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A possible Alternative to the Accelerating Universe

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Journal of Modern physics 2015年第1期6卷 78-87页

作者： Frank R. Tangherlini p.o. box 928211 San Diego CA 92192 USA

A possible alternative to the accelerating universe is p.o.osed, which shows that the diminished brightness of the high red shift Type Ia supernovae can be explained by assuming light travels with reduced speed through the dark energy of intergalactic space. It is also shown that sup.o.t for the?model from baryon acoustic oscillations (BAo) studies can also be accommodated by the model. Two tables are given that compare the model with apparent magnitude differences and length differences between the?universe and the Einstein-de Sitter universe, and they show that the model yields these differences quite accurately. A third table comparing the apparent magnitude difference between?and a universe with is also given. It exhibits p.o. agreement with the model, and hence the model favors the need for dark energy, albeit without negative pressure. As a new app.o.ch to the “why now?” p.o.lem, and its apparent challenge to the Copernican principle, it is p.o.osed that dark energy is a condensed form of dark matter caused by expansion cooling, rather than a different substance. A motivation for an alternative to?is presented based on a principle that rules out the cosmological term.

关键词： Accelerating Universe Alternative Model Speed of Light Dark Energy

A possible Alternative to the Accelerating Universe IV

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Journal of Modern physics 2017年第4期8卷 622-635页

作者： Frank R. Tangherlini p.o. box 928211 San Diego CA 92192 USA

This work briefly reviews and extends the author’s three previous works (2015), Journal of Modern physics, 6, 78-87, and 1360-1370;(2016), 7, 1829-1844 that p.o.ose as an alternative to the accelerating ΛCDM universe, the decelerating Einstein de Sitter (EdS) universe, in which dark energy is a different phase of dark matter located only in intergalactic space (IGS), and that instead of a negative pressure, it has an index of refraction n≈1.50, and hence a reduced speed of light c / n through it. This allows the EdS universe to expand the extra distance necessary to obtain the diminished brightness of the Type Ia supernovae. In view of the recent suggestion that the universe is not accelerating, but possibly expanding uniformly, a table is given comparing both the accelerating and uniformly expanding universes with the EdS universe supplemented by the reduced speed of light. It is shown that fitting the uniformly expanding universe leads to a smaller value of n, and hence too short an age for the EdS universe, unlike the case with fitting the accelerating universe. The main result is that the p.o.osed reduced speed of light in the IGS predicts discordant redshifts. It is shown that the current explanation of “accidental superposition,” is most likely insufficient to explain the number of observations, and that the present p.o.osal could make up the difference. It can be tested astronomically, as illustrated in a figure.

关键词： Dark Energy Speed of Light Expansion Comparisons Discordant Redshifts

Galilean-Like Transformation Allowed by General Covariance and Consistent with Special Relativity

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Journal of Modern physics 2014年第5期5卷 230-243页

作者： Frank R. Tangherlini p.o. box 928211 San Diego CA 92192 USA

As shown earlier, a linear transformation with the same form for the spatial coordinates as the Lorentz transformation (LT), and that allows for time dilation, but leaves simultaneity invariant instead of the one-way speed of light, predicts the same results as the LT for the usual tests of special relativity. Such a transformation is allowed by general covariance. A complementarity between the invariance of the one-way speed of light and the invariance of simultaneity is discussed. Using this transformation, interpreted as involving external synchronization, it is shown that two frames moving uniformly with equal and op.o.ite velocities, v and –v relative to a third inertial frame, in which clocks are synchronized so that the one-way speed of light is c, can be related by a Galilean-like transformation with a relative velocity 2v/(1-(v/c)2).These transformations do not form a group, hence the term “pseudo-Galilean” is used to distinguish them from the Galilean transformations. An analogy with the Sagnac effect is discussed, and consistency with the LT for stellar aberration, and the Doppler effect is shown. Implication of the above complementarity for the possible unification of quantum theory and gravitation is briefly discussed, as well as the inferred physical significance of general covariance.

关键词： General Covariance Transformations Synchronization Complementarity

Einstein’s pseudo-Tensor in <i>n</i>Spatial Dimensions for Static Systems with Spherical Symmetry

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Journal of Modern physics 2013年第9期4卷 1200-1204页

作者： Frank R. Tangherlini p. o. box 928211 San Diego CA 92192 USA

It was noted earlier that the general relativity field equations for static systems with spherical symmetry can be put into a linear form when the source energy density equals radial stress. These linear equations lead to a delta function energymomentum tensor for a point mass source for the Schwarzschild field that has vanishing self-stress, and whose integral therefore transforms p.o.erly under a Lorentz transformation, as though the particle is in the flat space-time of special relativity (SR). These findings were later extended to n spatial dimensions. Consistent with this SR-like result for the source tensor, Nordstrom and independently, Schrodinger, found for three spatial dimensions that the Einstein gravitational energy-momentum pseudo-tensor vanished in p.o.er quasi-rectangular coordinates. The present work shows that this vanishing holds for the pseudo-tensor when extended to n spatial dimensions. Two additional consequences of this work are: 1) the dependency of the Einstein gravitational coupling constant κ on spatial dimensionality emp.o.ed earlier is further justified;2) the Tolman expression for the mass of a static, isolated system is generalized to take into account the dimensionality of space for n ≥ 3.

关键词： Field Equations point particle Dimensionality of Space Einstein’s pseudo-Tensor