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Developing More Effective Enhanced Biochar Fertilisers for Improvement of Pepper Yield and Quality

Pedosphere 2015年第5期25卷 703-712页

作者： YAO Chunxue Stephen JOSEPH LI Lianqing PAN Genxing Yun LIN Paul MUNROE Ben PACE Sarasadat TAHERYMOOSAVI Lukas VAN ZWIETEN Torsten THOMAS Shaun NIELSEN Jun YE Scott DONNE Institute of Resources Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture Nanjing Agricultural University Discipline of Chemistry University of Newcastle School of Materials Science and Engineering University of New South Wales new south wales department of primary industries School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences & Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation University of New South Wales

Utilization of biochar at high application rates can increase soil C and crop yields, decrease greenhouse gas emissions and reduce nutrient run-off from soils. However, the high application rate of 10 t ha-1 may not return a profit to the farmer due to the high cost of biochar. In this study biochar was modified through pre-treating the biomass and post-treating with phosphoric acid, minerals and different chemical fertilisers to study the effects of two new enhanced biochar fertilisers on the yield and quality of green pepper in a field experiment with 5 fertilisation treatments and 3 replications. The two new biochar fertilisers significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased the yield of green pepper （11.33-11.47 t ha-l）, compared with the conventional chemical fertiliser （9.72 t ha-l）. The biochar fertiliser treatments improved the vitamin C content of green pepper from 236.99 to 278.28 mg kg-1, and also significantly （P 〈 0.05） reduced the nitrate content from 132.32 to 101.92 mg kg-1, compared with chemical fertiliser. This study indicated that, compared to the use of conventional chemical fertiliser, all of the biochar fertiliser treatments could significantly improve the yield and quality of green pepper.

关键词： bentonite clay chemical fertiliser nitrate content phosphoric acid vitamin C content wheat straw

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Understanding sheep baa-haviour: Investigating the relationship between pasture and animal grazing patterns

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Grassland Research 2022年第3期1卷 143-156页

作者： Danica Parnell Igor Kardailsky Jacob Parnell Warwick Brabazon Badgery Lachlan Ingram School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of SydneyBrownlow HillNew South WalesAustralia NSW department of primary industries Orange Agricultural InstituteOrangeNew South WalesAustralia RoZetta Technology SydneyNew South WalesAustralia

Background:Grasslands are the primary source of feed for grazing livestock,and as such,knowledge on how to best manage livestock and grasslands,through the use of spatiotemporal modelling,will assist in the long-term management of a valuable ecosystem ***:This study was conducted over 14 months between March and April 2017 in Orange,NSW,*** study evaluated sheep behaviour in relation to the presence of pasture species,environment and paddock structures,using random forest modelling,to predict sheep location under continuous high(HSR,13 DSE ha−1)and low(LSR,7DSE ha−1)stocking ***:In the LSR,significant drivers included water,shade and fence lines(p<0.01).In the HSR,only fence lines and available biomass were found to be significant(p<0.01).The presence of green legumes in both stocking rates often increased residency by *** spent more time together in the LSR,suggesting that social behaviour played a larger role than pasture quantity and quality in driving grazing ***:Understanding how pasture type can influence grazing behaviours and also how animal behaviour affects pasture performance and utilisation is important in developing long-term sustainable management strategies on a paddock scale.

关键词： behaviour GPS grazing interactions livestock grazing pasture production sheep wethers

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Wild bacterial probiotics fed to larvae of mass-reared Queensland fruit fly[Bactrocera tryoni(Froggatt)]do not impact long-term survival,mate selection,or locomotor activity

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Insect Science 2020年第4期27卷 745-755页

作者： Lucas A.Shuttleworth Mohammed Abul Monjur Khan Damian Collins Terry Osborne Olivia L.Reynolds new south wales department of primary industries Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural InstituteMenangleAustralia Faculty of Agriculture DefDartment of EntomologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh Graham Centre(an alliance between NSW department of primary industries and Charles Sturt university) Wagga WaggaNew South WalesAustralia State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops Institute of Applied EcologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina

Queensland fruit fly[Bactrocera Uyoni(Froggatt),Diptera,Tephritidae]is the most devastating insect pest impacting Australian *** Sterile Insect Technique(SIT)is an important component of tephritid pest management ***,mass-rearing and irradiation(to render insects sterile)may reduce the fitness and performance of the insect,including the ability of sterile males to successfully compete for wild *** of the gut microbiome,including the supplementation with bacterial probiotics shows promise for enhancing the quality of mass-reared sterile flies,however there are fewer published studies targeting the larval *** this study,we supplemented the larval stage of mass-reared *** with bacterial *** tested several individual bacteria that had been previously isolated and characterized from the gut of wild *** larvae including Asaia sp.,Enterobacter sp.,Lactobacillus sp.,Leuconostoc *** also tested a consortium of all four of these bacterial *** fitness parameters tested included adult survival in field cages,laboratory mate selection of bacteria supplemented males by bacteria nonsupplemented females,and laboratory locomotor activity of adult *** of the bacterial probiotic treatments in the current study was significantly different to the control for field survival,mate selection or locomotor activity of adult ***,which agree with some of the other studies regarding bacterial probiotics fed to the larval stage of *** work is needed to determine if feeding the same,and/or other probiotics to adults,as opposed to larvae can positively impact survival,mating performance,mating competitiveness and locomotor activity of *** bacterial group(s)and function of bacterial species that increase fitness and competitiveness is also of interest to tephritid mass-rearing programs.

关键词： area wide integrated pest management mass-rearing mate choice Sterile Insect Technique Tephritidae

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Modelling the potential consequences of adaptive closure management in a penaeid trawl fishery

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Aquaculture and Fisheries 2023年第2期8卷 190-201页

作者： Edward V.Camp Daniel D.Johnson Matthew D.Taylor Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences School of ForestFisheriesand Geomatics SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesville32611FLUSA Port Stephens Fisheries Institute New South Wales Department of Primary IndustriesTaylors Beach RdTaylors BeachNew South Wales2315Australia School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of NewcastleNew South Wales2308Australia

Spatial management of fishing effort can be used to avoid catching undesirable size classes for target species,and improve yield-per-recruit for the exploited *** closure management has been proposed as a means to more effectively utilise spatial management,however these management provisions often lack quantitative evaluation which constrains the information available to inform *** demonstrate the use of a spatially and size structured population dynamics model to evaluate the potential impact of spatial management on a multijurisdictional fishery for a highly migratory species(eastern king prawn,Penaeus[Melicertus]plebejus).Under current conditions in the fishery,the overall effect of closures on harvest was estimated to be comparatively minor,regardless of assumptions about how effort or fisher behavior are affected by spatial *** assumptions about the movement patterns of eastern king prawn had little influence on the impact of closures on overall ***,when effort was increased to historic levels similar to those observed when the closures were implemented,a much greater impact on overall harvest was *** approach taken and simulation outcomes are discussed in the context of spatial management for both eastern king prawn,and penaeid fisheries more broadly.

关键词： Penaeidae Trawl Management strategy evaluation Closures Adaptive management

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Effects of fencing on vegetation and soil restoration in a degraded alkaline grassland in northeast China

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Journal of Arid Land 2014年第4期6卷 478-487页

作者： Qiang LI DaoWei ZHOU YingHua JIN MinLing WANG YanTao SONG GuangDi LI Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences university of Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Geography Science Northeast Normal University Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University

In order to restore a degraded alkaline grassland, the local government implemented a large restoration project using fences in Changling county, Jilin province, China, in 2000. Grazing was excluded from the protected area, whereas the grazed area was continuously grazed at 8.5 dry sheep equivalent（DSE）/hm2. In the current research, soil and plant samples were taken from grazed and fenced areas to examine changes in vegetation and soil properties in 2005, 2006 and 2008. Results showed that vegetation characteristics and soil properties improved significantly in the fenced area compared with the grazed area. In the protected area the vegetation cover, height and above- and belowground biomass increased significantly. Soil pH, electrical conductivity and bulk density decreased significantly, but soil organic carbon and total nitrogen concentration increased greatly in the protected area. By comparing the vegetation and soil characteristics with pre-degraded grassland, we found that vegetation can recover 6 years after fencing, and soil pH can be restored 8 years after fencing. However, the restoration of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations needed 16, 30 and 19 years, respectively. It is recommended that the stocking rate should be reduced to 1/3 of the current carrying capacity, or that a grazing regime of 1-year of grazing followed by a 2-year rest is adopted to sustain the current status of vegetation and soil resources. However, if N fertilizer is applied, the rest period could be shortened, depending on the rate of application.

关键词： vegetation and soil restoration fencing grazing alkaline soil semi arid region grassland degradation

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Early performance of Pinus radiata provenances in the earthquakeravaged dry river valley area of Sichuan, southwest China

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Journal of Forestry Research 2013年第4期24卷 619-632页

作者： Huiquan Bi Rongwei Li Zongxing Wu Quan Huang Qianli Liu Yongli Zhou Yun Li Forest Science Centre New South Wales Department of Primary Industries School of Forest and Ecosystem Science University of Melbourne Sichuan Forestry Academy Aba Forest Research Institute 71 Jiaochang Street School of Information Science and Technology Beijing Forestry University

A provenance experiment involving five native provenances and an Australian landrace of Pinus radiata （D. Don） was established over three sites in the dry river valley area of Sichuan, southwest China in 2004 in order to select the most suitable provenance for environmental planting on the dry, steep and degraded slopes to reduce soil erosion. Although with much lower soil moisture supply and mean minimum temperatures in winter compared to P. radiata provenance trials estab- lished elsewhere in the world, these sites are within the working limits of the species defined by previous climate modelling and matching. Be- cause of the difficult site conditions and severe natural disturbances after the experiment was established, mortality was high across the three sites in comparison to provenance trials in other countries.

关键词： Pinus radiata, dryland provenance performance multilevellinear mixed models repeated measures analysis

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A review of phosphorus nutrition in irrigated cotton farming systems of Australia

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Journal of Cotton Research 2022年第1期5卷 72-79页

作者： NACHIMUTHU Gunasekhar SCHWENKE Graeme MERCER Clarence BISCHOF Callum HULME Pat BELL Michael new south wales department of primary industries Australian Cotton Research InstituteNarrabriNSW 2390Australia new south wales department of primary industries Tamworth Agricultural InstituteCalalaNSW 2340Australia The School of Agriculture and Food Sciences The University of QueenslandGattonQLD 4343Australia Sustainable Soil Management WarrenNSW 2824Australia

Australian cotton production predominantly occurs on *** average lint yield of cotton grown in Australia is 2260–2700 kg·hm^(−2),which is 2.5 to 3 times the world *** high productivity per unit of land area requires efficient use of resources such as water and ***,high yields accelerate the export of nutrients such as phosphorus(P)in seed,depleting the soil reserves of P more than in other countries with lower cotton *** surveys of cotton industry indicate that P application rates should match seed P export(30~40 kg·hm−2),but historical depletion within subsoil is still evident and is *** of soil P is typically more pronounced in the subsoil than in the topsoil(0~20 cm)where P fertiliser is applied,as cotton roots rely on these layers as important sources of plant available water and available *** mismatch between zones of P uptake and resupply may increase stratification of available P in the soil *** studies showed that cotton responded poorly to banded applications of fertiliser P,while dispersal of fertiliser throughout the plant beds was more *** have also observed sporadic cotton responses to applied P fertiliser in soils where available P concentrations were well above the previously determined critical concentrations indicative of fertiliser P responses in *** sustain highyielding cotton production in Australia,a greater understanding of cotton root acquisition of applied P,as well as a re-examination of critical soil P concentrations for each production region are required.

关键词： Vertisol P stratification Soil test critical value

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Flow hydrodynamics drive effective fish attraction behaviour into slotted fishway entrances

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2023年第4期35卷 782-802页

作者： Maryam Farzadkhoo Richard T.Kingsford Iain M.Suthers Stefan Felder Water Research Laboratory School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia Centre for Ecosystem Science School of BiologicalEarth and Environmental SciencesThe University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia

Effective fishways rely on attracting fish,utilising the natural rheotactic behaviour of fish to orient into an attraction flow near the *** the critical importance of attraction,understanding of the hydrodynamics of vertical slot entrances in relation to fish behaviour remains ***,hydrodynamic measurements of flows at slotted fishway entrances were experimented with two different designs,two velocities,three water depths,and two fish species,silver perch(Bidyanus bidyanus)and Australian bass(Percalates novemaculeata).Fish behaviours were tracked in relation to hydrodynamic measures of three-dimensional velocity and turbulent kinetic energy(TKE).There were distinct differences in the attraction flow between entrance designs,irrespective of velocity and water depth.A plain slotted entrance produced a more symmetric flow in the centre of the flume,causing fish to approach the entrance by skirting the core of the attraction jet flow and areas of high *** contrast,streamlined slotted entrance design resulted in an asymmetric attraction flow which guided fish along the wingwall towards the slotted entrance,improving attraction for both *** were clear patterns in swimming trajectories for silver perch,swimming along the sidewalls of the observation zone towards the entrance,but Australian bass were less predictable,using random routes on their way to the slotted *** species preferred areas of low turbulence(TKE<0.02 m^(2)/s^(2)).This work has important implications for design of vertical slotted entrance systems.

关键词： Attraction jet flow fish behaviour fish swimming trajectories turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) Australian native fish

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Feeding Biochar to Cows:An Innovative Solution for Improving Soil Fertility and Farm Productivity

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Pedosphere 2015年第5期25卷 666-679页

作者： Stephen JOSEPH Doug POW Kathy DAWSON David R.G.MITCHELL Aditya RAWAL James HOOK Sarasadat TAHERYMOOSAVI Lukas VAN ZWIETEN Joshua RUST Scott DONNE Paul MUNROE Ben PACE Ellen GRABER Torsten THOMAS Shaun NIELSEN Jun YE Yun LIN PAN Genxing LI Lianqing Zakaria M.SOLAIMAN Discipline of Chemistry University of Newcastle School of Materials Science and Engineering University of New South Wales Electron Microscopy Center AIIMUniversity of Wollongong Institute of Resources Ecosystem and Environment of AgricultureNanjing Agricultural University Marron Brook Farm Warren Catchments Council 52 Bath StManjimup 6258 (Australia) Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre University of New South Wales Wollongbar primary industries Institute NSW Department of Primary Industries Institute of Soil Water and Environmental SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research Organization Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesThe University of New South Wales Soil Biology and Molecular Ecology Group School of Earth and Environment (M087)The University of Western Australia

Addition of biochar produced through thermal decomposition of biomass has been seen as a strategy to improve soils and to sequester carbon （C）, but wide scale implementation of the technology requires to devise innovative profitable solutions. To develop biochar utilisation with an integrated system approach, an innovative program was implemented in 2012 on a 53-ha farm in Western Australia to determine the costs and benefits of integrating biochar with animal husbandry and improvement of pastures. Biochar was mixed with molasses and fed directly to cows. The dung-biochar mixture was incorporated into the soft profile by dung beetles. We studied the changes in soil properties over 3 years. Biochar extracted from fresh dung and from the soil to a depth of 40 cm was characterised. A preliminary financial analysis of the costs and benefits of this integrated approach was also undertaken. The preliminary investigation results suggested that this strategy was effective in improving soil properties and increasing returns to the farmer. It was also concluded that the biochar adsorbed nutrients from the cow＇s gut and from the dung. Dung beetles could transport this nutrient-rich biochar into the soil profile. There was little evidence that the recalcitrant component of the biochar was reduced through reactions inside the gut or on/in the soil. Further research is required to quantify the long-term impact of integrating biochar and dung beetles into the rearing of cows.

关键词： animal husbandry biochar C sequestration dung beetles financial benefit pasture

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Long-term effects of mowing on plasticity and allometry of Leymus chinensis in a temperate semi-arid grassland,China

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Journal of Arid Land 2016年第6期8卷 899-909页

作者： LI Xiliang HOU Xiangyang REN Weibo Taogetao BAOYIN LIU Zhiying Warwick BADGERY LI Yaqiong WU Xinhong XU Huimin National Forage Improvement Center Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Utilization of Ministry of AgricultureInstitute of Grassland ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Ecology College of Life SciencesInner Mongolia University new south wales department of primary industries Orange Agricultural Institute

Mowing is an important land management practice for natural semi-arid regions. A growing body of empirical evidence shows that different mowing regimes affect the functioning of grassland ecosystems. However, the responses of plant functional traits to long-term mowing and their allometric scaling under long-term mowing are poorly understood. For a better understanding of the effects of mowing on grassland ecosystems, we analyzed the allometric traits of leaves and stems of Leymus chinensis （Trin.） Tzvel., a dominant grass species in eastern Eurasian temperate grassland, at different mowing intensities （no clipping, clipping once every two years, once a year and twice a year）. Experiments were conducted on plots established over a decade ago in a typical steppe of Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China. Results showed that most of the functional traits of L. chinensis decreased with the increased mowing intensity. The responses of leaves and stems to long-term mowing were asymmetric, in which leaf traits were more stable than stem traits. Also significant allometric relationships were found among most of the plant functional traits under the four mowing treatments. Sensitive traits of L. chinensis （e.g. leaf length and stem length） were primary indicators associated with aboveground biomass decline under high mowing intensity. In conclusion, the allometric growth of different functional traits of L. chinensis varies with different long-term mowing practices, which is likely to be a strategy used by the plant to adapt to the mowing disturbances.

关键词： Leymus chinensis allometry plant functional traits mowing semi-arid grassland Inner Mongolia

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