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Characterizing the Micropores in Lacustrine Shales of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of Southern Songliao Basin, NE China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2018年第6期92卷 2267-2279页

作者： GE Mingna REN Shoumai GUO Tianxu ZHOU Zhi WANG Shengjian BAO Shujing oil and gas survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China China Geological survey Beijing 100037China

Micropores of shale are significant to the gas content and production potential of shale, which has been verified in the research of marine shale gas; while, few studies have been conducted on lacustrine shales. This study collected 42 samples from three wells in the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the southern Songliao Basin, NE China, and investigated these samples by the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope(FIB–SEM) and nitrogen adsorption analysis techniques. Four types of micropores were identified in the samples, i.e., intergranular pore, intracellular pore, organic matter pore and microfracture. The pore structure type is characterized by open slit pores and "ink type" pores which are mainly 1.5–5 nm in diameter with mesopores as the main pores. The mesopores account for 74.01% of the pore volume and 54.68% of the pore surface area. Compared with the lacustrine shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin, the intergranular clay mineral interlayer pores are considered to be the main reservoir space for shale gas storage in the study area, followed by intraparticle pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Maturity and micropore are the key controlling factors which affect the shale gas content of the Qingshankou Formation in southern Songliao Basin.

关键词： micropores lacustrine shale Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation southern Songliao Basin

Classification and characteristics of tight oil plays

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Petroleum Science 2016年第1期13卷 18-33页

作者： Xin-Shun Zhang Hong-Jun Wang Feng Ma Xiang-Can Sun Yan Zhang Zhi-Hui Song Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development Petro China oil & gas survey China Geological Survey

Based on the latest conventional–unconventional oil and gas databases and relevant reports,the distribution features of global tight oil were analyzed.A classification scheme of tight oil plays is proposed based on developed tight oil fields.Effective tight oil plays are defined by considering the exploiting practices of the past few years.Currently,potential tight oil areas are mainly distributed in 137 sets of shale strata in 84 basins,especially South America,North America,Russia,and North Africa.Foreland,craton,and continental rift basins dominate.In craton basins,tight oil mainly occurs in Paleozoic strata,while in continental rift basins,tight oil occurs in Paleozoic–Cenozoic strata.Tight oil mainly accumulates in the Cretaceous,Early Jurassic,Late Devonian,and Miocene,which correspond very well to six sets of globaldeveloped source rocks.Based on source–reservoir relationship,core data,and well-logging data,tight oil plays can be classified into eight types,above-source play,below-source play,beside-source play,in-source play,between-source play,in-source mud-dominated play,insource mud-subordinated play,and interbedded-source play.Specifically,between-source,interbedded-source,and in-source mud-subordinated plays are major targets for global tight oil development with high production.Incontrast,in-source mud-dominated and in-source plays are less satisfactory.

关键词： tight reservoir shale strata dominated Paleozoic logging sandstone hydrocarbon favorable

Exploration and research progress of shale gas in China

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China Geology 2018年第2期1卷 257-272页

作者： Gang-yi Zhai Yu-fang Wang Zhi Zhou Shu-fang Yu Xiang-lin Chen Yun-xiao Zhang oil and gas survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100029China Unconventional oil and gas Geology Laboratory China Geological SurveyBeijing 100029China

There are three types of shale gas resources in China.The resources are present in large amounts and are widely distributed.Marine facies,transitional facies and continental facies resources each account for a third.Based on resource distributions,there are many wells penetrated into the Sinian,Cambrian, Ordovieian,Silurian,Devonian,Carboniferous and Permian strata of the Yangtze plate and its periphery, the North China Craton and the Tarim Basin.Many years of exploration have indicated that the marine Silurian Longmaxi shale gas is widely distributed in south China and has been industrialized in its production in the Siehuan basin.The shale gas from the Cambrian Niutitang Formation and the Sinian Doushantuo Formation are important discoveries in Yichang,Hub ei and Zhenba,Shanxi.There are also shale gas resources found within transitional facies and continental facies in different areas in China.The "two element enrichment theory"has been summarized during the exploration process of Silurian marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin.In addition,horizontal drilling and fracturing technologies up to 3500 m in depth have been developed.Based on the understanding of shale gas accumulation in a complex tectonic zone outside the Sichnan basin,a preliminary summary of the formation of the "converse fault syneline control reservoir"and "paleo uplift control reservoir"model has been constructed.The dominant theory of "Trinity"shale gas enrichment and the high yield of the "deep water Lu Pengxiang sedimentary facies belt, structural preservation conditions and overpressure"is summarized.Guided by the above theories.Anyel well in Guizhou and Eyangyel well in Hubei were drilled."Four storey"oil and shale "gas is found in the Permian Qixia group,the Silurian Shiniulan Formation,the Longmaxi Formation and the Ordovician Baota Formation in Anyel well.Good shale gas has been gound in the Cambrian Niutitang formation inian Doushantuo formation in Eyangye lwell.This paper aims to summarize and review the main progress,theoretical tech

关键词： Shale gas Exploration Enrichment Accumulation Theoretical technology

Change trend of natural gas hydrates in permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(1960-2050)under the background of global warming and their impacts on carbon emissions

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China Geology 2022年第3期5卷 475-509页

作者： Zhen-quan Lu Chu-guo Wu Neng-you Wu Hai-long Lu Ting Wang Rui Xiao Hui Liu Xin-he Wu oil and gas survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China Information Center Ministry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100036China Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology China Geological SurveyQingdao 266237China School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Global warming and the response to it have become a topic of concern in today’s society and are also a research focus in the global scientific community.As the world’s third pole,the global warming amplifier,and the starting region of China’s climate change,the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is extremely sensitive to climate change.The permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is rich in natural gas hydrates(NGHs)resources.Under the background of global warming,whether the NGHs will be disassociated and enter the atmosphere as the air temperature rises has become a major concern of both the public and the scientific community.Given this,this study reviewed the trend of global warming and accordingly summarized the characteristics of the temperature increase in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Based on this as well as the distribution characteristics of the NGHs in the permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,this study investigated the changes in the response of the NGHs to global warming,aiming to clarify the impacts of global warming on the NGHs in the permafrost of the plateau.A noticeable response to global warming has been observed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Over the past decades,the increase in the mean annual air temperature of the plateau was increasingly high and more recently.Specifically,the mean annual air temperature of the plateau changed at a rate of approximately 0.308-0.420℃/10a and increased by approximately 1.54-2.10℃in the past decades.Moreover,the annual mean ground temperature of the shallow permafrost on the plateau increased by approximately 1.155-1.575℃and the permafrost area decreased by approximately 0.34×10^(6)km^(2) from about 1.4×10^(6)km^(2) to 1.06×10^(6)km^(2) in the past decades.As indicated by simulated calculation results,the thickness of the NGH-bearing permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has decreased by 29-39 m in the past 50 years,with the equivalent of(1.69-2.27)×10^(10)-(1.12-1.51)×10^(12)m^(3) of methane(CH_(4))being released due to NGHs dissociation.It is predicted that the thicknes

关键词： Climate change Global warming Permafrost gas hydrate Greenhouse effect Carbon emission Peak carbon dioxide emissions Carbon neutrality Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Environment geological survey engineering China

Geological Characteristics of Shale gas in Different Strata of Marine Facies in South China

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Journal of Earth Science 2021年第4期32卷 725-741页

作者： Yufang Wang Gangyi Zhai Guoheng Liu Wanzhong Shi Yongchao Lu Juan Li Yunxiao Zhang oil and gas survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Unconventional oil and gas Geology China Geological SurveyBeijing 100029China School of Earth Resources China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China

In the Middle and Upper Yangtze region of South China,there are well developed sets of marine shale strata.Currently only Wufeng Longmaxi shale gas has been developed in scale,while the Sinian and Cambrian shale gas are still under exploration.The various shale strata show different characteristics in lithological features,such as lithofacies types and reservoir physical properties,which are due to the influence of tectonic pattern,sedimentary environment,and diagenesis caused by tectonic subsidence.This will affect the later fracturing technology and fracturing effect.The shale reservoirs of Sinian doushantuo,Cambrian Niutitang,Upper Ordovician Wufeng,and the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale were evaluated and compared with each other with respect to their sedimentary environments,lithofacies,minerals compositions,and micro pore characteristics.The reservoir characteristics of the shale and the main control factors of shale gas enrichment were summarized in this study.

关键词： shale gas marine shale Doushantuo Formation Niutitang Formation Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation reservoir characteristics comparison

Discussing the oil-Control Effects of the North Latitudinal 38° Belt in Central Part of the Ordos Basin

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第2期89卷 687-688页

作者： MA Licheng ZHANG Linyan WANG Zongxui ZHOU Xingui LI Chunlin CHEN Xiao Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Key Lab of Shale oil and gas Geological survey Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences The oil and gas survey China Geological Survey

The Ordos Basin in the western part of the North China Craton is commonly believed to be a multi-controlled oil- bearing basin. It is bounded by the Xing＇an--Mongolian Orogen to the north, the Qingling Orogen to the south, the Lüliang mountain to the east and the Helanshan--Liupanshan mountain belt to the west. The interpretation of geophysical data reveals a latitudinal （38°） fault belt in the centre of the Ordos Basin, which controls the hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation in the basin. This study attempts to investigate this belt from outcrops and indicates a structurally controlled system of migration fairway within the fault belt.

关键词： Belt in Central Part of the Ordos Basin Discussing the oil-Control Effects of the North Latitudinal 38

gas Sources of Natural gas Hydrates in the Shenhu Drilling Area, South China Sea: Geochemical Evidence and Geological Analysis

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第3期87卷 767-776页

作者： ZHU Youhai HUANG Xia FU Shaoying SU Pibo oil & gas survey China Geological Survey Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Guangzhou Marine Geological survey

The Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area is located in the central Baiyun sag, Zhu I! depression, Pearl River Mouth basin, northern South China Sea. The gas compositions contained in the hydrate-bearing zones is dominated by methane with content up to 99.89% and 99.91%. The carbon isotope of the methane （δ^13C1） are -56.7%0. and -60.9%0, and its hydrogen isotope （δD） are -199%0 and -180%0, respectively, indicating the methane from the microbial reduction of CO2. Based on the data of measured seafloor temperature and geothermal gradient, the gas formed hydrate reservoirs are from depths 24-1699 m below the seafloor, and main gas-generation zone is present at the depth interval of 416-1165 m. gas-bearing zones include the Hanjiang Formation, Yuehai Formation, Wanshan Formation and Quaternary sediments. We infer that the microbial gas migrated laterally or vertically along faults （especially interlayer faults）, slump structures, small-scale diapiric structures, regional sand beds and sedimentary boundaries to the hydrate stability zone, and formed natural gas hydrates in the upper Yuehai Formation and lower Wanshan Formation, probably with contribution of a little thermogenic gas from the deep sedments during this process.

关键词： natural gas hydrate methane microbial gas gas source migration South China Sea

Formation environment and hydrocarbon potential of the Paleogene Enping Formation coal measures in the ZhuⅠDepression of northern South China Sea

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2024年第4期43卷 119-135页

作者： Yuting Yin Lei Lan Dongdong Wang Ying Chen Yan Liu Youchuan Li Zengxue Li Jiamin Liu College of Earth Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdaoShandong 266590China China National Offshore oil Corporation Research Institute Co. Ltd.Beijing 100028China School of Geography Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUK

The coal-measure source rock in the Chinese sea area plays a significant role as a hydrocarbon source rock,with its genetic environment,development and distribution,and hydrocarbon generation potential serving as essential factors for the exploration of coal-type oil and gas fields.This study focuses on the coal-measure source rock of the Paleogene Enping Formation in the ZhuⅠDepression,located in the northern South China Sea.The main geological insights obtained are as follows.The coal measures of the Enping Formation are developed in a warm and wet tropical-subtropical climate.The development environment of the coal-measure source rock in the Enping Formation includes the braided river delta upper plain peat swamp,characterized by dry forest swamp coal facies with relatively thick coal seams and a small number of layers.The braided river delta lower plain swamp-interdistributary bay of braided river delta front represents a forest edge-wetland herbaceous swamp coal facies with numerous layers of thin coal seams and poor stability.The shore swamp corresponds to an open water swamp coal facies with multiple layers of thin coal seams and poor stability.The organic matter abundance in the braided river delta upper plain is the highest,followed by the braided river delta lower plain-braided river delta front,and the shore-shallow lake.The organic matter type is predominantly typeⅡ1.Thermal evolution analysis suggests that the organic matter has progressed into a substantial oil generation stage.The hydrocarbon generation potential of the coal-measure source rock in the Enping Formation is the highest in the braided river delta upper plain,followed by the braided river delta lower plain-braided river delta front and the shore-shallow lake.Overall,this study proposes three organic facies in the coal-measure source rock of the Enping Formation:upper-plain swamp-dry forest swamp facies,lower plain-interdistributary bay-forest-herbaceous swamp facies,and lake swamp-herbaceous swamp facies.

关键词： coal-measure source rock Paleogene genetic environment hydrocarbon generation characteristic ZhuⅠDepression

Natural gas hydrates in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Characteristics, formation, and evolution

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China Geology 2021年第1期4卷 17-31页

作者： You-hai Zhu Shou-ji Pang Rui Xiao Shuai Zhang Zhen-quan Lu oil and gas Resources survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(also referred to as the Plateau)is the largest area bearing alpine permafrost region in the world and thus is endowed with great formation conditions and prospecting potential of natural gas hydrates(NGH).Up to now,one NGH accumulation,two inferred NGH accumulations,and a series of NGH-related anomalous indicators have been discovered in the Plateau,with NGH resources predicted to be up to 8.88×10^(12) m^(3).The NGH in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have complex gas components and are dominated by deep thermogenic gas.They occur in the Permian-Jurassic strata and are subject to thin permafrost and sensitive to environment.Furthermore,they are distinctly different from the NGH in the high-latitude permafrost in the arctic regions and are more different from marine NGH.The formation of the NGH in the Plateau obviously couples with the uplift and permafrost evolution of the Plateau in spatial-temporal terms.The permafrost and NGH in the Qilian Mountains and the main body of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau possibly formed during 2.0–1.28 Ma BP and about 0.8 Ma BP,respectively.Under the context of global warming,the permafrost in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is continually degrading,which will lead to the changes in the stability of NGH.Therefore,The NGH of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can not be ignored in the study of the global climate change and ecological environment.

关键词： Natural gas hydrates(NGH) Permafrost Global climate change Qinghai-Tibet Plateau