-43页

作者： Joy Luba Lomole Waya David Ameh Joseph Lou K.Mogga Joseph F.Wamala Olushayo Oluseun Olu World Health Organization COVID-19 preparedness and Response Team JubaRepublic of South Sudan

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has put a strain on health systems *** Africa is the least affected region to date,it has the weakest health systems and an exponential rise in cases as has been observed in other regions,is bound to overwhelm its health *** detection and isolation of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases are pivotal to the prevention and control of the *** World Health Organization(WHO)recommends that all laboratory-confirmed cases should be isolated and treated in a health care facility;however,where this is not possible due to the health system capacity,patients can be isolated in re-purposed facilities or at *** already very apparent future challenge for Africa is facility-based isolation of COVID-19 cases,given the already limited health infrastructure and health workforce,and the risk of nosocomial *** of repurposed facilities requires additional resources,including health *** isolation,on the other hand,would be a challenge given the poor housing,overcrowding,inadequate access to water and sanitation,and stigma related to infectious disease that is prevalent in many African *** settings on the continent pose an additional challenge to the prevention and control of COVID-19 with the resultant population displacements in overcrowded camps where access to social services is *** unique cultural,social,economic and developmental differences on the continent,call for a tailored approach to COVID-19 case management *** article proposes three broad case management strategies based on the transmission scenarios defined by WHO,and the criteria and package of care for each option,for consideration by policy makers and governments in African *** forward,African countries should generate local evidence to guide the development of realistic home-grown strategies,protocol and equipment for the management of COVID-19 cases on the

关键词： COVID-19 Case management Strategies Africa

The Global Impact of the Zika Virus pandemic: The Importance of Emergency preparedness

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Health 2020年第2期12卷 132-140页

作者： Annekathryn Goodman Harvard Medical School Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Massachusetts General Hospital MGH Global Disaster Response Boston MA USA

The 2015 outbreak of Zika virus in Brazil led to a significant increase of neonatal microcephaly. While Zika virus was identified in Africa in the 1940s and was noted to be present in Asia, it was not until 2007 that there was a significant shift in the behavior of the virus. Reasons for this change in Zika virus behavior and pathogenesis could be due to a change in the virulence of the virus, and a new ability to infect the human host. Additionally, the changing habitat of mosquitoes along with increasing urbanization and changes of human habitats has increased the risk of Zika virus exposure. This review summarizes the response to the Zika pandemic and recommendations for interventions through the lens of the Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction. Emergency preparedness focuses on lessening the likelihood and the impact of disasters. preparedness encompasses the actions of mitigation, prevention, response, and recovery.

关键词： Zika Virus pandemic Emergency preparedness Sendai Framework Microcephaly Aedes Mosquito

Landscapes of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD8^(+)T cells:heterogeneity of host immune responses against SARS-CoV-2

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2021年第5期6卷 1399-1401页

作者： June-Young Koh Eui-Cheol Shin Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology(KAIST)DaejeonRepublic of Korea The Center for Epidemic preparedness KAISTDaejeonRepublic of Korea

In a recent study published in Science Immunology,^Kusnadi et *** single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD8^(+)T cells and reported ***-CoV-2 infection causes COVID-19,which is an ongoing pandemic disease threatening public *** virology of SARS-CoV-2 and immune responses against the virus have been urgently investigated to develop effective measures against *** viral infection,CD84 T cells contribute to elimination of the virus by exerting cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells and producing effector cytokines,whereas neutralizing antibodies interfere with viral entry of host cells.

关键词： al. infection Immunology

Organizational Changes Needed in disasters and Public Health Emergencies:A Qualitative Study among Managers at a Major Hospital

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International Journal of disaster Risk Science 2022年第4期13卷 481-494页

作者： Ingela Wennman Catharina Jacobson Eric Carlström Anders Hyltander Amir Khorram‑Manesh Institute of Health and Care Sciences Sahlgrenska AcademyGothenburg University41346GothenburgSweden preparedness Unit Sahlgrenska University Hospital41305 GothenburgSweden Institute of Clinical Sciences Department of SurgerySahlgrenska AcademyGothenburg University41345GothenburgSweden

Most hospitals have a contingency plan,based on all-risks and all-hazards assessment ***,emerging threats and risks often necessitate a flexible approach to emergency management at several levels of a disaster response system,for example,in ***,and possibly other countries,has limited possibilities of surge capacity in the management of large-scale disasters and emergencies,which necessitates a local/national partnership and a flexible local disaster and contingency *** study evaluates the opinions of a selected managerial group,both at operative and strategic levels,regarding possible changes in a major hospital's contingency plan during the ongoing COVID-19 *** interviews were conducted to explore the elements of surge capacity and an operational tool,consisting of command and control,safety,communication,assessment,triage,treatment,and *** results show a need to create feasible management methods that can be evaluated,establish clear leadership,put preparedness as a constant point on the highest managerial agenda,improve external monitoring,and create a regional coordinating ***,the results emphasize the significant role played by the incident command system and qualified leadership to facilitate competent and crucial medical decision making,as well as to provide reliable communication,collaboration,and coordination in a multi-agency response system during dynamic and unexpected *** steps enable a constant connection between reactive contingency plans and the proactivity in continuous risk assessment and enhance the flexibility of the contingency plans.

关键词： disaster risks Organizational changes Public health emergencies Sweden

Activation or exhaustion of CD8^(+) T cells in patients with COVID-19

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2021年第10期18卷 2325-2333页

作者： Min-Seok Rha Eui-Cheol Shin Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology(KAIST)DaejeonRepublic of Korea Department of Otorhinolaryngology Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea.3 The Center for Epidemic PreparednessKAISTDaejeonRepublic of Korea

In addition to CD4^(+)T cells and neutralizing antibodies,CD8^(+)T cells contribute to protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),an ongoing pandemic *** patients with COVID-19,CD8^(+)T cells exhibiting activated phenotypes are commonly observed,although the absolute number of CD8^(+)T cells is *** addition,several studies have reported an upregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors,such as PD-1,and the expression of exhaustion-associated gene signatures in CD8^(+)T cells from patients with ***,whether CD8^(+)T cells are truly exhausted during COVID-19 has been a controversial *** the present review,we summarize the current understanding of CD8^(+)T-cell exhaustion and describe the available knowledge on the phenotypes and functions of CD8^(+)T cells in the context of activation and *** also summarize recent reports regarding phenotypical and functional analyses of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8^(+)T cells and discuss long-term SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8^(+)T-cell memory.

关键词： CD8^(+)T cell Activation T-cell exhaustion SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19

Asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infection in Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic

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Medical Review 2022年第1期2卷 66-88页

作者： Yutong Wang Ke Zheng Wenjing Gao Jun Lv Canqing Yu Lan Wang Zijun Wang Bo Wang Chunxiao Liao Liming Li Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public HealthPeking University38 Xueyuan RoadHaidian DistrictBeijing 100191China Peking University centre for Public Health and Epidemic preparedness and Response Beijing 100191China National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina Meinian Public Health Institute Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina

With the presence of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)asymptomatic infections detected,their proportion,transmission potential,and other aspects such as immunity and related emerging challenges have attracted people’s *** have found that based on highquality research,asymptomatic infections account for at least one-third of the total cases,whereas based on systematic review and meta-analysis,the proportion is about *** the true transmission potential of asymptomatic cases is difficult but critical,since it may affect national policies in response to *** have summarized the current evidence and found,compared with symptomatic cases,the transmission capacity of asymptomatic individuals is weaker,even though they have similar viral load and relatively short virus shedding *** the outbreak progresses,asymptomatic infections have also been found to develop long *** addition,the role of asymptomatic infection in COVID-19 remains to be further revealed as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)variants continue to ***,as asymptomatic infections transmit the SARS-CoV-2 virus silently,they still pose a substantial threat to public ***,it is essential to conduct screening to obtain more knowledge about the asymptomatic infections and to detect them as soon as possible;meanwhile,management of them is also a key point in the fight against COVID-19 community *** different management of asymptomatic infections in various countries are compared and the experience in China is displayed in detail.

关键词： asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 presymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

COVID-19 in 2021:Sharing Responsibility Through Global Solidarity

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China CDC weekly 2021年第7期3卷 134-135页

作者： Chikwe Ihekweazu Nigeria centre for Disease Control

Since the beginning of 2020,the world has changed in many ways,but no one predicted the changes that would result from a *** many years,epidemiologists predicted that this moment would come,but not many people paid *** and governments appear astonished to see the impact of a virus on the global *** coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has had a profound impact on our normal way of life,on our economic activities,and on the security of ***,it has highlighted our collective failure to invest sufficiently in pandemic preparedness and to fill the gaps required for countries to be better prepared.

关键词： collective COV Solid

Cold-chain transmission, asymptomatic infection, mass screening, vaccine, and modelling: what we know so far for coronavirus disease 2019 control and experience in China

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Medical Review 2022年第1期2卷 1-2页

作者： Wenjing Gao Liming Li Department of Epidemiology&Biostatistics School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina Department of Epidemiology&Biostatistics School of Public HealthPeking University38 Xueyuan RoadHaidian DistrictBeijing 100191China Peking University centre for Public Health and Epidemic preparedness&Response Beijing 100191China

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has continued to spread rapidly across the *** the past nearly two years,there have been over 267 million confirmed COVID-19 cases including over five million deaths globally reported to WHO[1].Facing this unprecedented public health crisis which we have not seen in a century,global experts rapidly expand scientific knowledge on this new virus,to track the spread and virulence of the *** countries develop response strategies and practices tailored to their own specific epidemiological situations,resources,and values of individuals living in their countries[2].

关键词： globally continued spread

SARS-CoV-2 mutations, vaccines, and immunity: implication of variants of concern

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2021年第6期6卷 1638-1639页

作者： Ji Yun Noh Hye Won Jeong Eui-Cheol Shin Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Internal MedicineKorea University Guro HospitalKorea University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology(KAIST)DaejeonRepublic of Korea Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Internal MedicineChungbuk National University College of MedicineCheongjuRepublic of Korea The Center for Epidemic preparedness KAISTDaejeonRepublic of Korea

In a recent study published in Nature,Wang et al.1 investigated the neutralizing activities of antibodies elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 against SARS-CoV-2 *** devastating impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on public health,the economy,and society has made vaccine development a top priority for global ***,vaccine development is progressing at an unprecedented pace as an urgent response to COVID-19.

关键词： immunity vaccines variants