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The Impacts and Causes of Land Fragmentation on Farm Productivity: Case Review of East African Countries

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open Journal of Ecology 2024年第5期14卷 455-482页

作者： Joseph Mayindo Mayele Jacob B. Kolleh Joel Emmanuel Saburi Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Department of Forestry and Wildlife College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies University of Juba Juba South Sudan Department of Socio-Economic and Applied Statistics Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI) Suakoko Liberia

This report provides an overall assessment of land fragmentation problems in East Africa. Many parts of East Africa have become highly fragmented, putting development systems and activities in these areas at risk of complete collapse. Land fragmentation occurs when land gets converted for agriculture, industrialization, or urbanization, invaded by non-local plants, or enclosed for individual use and by subdividing farmlands into subsequent smaller units called parcels with varying average farm sizes. Fragmentation results from inappropriate agricultural development processes and ineffective land use planning that fails to recognize how farmland is used, and the importance of its interconnected areas. Insecurity of tenure and resource rights are key factors in making this possible. Land fragmentation is one of the key reasons why the ability of most resources in East Africa becomes scarcer, and those remaining become “privatized” by more powerful community members—keen to maintain their access to them. Such individualistic attitudes are new and disadvantage the poorest even further by affecting the traditional customary safety nets and agricultural outputs. Neither the government nor customary governance systems effectively protect resource access for the poorest. This review summary report identifies the key causes, measures, and implications, government interventions, and the common remedies to land fragmentation problems in the East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and tanzania including neighboring Ethiopia, and the Sudan. The findings indicated from 2005 to 2015, the population kept increasing for all the named countries in East Africa with Rwanda and Uganda having a substantial increase in population density. The study review further explores the trend in the performance of agriculture by average farm sizes within the intervals of five years by highlighting their strong linkages and found that the average farm size has declined drastically, especiall

关键词： Land Fragmentation Land Consolidation Farm Productivity Industrialization Impacts Causes Average Farm Size Population East Africa

Living Off Wetlands: A Case Study of Mara Bay and Masirori Wetlands, tanzania

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2018年第12期6卷 43-60页

作者： David Omolo Philip Kibet Langat Richard Koech Yong Jiang International Water Association The Hague The Netherlands School of Environmental and Rural Science University New England Armidale Australia School of Health Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University Bundaberg Campus Bundaberg Australia IHE Delft Institute for Water Education Delft The Netherlands

This study was undertaken to help highlight the negative impacts of economic activities on wetlands in East Africa with a specific focus on Mara Bay and Masirori wetlands, tanzania, a region where the local communities still harness wetland resources for economic sustenance. Key economic activities and the negative impacts of the income-generating activities on the wetlands are identified, including the main goods harnessed, level of dependency of the locals to the wetlands, and the level of environmental knowledge of the locals on the wetlands’ ecosystem services. Both qualitative and quantitative tools and techniques viz.: questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, market surveys and spreadsheet analysis were used in this study. The proportion of wetland users involved in papyrus harvesting, food crop cultivation and fishing was 30%, 25% and 24%, respectively while charcoal/firewood and grass for livestock accounted for 12% and 7%, respectively. Significant differences in incomes for charcoal (p < 0.05) across the four villages were recorded but farming, fishing, mat making, herding and fish mongering were non-significant. About 6% of those interviewed had some considerable knowledge on wetland ecosystem services, while the rest (94%) lacked information. Issues identified as having detrimental impacts on the wetlands’ ecosystem services included conversion of sections of the wetlands into farmlands, grazing, charcoal burning, unsustainable fishing, overharvesting of papyrus and brick-making. Farming was found to be a major income-generating activity within the two wetlands. Other important economic activities were charcoal burning, fishing, mat making and fish mongering. The findings from the research are useful for devising appropriate strategies for wetland conservation. Such measures may include assigning wetland ecologists to the village governments, valuation of the wetlands, commissioning of a price and resource regulatory board for the wetland goods, creat

关键词： Wetlands Wetlands Goods Wetlands Ecosystem Services Wetland Marks Economic Sustenance Livelihoods

Performance of Twelve Mass Transfer Based Reference Evapotranspiration Models under Humid Climate

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第12期9卷 1347-1363页

作者： Koffi Djaman Komlan Koudahe Mamadou Sall Isa Kabenge Daran Rudnick Suat Irmak Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences New Mexico State University Agricultural Science Center Farmington USA ADA Consulting Africa Lomé Togo Research Scientist Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles Centre de Saint Louis Saint Louis Sénégal Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Makerere University Kampala Uganda Department of Biological Systems Engineering University of Nebraska-Lincoln Chase Hall Lincoln USA

Reference evapotranspiration is very important parameter in the hydrological, agricultural and environmental studies and is accurately estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith equation (FAO-PM) under different climatic conditions. However, due to data requirement of the FAO-PM equation, there is a need to investigate the applicability of alternative ETo equations under limited data. The objectives of this study were to evaluate twelve mass transfer based reference evapotranspiration equations and determine the impact of ETo equation on long term water management sustainability in tanzania and Kenya. The results showed that the Albrecht, Brockamp-Wenner, Dalto, Meyer, Rohwer and Oudin ETo equations systematically overestimated the daily ETo at all weather stations with relative errors that varied from 34% to 94% relative to the FAO-PM ETo estimates. The Penman, Mahringer, Trabert, and the Romanenko equations performed best across tanzania and the South Western Kenya with root mean squared errors ranging from 0.98 to 1.48 mm/day, which are relatively high and mean bias error (MBE) varying from -0.33 to 0.02 mm/day and the absolute mean error (AME) from 0.79 to 1.16 mm/day. For sustainable water management, the Trabert equation could be adopted at Songea, the Mahringer equation at Tabora, the Dalton and/or the Rohwer equations at Eldoret, the Romanenko equation at Dodoma, Songea and Eldoret. However, regional calibration of the most performing equation could improve water management at regional level.

关键词： Reference Evapotranspiration Mass Transfer Eastern Africa Water

发展中国家以本地资源为基础生产优质牛肉:坦桑尼亚和乌干达的经验

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中国畜牧杂志 2015年第S1期51卷 112-114页

作者： Jφrgen Madsen 和立文 Department of Large Animal Scioences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen

由丹麦国家资助的旨在通过博士教育开发人力资源的教育研究项目在坦桑尼亚、乌干达和丹麦等地区的大学开展和实施。开展该项目的目标是,通过充分利用本地饲料资源,生产出市场价值更高的牛羊肉产品,以提高畜牧生产效率和增加养殖农民的... 详细信息

由丹麦国家资助的旨在通过博士教育开发人力资源的教育研究项目在坦桑尼亚、乌干达和丹麦等地区的大学开展和实施。开展该项目的目标是,通过充分利用本地饲料资源,生产出市场价值更高的牛羊肉产品,以提高畜牧生产效率和增加养殖农民的收益。在这2个国家,中产阶级群体和旅游人群正在不断增长,他们所需要的肉类品质优于本地畜牧场生产的肉类品质。目前,市场盈利幅度最大的这部分肉类产品还完全依赖进口,其结果是畜牧业不仅没有为本地农牧民创收,反而还造成了外汇流失。

关键词：优质牛肉基础生产畜牧生产饲料资源博士教育本地市场人力资源 cattle 市场盈利研究项目

China’s engagement with development assistance for health in Africa

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Global Health Research and Policy 2017年第1期2卷 107-115页

作者： Mohon Shajalal Junfang Xu Jun Jing Madeleine King Jie Zhang Peicheng Wang Jennifer Bouey Feng Cheng Family Planning Association of Bangladesh(FPAB) Dhaka 1000Bangladesh Research Center for Public Health School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Department of Sociology Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China School of Public Policy and Management Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China School of Advanced International Studies Johns Hopkins UniversityWashington DC 20009USA Department of International Health School of Nursing&Health StudiesGeorgetown UniversityWashington DC 20037USA

Background:As an emerging donor in health related development across the world,particularly towards Africa,the People’s Republic of China(PRC)has been increasing its influence within the field of global public health over the past few *** between the period of 2000 and 2013,little is known about the scope,scale and priority of China’s grant-making ***:Based on data sourced from the China Aid Database(version-1.2),descriptive analyses were applied to analyze the features of 531 health related projects that were undertaken between 2000 and *** correlation was also performed to assess the relationship between China’s export and aid to recipient ***:The total value of China’s grant-making programs in the health related sector between 2000 and 2013 was 5.67 billion USD,with 531 projects *** the five year period between 2004 and 2008,China had a contribution of 1.54 billion USD,which increased to 3.8 billion USD during the five year period between 2009 and 2013-an 146.26%*** terms of specific diseases,China is most concerned with building an African public health system through donations targeted towards general health(313 projects),combating Malaria(115 projects)and maternal,neonatal and child health(MNCH),(12 projects).When it comes to recipient countries,if counted in total value,Zimbabwe received the most financial assistance from China,totaling 1.08 billion USD and 19 projects,while Angola and tanzania received more projects-30 and 29 projects *** terms of the channeling of aid funding,most projects were targeted towards infrastructure,equipment and medicine(304 projects in total),followed by medical teams(189 projects).Moreover,there is a statistically significant relationship between aid to Africa and Chinese exports to ***:During the past decade,Chinese aid projects played an important role in the African public health system through providing funding for infrastructure,eq

关键词： China Development assistance for health Public health Africa

Tilapia Lake Virus(TiLV)disease:Current status of understanding

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2022年第1期7卷 7-17页

作者： Nilav Aich Anirban Paul Tanmoy Gon Choudhury Himadri Saha Department of Fisheries Government of TripuraTripura799006India ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture KausalyagangaBhubaneswar751002India Department of Aquatic Health&Environment College of FisheriesCentral Agricultural University(Imphal)LembucherraTripura799210India

Tilapia Lake Virus(TiLV)disease is an emerging and transboundary disease of tilapia cultures,causing mortality up to 90%*** is a negative sense single stranded RNA virus belongs to family Amnoonviridae,genus Tilapinevirus and species Tilapia *** first TiLV outbreak to fishes was reported from Israel followed by other countries viz.,Ecuador,Colombia,Egypt,Thailand,Chinese Taipei,India,Malaysia,Bangladesh,Uganda,tanzania,Peru,Mexico,Philippines,Indonesia,and *** the life stages of Tilapia(belonging to the family Cichlidae)are vulnerable to TiLV ***,river barb and giant gourami have also been found susceptible to TiLV *** virus infects the vital organs of the fish,including eyes,brain,and *** notable pathological finding of this disease includes syncytial cell formation and massive hepatocellular necrosis with pyknotic and karyolytic nuclei in the liver cells of infected *** disease is very contagious and spreads through both horizontal and vertical *** sensitive and rapid molecular diagnostic tools like reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),RT-quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR),loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP)have been developed for early detection of the *** date,no comprehensive control measures have been developed throughout the globe,although aggressive work on this line is going *** of strict good management practices,including quarantine protocols,are the only available option to combat the outbreak and spread of the *** review emphasizes the etiology,occurrence and distribution,mode of transmission,pathology and pathogenesis,diagnosis,possible control measures,and challenges of TiLV disease.

关键词： Co-habitation Diagnosis Tilapinevirus Syncytial Tilapia lake virus

Genetic and Phylogenetic Characterization of a Chikungunya Virus Imported into Shenzhen, China

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Virologica Sinica 2020年第1期35卷 115-119页

作者： Yang Yang Zhixiang Xu Haixia Zheng Jingdong Song Ying Wu Zhou Tong Jing Yuan Gary Wong William J.Liu Yuhai Bi Yingxia Liu George F.Gao Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious DiseasesState Key Discipline of Infectious DiseaseSecond Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen Third People’s HospitalShenzhen 518112China CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseaseInstitute of MicrobiologyCenter for Influenza Research and Earlywarning(CASCIRE)Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(China CDC)Beijing 102206China Institute of Medical Virology School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan 430071China Institut Pasteur of Shanghai Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’Immunologie Universite′LavalQuebec G1V 0A6Canada university of Chinese Academy of Sciences Medical School Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 101408China

Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus(CHIKV)is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the family Togaviridae,genus Alphavirus,and was first isolated in tanzania in the 1950s(Silva and Dermody 2017;Weaver and Lecuit 2015).Human infections with CHIKV typically result in a rapid-onset febrile disease,with symptoms that include fever,headache,rash,severe joint and muscle pain,as well as prolonged periods of disability in some patients(Weaver and Lecuit 2015;Silva and Dermody 2017).

关键词： Chi headache febrile

Influence of Agricultural Inputs on Growth and Yield of Jatropha curcas （L.） in Cameroon

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Journal of Life Sciences 2013年第7期7卷 712-721页

作者： Tchobsala Mégueni Clautilde Njintang Yanou Nicolas Nenwǒa Kona Bilele Patrick Prudent Joseph Wey Department of Biological sciences Faculty of Science University of Ngaoundéré Ngaoundéré Cameroun IRAD Garoua Cameroon CIRAD Paris France

A study was carried out in the Northern region of Cameroon to assess the influence of fertilizers （chemical fertilizer NPK （15-20-15 w/w/w） or cow dung） on the growth and yield ofJatropha curcas from four origins namely Cameroon, Senegal, tanzania and Mozambique. The experimental design was factorial with 4 origins×3 fertilizers×8 month durations. After planting, growth parameters and dendrometric measurements were carried out monthly during eight months. Data were analyzed using a Statgraphics program and Duncan test. The results showed that plant of tanzania and Mozambique origin had higher germination rate in field 75% and 69.5%, respectively. The survival rate of transplants was 100% for Cameroon origin and 98.48% for Senegal origin. NPK and cow dung significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased the growth parameters height, diameter, number of ramifications, leaves and fruits of Jatropha curcas. In addition Jatropha from Cameroon origin exhibited the highest growing conditions and high fruit yield, then highlighting its potential for the biofuel program of the country. But significant improvement needs to be done, particularly on the level of fertilizer needed.

关键词： Agricultural inputs growth yield Jatropha curcas Cameroon.

Impact of Convective Parameterization Schemes on the Quality of Rainfall Forecast over tanzania Using WRF-Model

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Natural Science 2014年第10期6卷 691-699页

作者： Alfred L. Kondowe Department of Weather Forecast and Numerical Weather Prediction Faculty of Meteorology Russian State Hydrometeorological University (RSHU) St. Petersburg Russia

To describe the evolution of atmospheric processes and rainfall forecast in tanzania, the Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model was used. The principal objectives of this study were 1) the understanding of mesoscale WRF model and adapting the model for tanzania;2) to conduct numerical experiments using WRF model with different convective parameterization schemes (CP’s) and investigate the impact of each scheme on the quality of rainfall forecast;and 3) the investigation of the capability of WRF model to successfully simulate rainfall amount during strong downpour. The impact on the quality of rainfall forecast of six CP’s was investigated. Two rainy seasons, short season “Vuli” from October to December (OND) and long season “Masika” from March to May (MAM) were targeted. The results of numerical experiments showed that for rainfall prediction in Dar es Salaam and (the entire coast of the Indian Ocean), GD scheme performed better during OND and BMJ scheme during MAM. Results also showed that NC scheme should not be used, which is in agreement to the fact that in tropics rainfall is from convective activities. WRF model to some extent performs better in the cases of extreme rainfall.

关键词： tanzania WRF-ARW Convective Parameterization Scheme (CP’s)