The performance of a single or the collection of microswimmers strongly depends on the hydrodynamic coupling among their constituents and *** present a numerical study for a single and a pair of microswimmers based on...
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The performance of a single or the collection of microswimmers strongly depends on the hydrodynamic coupling among their constituents and *** present a numerical study for a single and a pair of microswimmers based on lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)*** numerical algorithm consists of two separable *** polynomials provide a discretization of the microswimmers and the lattice Boltzmann method captures the dynamics of the surrounding *** two components couple via an immersed boundary *** present data for a single swimmer system and our data also show the onset of collective effects and,in particular,an overall velocity increment of clusters of swimmers.
Aims Recent studies revealed convergent temperature sensitivity of ecosys-tem respiration(Re)within aquatic ecosystems and between terrestrial and aquatic *** do not know yet whether various terres-trial ecosystems ha...
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Aims Recent studies revealed convergent temperature sensitivity of ecosys-tem respiration(Re)within aquatic ecosystems and between terrestrial and aquatic *** do not know yet whether various terres-trial ecosystems have consistent or divergent temperature ***,we synthesized 163 eddy covariance flux sites across the world and examined the global variation of the apparent activation energy(Ea),which characterizes the apparent temperature sensitivity of and its interannual variability(IAV)as well as their controlling *** We used carbon fluxes and meteorological data across FLUXNET sites to calculate mean annual temperature,tempera-ture range,precipitation,global radiation,potential radiation,gross primary productivity and Re by averaging the daily values over the years in each ***,we analyzed the sites with>8 years data to examine the IAV of Ea and calculated the standard deviation of Ea across years at each site to character-ize *** Findings The results showed a widely global variation of Ea,with significantly lower values in the tropical and subtropical areas than in temperate and boreal areas,and significantly higher values in grasslands and wetlands than that in deciduous broadleaf forests and evergreen ***,spatial variations of Ea were explained by changes in temperature and an index of water availability with differing contribution of each explaining variable among climate zones and *** and the corresponding coefficient of variation of Ea decreased with increasing latitude,but increased with radiation and corresponding mean annual *** revealed patterns in the spatial and temporal variations of Ea and its controlling factors indicate divergent temperature sensitivity of Re,which could help to improve our predictive understanding of Re in response to climate change.
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