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Silurian hydrocarbon exploration breakthrough and its implications in the Shajingzi structural belt of Tarim Basin,NW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第1期49卷 233-246页

作者： ZHANG Junfeng ZHANG Yuanyin GAO Yongjin Oil and Gas Survey Center of China Geological survey Beijing 100083China

The Silurian hydrocarbon exploration in the northwest Tarim Basin had long been fruitless, till Well XSD1 drilled in 2018 in the Shajingzi structural belt, northwest Tarim Basin tapped industrial gas flow from the Silurian for the first time. The reservoir-forming model and resource extent need to be made clear urgently. Based on the comprehensive research of drilling,formation testing, geochemical data, and sedimentary and accumulation history, in combination with field surveys, experiments, structure interpretation and reconstruction of structure evolution, it is found that:(1) The northwest Tarim Basin had widespread tidal deltaic deposits in the Silurian period, which contain good reservoir-cap combinations;(2) the Shajingzi fault and associated faults connected the Cambrian-Ordovician source rocks in the Awati sag, and controlled the formation of Silurian structural traps, hence, the traps turned up along the structural belt in an orderly pattern and came together into contiguous tracts;(3) the Silurian petroleum in Shajingzi structural belt was dominated by gas, and the major accumulation period was the Himalayan period when the traps fixed in shape;(4) the Silurian gas resources in the Shajingzi belt were estimated at around 2.018×10^(11)m^(3), and Silurian gas resources of the northwest Tarim Basin were estimated at 2.03×10^(12)m^(3), implying huge exploration potential, so this area will become a major area for reserve and production increase from clastic strata in the basin;(5) with the Shajingzi fault of large scale and long active time connecting deep source rock layers, multiple formations in Lower Paleozoic of Shajingzi structural belt may have breakthroughs in hydrocarbon exploration.

关键词： structural trap late hydrocarbon accumulation Silurian Kepingtage Formation Shajingzi structural belt Wensu salient Keping uplift Tarim Basin

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Sedimentary characteristics and main controlling factors of the Middle-Upper Permian and Middle-Upper Triassic around Bogda Mountain of Xinjiang,NW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第4期49卷 770-784页

作者： YANG Youxing ZHANG Junfeng ZHANG Jinhu GAO Yongjin ZHOU Xingui SUN Xiangcan WEN Lei MIAO Miaoqing Oil and Gas Survey Center of China Geological survey Beijing 100083China

Based on field geological survey,interpretation of seismic data and analysis of drilling and logging data,the evolution of geological structures,stratigraphic sedimentary filling sequence and sedimentary system around the Bogda Mountain were analyzed according to the idea of"structure controlling basin,basin controlling facies and facies controlling assemblages".The tectonic evolution of the basin around the Bogda Mountain can be divided into nine stages.The Middle-Late Permian–Middle-Late Triassic was the development stage of intracontinental rift,foreland basin and inland depression basin when lake,fan delta and braided river delta sedimentary facies developed.Early intracontinental rifting,late Permian tectonic uplift,and middle-late Triassic tectonic subsidence controlled the shape,type,subsidence rate and sedimentary system evolution of the basin.The Bogda Mountain area was the subsidence center and deposition center of the deep water lake basin in the Middle Permian with mainly deep-water deposition and local gravity flow deposition.This area had tectonic inversion in the Late Permian,when the Bogda Mountain uplifted to form a low bulge and a series of fan delta sand bodies.In the Middle-Late Triassic,subsidence occurred in the Bogda low uplift,characterized by extensive development of braided river delta deposits.

关键词： Junggar Basin Bogda Mountain Fukang fault zone Permian Lucaogou Formation Triassic sedimentary filling sequence sedimentary system

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Enrichment and exploration of deep lacustrine shale oil in the first member of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation, southern Songliao Basin, NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2020年第4期47卷 683-698页

作者： ZHANG Junfeng XU Xingyou BAI Jing LIU Weibin CHEN Shan LIU Chang LI Yaohua Oil and Gas Survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China

Pure shales in the first member of Qingshankou Formation(simplified as Qing 1 Member)in the southern Songliao Basin,i.e.,the semi-deep and deep lacustrine shales,are characterized by a high content of clay minerals and poor hydrocarbon mobility,making the development of shale oil difficult.According to the drilling and testing results,the shale of Qing 1 Member can be classified into 3 lithofacies,i.e.,bedded argillaceous shale,laminated diamictite shale,and interbedded felsic shale.The TOC and brittle minerals control the enrichment of shale oil,of them,TOC controls the total oil content,in other words,the total oil content increases with the increase of TOC;while the laminae made up of brittle minerals contain a large number of bigger intergranular pores which are favorable enrichment space for movable shale oil.In consideration of the origins of the 3 lithofacies,two shale oil enrichment models are classified,i.e.,the deep lacustrine high-TOC bedded argillaceous shale(Model-I)and the semi-deep lacustrine moderate-high-TOC laminated diamictite shale(Model-II).In the Model-I,the shale is characterized by high hydrocarbon generation ability,high total oil content,abundant horizontal bedding fractures,and vertical and high angle fractures locally;the complex fracture network formed by horizontal bedding fractures and vertical fractures improve the storage capacity and permeability of the shale reservoir,increase the enrichment space for movable oil.In the Model-II,the shale is characterized by good hydrocarbon generation ability and fairly high total oil content,and as the brittle laminae contain large intergranular pores,the shale has a higher movable oil content.Based on the two models,shale oil sweet-spot areas of 2880 km2 in the southern Songliao Basin are favorable for further exploration.Aimed at the difficulties in reservoir fracturing of the lacustrine shale with a high content of clay minerals,the composite fracturing technology with supercritical carbon dioxide was used in the shale oil reservoir for the

关键词： shale oil Songliao Basin Cretaceous first Member of Qingshankou Formation semi-deep to deep lacustrine lithofacies feature enrichment model

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Accumulation and exploration of continental shale gas resources of Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in Lishu fault depression,Songliao Basin,NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第3期49卷 502-515页

作者： ZHANG Junfeng XU Xingyou BAI Jing CHEN Shan LIU Weibin LI Yaohua Oil and Gas Survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China National Key Laboratory of Continental Shale oil Daqing 163002China Key Laboratory of Unconventional oil and gas China Geological SurveyBeijing 100029China

Distribution characteristics,organic matter development characteristics,gas-bearing characteristics,reservoir characteristics,and preservation conditions of the Shahezi Formation shale of Lower Cretaceous in the Lishu fault depression,Songliao Basin,NE China,are analyzed using organic geochemical,whole rock,and SEM analysis data,and CO_(2)and N_(2) adsorption and high-pressure mercury injection experiment data in combination with the tectonic and sedimentation evolution of the region to reveal the geological conditions for enrichment and resource potential of continental shale gas.The organic-rich shale in the Lower Cretaceous of the Lishu fault depression is mainly developed in the lower submember of the second member of the Shahezi Formation(K_(1)sh_(2)^(1) Fm.)and is thick and stable in distribution.The shale has high TOC,mainly types II_(1) and II_(2) organic matter,and is in the mature to the over-mature stage.The volcanic activity,salinization,and reduction of the water environment are conducive to the formation of the organic-rich shale.The shale reservoirs have mainly clay mineral intergranular pores,organic matter pores,carbonate mineral dissolution pores,and foliated microfractures as storage space.The pores are in the mesopore range of 10–50 nm,and the microfractures are mostly 5–10μm wide.Massive argillaceous rocks of lowland and highstand domains are deposited above and below the gas-bearing shale separately in the lower submember of the K_(1)sh_(2)^(1) Fm.,act as the natural roof and floor in the process of shale gas accumulation and preservation,and control the shale gas enrichment.Based on the above understandings,the first shale gas exploration well in Shahezi Formation was drilled in the Lishu fault depression of Songliao Basin.After fracturing,the well tested a daily gas production of 7.6×10^(4) m^(3),marking a breakthrough in continental shale gas exploration in the Shahezi Formation(K1 sh Fm.)of the Lishu fault depression in Songliao Basin.The exploration practice has reference significance f

关键词： continental shale gas shale reservoir space organic matter gas-bearing exploration Cretaceous Shahezi Formation Lishu fault depression Songliao Basin

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oil exploration breakthrough in the Wensu salient, northwest Tarim Basin and its implications

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2019年第1期46卷 16-26页

作者： ZHANG Junfeng GAO Yongjin YANG Youxing ZHOU Xingui ZHANG Jinhu ZHANG Yuanyin Oil and Gas Survey Center of China Geological survey

Both the XWD1 and XWD2 wells drilled in 2017 in the Wensu salient, northwest Tarim Basin have achieved high-yield industrial oil flow. Based on the comprehensive research on drilling, oil testing, geochemistry and logging data, in combination with the field surveys, 2 D seismic data processing and interpretation as well as sedimentation and accumulation history comparison, we carefully compared the source conditions, migration channels, reservoir-cap distribution and trapping types in the Wensu salient, and subsequently constructed a reservoir-forming pattern. Though the Wensu salient is lack of source rocks, some drainage systems were widely developed and efficiently connected to adjacent fertile depressions. Due to the moderate Miocene paleogeomorphic conditions in the Wensu salient, the delta and shore-shallow lacustrine beach bar sandy bodies were developed within the Jidike formation, and consequently form widely distributed structural-lithologic traps. The hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation mainly happened in the Neogene-Quaternary period, which suggests that the reservoir-forming pattern should be characterized as late-period and compound accumulation. It suggests that, although the border belts in the Tarim Basin might be short of source rocks and structural traps, they are potential to accumulate hydrocarbon in a large scale; the description of efficient hydrocarbon migration channels and structural-lithologic traps is crucial for any successful exploration.

关键词： structural-lithologic traps late hydrocarbon accumulation Neogene Jidike Formation weathering metamorphic crust Wensu salient Tarim Basin

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Enrichment Patterns and New Discovery of Deep Lacustrine Shale oil in the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,NE China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第4期95卷 1426-1428页

作者： LIU Weibin XU Xingyou BAI Jing LIU Chang CHEN Shan LI Yaohua Oil and Gas Survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100029China

Objective The Songliao Basin is located in northeastern China.The Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation(Fm.)(K2 qn),Yaojia Fm.(K2 y),and Nenjiang Fm.(K2 n)were deposited in its depression.The sediments are mainly continental clastic rocks.The first member of the Qingshankou Fm.(K2 qn1)in the southern Songliao Basin mainly comprises semi-deep to deep lacustrine shale of large thickness,generally 30,100 m,with wide distribution;the thickness of the shale has an average thickness of 70 m.

关键词： China. Cretaceous shale

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Natural gas hydrates in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Characteristics, formation, and evolution

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China Geology 2021年第1期4卷 17-31页

作者： You-hai Zhu Shou-ji Pang Rui Xiao Shuai Zhang Zhen-quan Lu oil and gas Resources survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(also referred to as the Plateau)is the largest area bearing alpine permafrost region in the world and thus is endowed with great formation conditions and prospecting potential of natural gas hydrates(NGH).Up to now,one NGH accumulation,two inferred NGH accumulations,and a series of NGH-related anomalous indicators have been discovered in the Plateau,with NGH resources predicted to be up to 8.88×10^(12) m^(3).The NGH in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have complex gas components and are dominated by deep thermogenic gas.They occur in the Permian-Jurassic strata and are subject to thin permafrost and sensitive to environment.Furthermore,they are distinctly different from the NGH in the high-latitude permafrost in the arctic regions and are more different from marine NGH.The formation of the NGH in the Plateau obviously couples with the uplift and permafrost evolution of the Plateau in spatial-temporal terms.The permafrost and NGH in the Qilian Mountains and the main body of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau possibly formed during 2.0–1.28 Ma BP and about 0.8 Ma BP,respectively.Under the context of global warming,the permafrost in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is continually degrading,which will lead to the changes in the stability of NGH.Therefore,The NGH of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can not be ignored in the study of the global climate change and ecological environment.

关键词： Natural gas hydrates(NGH) Permafrost Global climate change Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Exploration and research progress of shale gas in China

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China Geology 2018年第2期1卷 257-272页

作者： Gang-yi Zhai Yu-fang Wang Zhi Zhou Shu-fang Yu Xiang-lin Chen Yun-xiao Zhang Oil and Gas Survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100029China Unconventional oil and gas Geology Laboratory China Geological SurveyBeijing 100029China

There are three types of shale gas resources in China.The resources are present in large amounts and are widely distributed.Marine facies,transitional facies and continental facies resources each account for a third.Based on resource distributions,there are many wells penetrated into the Sinian,Cambrian, Ordovieian,Silurian,Devonian,Carboniferous and Permian strata of the Yangtze plate and its periphery, the North China Craton and the Tarim Basin.Many years of exploration have indicated that the marine Silurian Longmaxi shale gas is widely distributed in south China and has been industrialized in its production in the Siehuan basin.The shale gas from the Cambrian Niutitang Formation and the Sinian Doushantuo Formation are important discoveries in Yichang,Hub ei and Zhenba,Shanxi.There are also shale gas resources found within transitional facies and continental facies in different areas in China.The "two element enrichment theory"has been summarized during the exploration process of Silurian marine shale gas in the Sichuan Basin.In addition,horizontal drilling and fracturing technologies up to 3500 m in depth have been developed.Based on the understanding of shale gas accumulation in a complex tectonic zone outside the Sichnan basin,a preliminary summary of the formation of the "converse fault syneline control reservoir"and "paleo uplift control reservoir"model has been constructed.The dominant theory of "Trinity"shale gas enrichment and the high yield of the "deep water Lu Pengxiang sedimentary facies belt, structural preservation conditions and overpressure"is summarized.Guided by the above theories.Anyel well in Guizhou and Eyangyel well in Hubei were drilled."Four storey"oil and shale "gas is found in the Permian Qixia group,the Silurian Shiniulan Formation,the Longmaxi Formation and the Ordovician Baota Formation in Anyel well.Good shale gas has been gound in the Cambrian Niutitang formation inian Doushantuo formation in Eyangye lwell.This paper aims to summarize and review the main progress,theoretical tech

关键词： Shale gas Exploration Enrichment Accumulation Theoretical technology

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Formation of inter-salt overpressure fractures and their significances to shale oil and gas: A case study of the third member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongpu sag, Bohai Bay Basin

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2020年第3期47卷 560-571页

作者： LIU Weibin ZHOU Xingui XU Xingyou ZHANG Shiqi oil&gas survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100029China China University of Petroleum Qingdao 266580China

Taking the inter-salt organic-rich shales in the third member of Paleogene Shahejie Formation(Es3)of Dongpu sag in Bohai Bay Basin as an example,the origin of overpressure,development characteristics,formation and evolution mechanism,formation stages and geological significance on shale oil and gas of overpressure fractures in the inter-salt shale reservoir were investigated by means of thin section identification,scanning electron microscopy observation,analysis of fluid inclusions,logging data analysis,and formation pressure inversion.The results show that overpressure is universal in the salt-lake basin of Dongpu sag,and under-compaction caused by the sealing of salt-gypsum layer,pressurization due to hydrocarbon generation,transformation and dehydration of clay minerals,and fault sealing are the 4 main factors leading to the occurrence of overpressure.The overpressure fractures are small in scale,with an average length of 356.2μm and an average underground opening of 11.6μm.But they are densely developed,with an average surface density of 0.76 cm/cm2.Moreover,they are often accompanied by oil and gas charging,and thus high in effectiveness.Overpressure fractures were mainly formed during two periods of large-scale oil and gas charging,approximately 25-30 Ma ago and 0-5 Ma ago.Inter-salt overpressure fractures play dual roles as the storage space and migration paths of shale oil and gas.They contribute 22.3%to the porosity of shale reservoir and 51.4%to the permeability.They can connect fracture systems of multiple scales,greatly improving the quality of shale reservoir.During the development of shale oil and gas,inter-salt overpressure fractures can affect the extension and morphology of hydraulic fractures,giving rise to complex and highly permeable volumetric fracture networks,improving hydraulic fracturing effect and enhancing shale oil and gas productivity.

关键词： shale reservoir inter-salt overpressure overpressure fracture fractures formation and evolution Bohai Bay Basin Dongpu sag Paleogene Shahejie Formation

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Characterizing the Micropores in Lacustrine Shales of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of Southern Songliao Basin, NE China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2018年第6期92卷 2267-2279页

作者： GE Mingna REN Shoumai GUO Tianxu ZHOU Zhi WANG Shengjian BAO Shujing Oil and Gas Survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China China Geological survey Beijing 100037China

Micropores of shale are significant to the gas content and production potential of shale, which has been verified in the research of marine shale gas; while, few studies have been conducted on lacustrine shales. This study collected 42 samples from three wells in the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the southern Songliao Basin, NE China, and investigated these samples by the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope(FIB–SEM) and nitrogen adsorption analysis techniques. Four types of micropores were identified in the samples, i.e., intergranular pore, intracellular pore, organic matter pore and microfracture. The pore structure type is characterized by open slit pores and "ink type" pores which are mainly 1.5–5 nm in diameter with mesopores as the main pores. The mesopores account for 74.01% of the pore volume and 54.68% of the pore surface area. Compared with the lacustrine shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin, the intergranular clay mineral interlayer pores are considered to be the main reservoir space for shale gas storage in the study area, followed by intraparticle pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Maturity and micropore are the key controlling factors which affect the shale gas content of the Qingshankou Formation in southern Songliao Basin.

关键词： micropores lacustrine shale Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation southern Songliao Basin

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