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Discussion on rheology in petroleum and nature gas teservoir stimulation

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Journal of Central South University 2008年第S1期15卷 362-368页

作者：卢拥军梁冲胥云陈彦东 research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and development-Langfang

Petroleum and nature gas not only are important resources,but also are important strategic materials of our *** methods the enhancing the producing degree of petroleum and natural gas reservoir,increasing single well production and extending the stimulation period of validity are important stratagem for petroleum and natural gas *** and acidizing are the main methods for stimulation as well as one of representative examples of rheology theory application in *** on analysis of low permeability reservoir characteristics,the fracturing and acidizing stimulation principles and main controlling factors were *** the mechanical characteristics,chemical reaction and rheological behavior in the stimulation process were *** research trends afterwards including the material and fluid rheology in oil and natural gas production process,the deep rock fracture initiation and extension rheology,and the fracturing and acidizing application rheology were also proposed in this paper.

关键词： fracturing fracturing fluids acid fracturing acid fluids low permeability petroleum rheology

Progress in China's Unconventional Oil & Gas Exploration and development and Theoretical Technologies

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第3期89卷 938-971页

作者： ZOU Caineng YANG Zhi ZHU Rukai ZHANG Guosheng HOU Lianhua WU Songtao TAO Shizhen YUAN Xuanjun DONG Dazhong WANG Yuman WANG Lan HUANG Jinliang WANG Shufang PetroChina research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & development

The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil ＆ *** accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil ＆ gas *** oil ＆ gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy *** gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration ＆ development,with tight oil becoming a ＇bright spot＇ domain and shale gas becoming a ＇hotspot＇ *** has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil ＆ gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil *** has an estimated（223-263）×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and（890-1260）×l0^（12）m^3 of gas *** has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil ＆ gas *** progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir *** breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology ＆ technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation *** characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil ＆ gas geological theory,method and *** formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil ＆ gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil＆ gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for ext

关键词： Unconventional oil and gas Unconventional Petroleum geology fine-grainedsedimentology unconventional reservoir geology "man-made reservoir" development micro-/nano- scalepore throat tight gas tight oil shale gas shale oil

Fine Stratigraphic Division of Volcanic Reservoir by uniting of Well Data and Seismic Data—Taking Volcanic Reservoir of Member One of Yingcheng Formation in Xudong Area of Songliao Basin for an Example

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第2期25卷 337-347页

作者： Huanqing Chen Yongle Hu Jiuqiang Jin Qiquan Ran Lin Yan research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and development PetroChina

Taking member one of Yingcheng Formation of Cretaceous in Xudong area, Xushen Gas Field of Songliao Basin for an example and aimed at the diachronous problem generally existed in vol- canic reservoir division, firstly advanced the method of two steps and two unites in the researches of volcanic reservoir finely division that guided by the method that sources controlled and founded the stratigraphic trellis. In this process, volcanic edifices and bodies were identified and traced. The results indicated that aimed strata in study areas could be carved up to six layers of YCII1, YCII2, YCII-II, YCIIlI, YCIII2 and YCIIII from the top to the bottom. Analyzing causes and firmly united of well data and seismic data could achieve fine stratigraphic division of volcanic reservoir. Surfaces of layers and volcanic bodies were basically unanimous in side direction. Stratum inclination gradually reduced with the distances increased from craters. The results of volcanic reservoir division had preferable con- sistency with lithologies and volcanic lithofacies and dynamic development data. The researches offered a useful method to stratigraphic division of volcanic reservoir and it had very important significance to effective development of volcanic reservoir in practice.

关键词： stratigraphic division and correlation of volcanic stratum volcanic body volcanic res- ervoir Yingcheng Formation Xushen Gas Field.

Influence of meandering river sandstone architecture on waterflooding mechanisms: a case study of the M-I layer in the Kumkol Oilfield, Kazakhstan

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Petroleum Science 2014年第1期11卷 81-88页

作者： Wang Jincai Zhao Lun Zhang Xiangzhong Tian Zhongyuan Chen Xi He Ling PetroChina research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & development

In order to explore the influence of sandstone architecture on waterflooding mechanisms using the architecture method,and taking as an example the M-I layer of the Kumkol oilfield in the South Turgay Basin,Kazakhstan,we portrayed the architecture features of different types of sandstones and quantitatively characterized heterogeneities in a single sand body in meandering river *** on the waterflooding characteristics of point bar sand and overbank sand according to waterflooded interpretation results in 367 wells and numerical simulation results of well groups,we finally analyzed the remaining oil potential of the meandering river sandstone and pointed out its development directions at the high water cut *** result shows that because lateral accretion shale beds are developed inside single sand bodies,the point bar sand is a semi-connected *** overbank sand is thin sandstone with poor connectivity,small area and fast lateral *** heterogeneity of the overbank sand is stronger than the point bar *** sandstone architectures control the waterflooding *** meandering river sandstones,the bottom of the point bar sand is strongly waterflooded,while the top of the point bar sand and most of the overbank sand are only weakly waterflooded or *** thickness percentage of unflooded zone and weakly waterflooded zone in point bar sand is 40％,and the remaining oil in its top part is the main direction for future development.

关键词： Meandering river point bar sand overbank sand architecture characteristics waterflooding characteristics

Geochemical Characteristics of the Source Rocks in Mesozoic Yanchang Formation,Central Ordos Basin

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Journal of Earth Science 2013年第5期24卷 804-814页

作者：林森虎袁选俊陶士振杨智吴松涛 research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & development PetroChina

The shale of Yanchang Formation in Upper Triassic is the most important source rock for the Mesozoic petroleum reserviors in Ordos Basin. Chang 7 and Chang 4＋5 members are the major source rock formation. Source rock samples, obtained from 22 cored wells in central Ordos Basin, were geochemically analyzed to determine the organic matter abundance, kerogen type and thermal maturity. Total organic carbon values ranged from 0.36% to 19.10%, 8.09% on average, in- dicating a good source rock potential. In this area, the shale is mature, as indicated by vitrinite re- flectance values. RockoEval data revealed that the samples are dominated by type II kerogen. Com- pare the Chang 7 and Chang 4＋5 members, which suggests that the Chang 7 shale has higher TOC, especially the highest lower Chang 7 members. The abundance of organic matter of Chang 4＋5 and Chang 7 members is both richest in southeast basin. The kerogen type of Chang 4＋5 and upper Chang 7 members is type II~, the counterpart of middle and lower Chang 7 member is type I. During the burial history, the total hydrocarbon-generating quantity of Chang 7 member is much more than that of Chang 4＋5 members.

关键词： hydrocarbon-generating potential geochemical characteristics of source rock Meso- zoic Yanchang Formation Ordos Basin.

Theoretical Approach to Change Blast Furnace Regime With Natural Gas Injection

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Journal of Iron and Steel research International 2013年第9期20卷 40-46页

作者： K S Abdel Halim Central Metallurgical research and development Institute(CMRDI)

The operation of blast furnace using natural gas and oxygen enriched blast （composite blast technology） is considered in many countries to be standard operation for a modern blast furnace particularly in certain countries with cheap and stable supply of natural gas. The theoretical flame temperature （TFT） of combustion and the degree of di-rect reduction of iron oxides （rd） are considered as the main controlling parameters of composite blast technology. The calculated values of these parameters are mainly dependent on the amount of air blast consumption. This amount of air blast is measured before entering into blast stoves, Actually, some of air blast is lost through valves of air stoves. Consequently, the real volume of air blast in the furnace is less than the recorded value by amounts of 5%-15% which is not considered in the estimation of rd and TFT. The purpose is to analyze the different methods for es-timation of air blast inside the blast furnaces and develop a theoretical model to calculate air blast eonsumption with high accuracy. Based on the calculation of air blast consumption, a complete roadmap is demonstrated to change the operation regime parameters of blast furnaces working on composite blast technology.

关键词： composite blast technique natural gas blast consumption theoretical flame temperature direct reduc-tion degree iron oxide

Natural gas origins of large and medium-scale gas fields in China sedimentary basins

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 1-13页

作者： ZHANG ShuiChang &ZHU GuangYou research Center of research Institutes of PetroChina Exploration and development,Beijing 100083,China research Center of research Institutes of PetroChina Exploration and development Beijing China

China sedimentary basins present abundant natural gas resource thanks to its unique geological *** highly-matured hydrocarbon source rocks,widespread coal-measure strata and low temperature Quaternary saline strata,etc.,indicate the wide foreground of China natural gas resources. Up to now,most of the petroliferous basins have been discovered to have wholesale natural gas accumulation from Precambrian,Paleozoic,Mesozoic to Cenozoic in the east,the central,the west and the coast of *** large and medium-scale gas reservoirs are mainly composed of hydrocarbon gas with big dry coefficient,tiny non-hydrocarbon,wide carbon isotope distribution and varying origin types,the hydrocarbon gas includes coal-formed gas,oil-formed gas,biogenic gas and inorganic gas, ***-formed gas is the main type of China natural gas resources,in particular several explored large-scale gas fields(>100 billion cubic meter)of Kela 2,Sulige and Daniudi,etc.,they all belong to coal-formed gas fields or the gas fields consisting mostly of coal-formed ***-formed gas is also abundant in China marine basins,for example marine natural gas of Sichuan Basin generated from crude oil cracking *** and secondary biogenic gas fields were discovered respectively in the Qaidam Basin and Western Slope of Songliao *** addition,inorganic gases are mainly distributed in the eastern China,in particular the Songliao Basin with abundant carbon dioxide accumulation,indicating that the eastern China present large exploration potential of inorganic gas.

关键词： natural gas origin sedimentary basin large and medium-scale gas field

Depositional System of the Carboniferous Huanglong Formation,Eastern Sichuan Basin:Constraints from Sedimentology and Geochemistry

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第5期90卷 1795-1808页

作者： WANG Kun HU Suyun LI Wei LIU Wei HUANG Qingyu MA Kui SHI Shuyuan research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and development CNPC

Using analyses of the lithology,sequences,paleoenvironment,and tectonic setting,the depositional system of the Carboniferous Huanglong Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin was *** lithological characteristics of the Lower Member,Middle Member,and Upper Member were analyzed and *** the use of carbon,oxygen,and strontium isotopes in the analysis,all of the geochemical data were tested for *** the basis of the Z values obtained from carbon and oxygen isotopes,the paleoenvironments of the three members were *** Member was dominantly an enclosed marine environment with intense evaporation and little freshwater input into the *** Member developed in a semi-enclosed to normal marine environment with many *** Member was formed in a normal marine *** east Sichuan Basin was enclosed by paleouplifts before the deposition of the Huanglong Formation,forming a relatively enclosed depositional *** developed in the Silurian strata that underlie the Carboniferous rocks;these paleogullies can be *** the basis of a comprehensive analysis,we propose that the Huanglong Formation developed in a platform *** microfacies were identified：supratidal flat,dolostone flat,grain shoal,and shelf *** high-permeability and high-porosity characteristics of the grain shoal microfacies are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation,while the supratidal flat and shelf microfacies developed very few high-quality *** paleogullies,in which increased amounts of grain shoal microfacies developed,controlled the distribution of high-quality reservoirs.

关键词： eastern Sichuan Basin Huanglong Formation depositional system paleoenvironment paleogully reservoir quality

Inflammatory bowel disease: An evaluation of health information on the internet

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第9期23卷 1676-1696页

作者： Samy A Azer Thekra I AlOlayan Malak A AlGhamdi Malak A AlSanea Curriculum development and research unit Medical Education DepartmentCollege of MedicineKing Saud UniversityRiyadh 11461Saudi Arabia

To evaluate the quality and accuracy of websites written to the public on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) and assess their readability ***™, Bing™, and Yahoo™ search engines were searched independently by three researchers in December 2014. Only English-language websites were selected on the basis of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. researchers independently evaluated the quality of each website by using the DISCERN and the HONcode instruments. The readability levels were calculated using two formulas; the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index, and the Coleman-Liau Readability Index. The agreement between the evaluators was calculated using Cohen kappa ***-four websites were finally identified. Scores varied from a minimum DISCERN score of 18 to a maximum of 68 [mean ± SD, 42.2 ± 10.7; median = 41.5, interquartile range, interquartile range (IQR) = 15.8] and a minimum score of HONcode of 0.14 and a maximum of 0.95 (mean ± SD, 0.16 ± 0.19; median = 0.45, IQR = 0.29). Most of these websites were reviewed in 2014 and 2015 (n = 51). The creators of these websites were: universities and research centers (n = 25, 30%), foundations and associations (n = 15, 18%), commercial and pharmaceutical companies (n = 25, 30%), charities and volunteer work (n = 9, 10%), and non-university educational bodies (n = 10, 12%). The Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level readability score (mean ± SD) was 11.9 ± 2.4 and the Coleman-Liau Readability Index score was 12.6 ± 1.5. Significant correlation was found between the two readability scores (R2 = 0.509, P = 0.001). The overall agreement between evaluators measured by Cohen kappa coefficient was in the range of 0.804-0.876; rated as 'Good'.CONCLUSIONThe DISCERN and the HONcode scores of websites varied and the readability levels of most websites were above the public readability level. The study highlights the areas that need further improvement and de

关键词： Inflammatory bowel disease The internet Patients’ information Evidence Patients’ education online resources