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Alpha-synuclein preformed fibrils:a tool to understand Parkinson’s disease and develop disease modifying therapy

Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第11期16卷 2219-2221页

作者： Piotr Chmielarz Andrii Domanskyi Institute of Biotechnology HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiFinland Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of SciencesDepartment of Brain BiochemistryKrakówPoland orion corporation orion Pharma TurkuFinland

Parkinson’s disease(PD)is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by multiple motor and nonmotor symptoms,which include,among others,constipation,sleep disturbance,bradykinesia,gait and balance abnormalities,muscle stiffness and resting *** motor symptoms are caused by progressive age-related death of dopaminergic neurons and in the vast majority of patients suffering from age-related idiopathic PD the cause of dopaminergic neurodegeneration is *** in the familial early-onset PD where genetic mutations have been identified,the molecular mechanisms driving degeneration of dopaminergic neurons are far from ***,there is no clinically approved disease-modifying therapy capable of stopping or at least slowing down the disease progression.

关键词： degeneration Alpha driving

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Toremifene in the treatment of breast cancer

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World Journal of Clinical Oncology 2014年第3期5卷 393-405页

作者： Mika VJ Mustonen Seppo Pyrh?nen Pirkko-Liisa Kellokumpu-Lehtinen orion corporation Orion PharmaFIN-02101EspooFinland Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy Turku University Hospital and University of TurkuFIN-20520TurkuFinland Department of Oncology University of TampereSchool of MedicineTampere University HospitalFIN-33520TampereFinland

Although more widespread screening and routine adjuvant therapy has improved the outcome for breast cancer patients in recent years, there remains considerable scope for improving the efficacy, safety and tolerability of adjuvant therapy in the early stage disease and the treatment of advanced disease. Toremifene is a selective estrogen receptor modifier(SERM) that has been widely used for decades in hormone receptor positive breast cancer both in early and late stage disease. Its efficacy has been well established in nine prospective randomized phase Ⅲ trials compared to tamoxifen involving more than 5500 patients, as well as in several large uncontrolled and non-randomized studies. Although most studies show therapeutic equivalence between the two SERMs, some show an advantage for toremifene. Several meta-analyses have also confirmed that the efficacy of toremifene is at least as good as that of tamoxifen. In terms of safety and tolerability toremifene is broadly similar to tamoxifen although there is some evidence that toremifene is less likely to cause uterine neoplasms, serious vascular events andit has a more positive effect on serum lipids than does tamoxifen. Toremifene is therefore effective and safe in the treatment of breast cancer. It provides not only a useful therapeutic alternative to tamoxifen, but may bring specific benefits.

关键词： Breast cancer Toremifene tamoxifen Adjuvant treatment Advanced breast cancer

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