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Correlates of avifaunal diversity along the elevational gradient of Mardi Himal in Annapurna Conservation Area,Central nepal

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Avian Research 2020年第3期11卷 201-214页

作者： Naresh Pandey Laxman Khanal Mukesh Kumar Chalise Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKathmandu 44613Nepal nepal Biodiversity Research Society(NEBORS) Lalitpur 44700Nepal

Background:Patterns of biological diversity and richness can vary along the elevational gradients among mountain systems making it difficult to conclude the general *** drivers of such pattern are also poorly known in the southern flank of the Himalaya due to limited ***,we assessed the species richness,seasonal patterns and drivers of avian diversity along an elevational gradient on Mardi Himal trekking trail,a newly open tourist route in Annapurna Conservation Area of the central ***:Two surveys(winter and summer seasons of 2019)were conducted from the bank of Seti-Gandaki River confluence(1030 m above sea level,asl)up to the Low Camp(3050 m asl)of the Mardi *** point count method was employed in every 100 m rise in the *** indices were calculated and bird abundance data on species,sites,seasons and environmental variables were *** linear model,polynomial regression and ordinary least square regression were performed to examine the importance of environmental factors in shaping the avian richness ***:A total of 673 individuals of birds belonging to 112 species,of which 72 in winter and 80 in summer,were *** observed a hump-shaped pattern of the overall species richness along the elevational *** richness pattern remained consistent even when explored by season,for winter and summer *** indices were found higher during the *** and mean monthly temperature in both seasons showed non-linear relation with avian species *** exhibited positive association in summer whereas the same in winter was negatively correlated with avian species *** to the nearest water source and the nearest human settlement were negatively correlated with the richness of ***-ranged and insectivorous birds were under the strong influence of gradients on climatic variables like temperature and ***:We conc

关键词： Annapurna Conservation Area Avian richness Central Himalaya Elevation

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Changes in regeneration and leaf traits of Rhododendron campanulatum along a treeline ecotone in central nepal

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Journal of Mountain Science 2020年第3期17卷 602-613页

作者： SHARMA Prasad Krishna TIWARI Achyut SHRESTHA Babu Bharat Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan UniversityKathmandu44613Nepal Budhanilkantha School Kathmandu44622Nepal

Changes in population structure and plant functional traits across environmental gradient in the near natural treeline is a critical determinant of environmental changes in treelines. In this study we analyzed population characteristics and leaf traits of Rhododendron campanulatum across treeline ecotone in a trans-Himalayan region of Mustang district in central nepal. Along 4 vertical transects, a total of 72 quadrats(5 m × 5 m)-34 above Betula utilis treeline and 38 below treeline-were sampled to analyze the population structure, regeneration,specific leaf area(SLA) and leaf-stem relationship of R. campanulatum. Our results showed that the regeneration of R. campanulatum was fairly good in both habitats, as evident from density-diameter *** species showed type Ⅲ survivorship curve in both habitats with the highest mortality during early stage of life. However, the seedling density and mortality was higher below treeline than above treeline. Canopy cover and basal cover were found to be the major factors affecting regeneration, as indicated by higher number of juveniles in relatively open areas above treeline. The total leaf area increased(p <0.001) with stem cross-section area in both habitats. However, the SLA was higher below treeline(55 cm^2/g) than above(47 cm^2/g)(p < 0.001);it also increased with the canopy cover of trees(R^2 =0.59, p <0.001) below the treeline. In conclusion,high density of juvenile, low mortality of seedlings,and low SLA above treeline indicated that the species has successfully adapted in climatically stressful alpine habitat with potential to expand upward.

关键词： Rhododendron Climate change Life table Mortality Specific leaf area Mustang district

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Social determinants that lead to poor knowledge about, and inappropriate precautionary practices towards, avian influenza among butchers in Kathmandu, nepal

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2013年第1期2卷 72-81页

作者： Mohan Paudel Bimala Acharya Mandira Adhikari Health Right International KathmanduNepal Sahid Gangalal National Heart Center KathmanduNepal. Population Service International KathmanduNepal

Background:Avian influenza(AI)is a global public health *** the knowledge that butchers have about it and the precautionary practices they take against it is crucial for designing future preparedness *** study aimed to identify the social determinants of knowledge and precautionary measures of AI among butchers in the Kathmandu district in ***:The study was based on a cross-sectional study design using structured interview questionnaires and checklists to observe social determinants and the precautionary measures of 120 butchers aged 15 years and above from the Kathmandu ***:The majority of the respondents were male(69.2%)and more than half(53.3%)were from the age group of 25-39 years(mean:31.08,SD:±9.82).Nearly two-thirds(61.3%)of the respondents had a‘poor knowledge’,and the remaining had‘some knowledge’,about *** than half(55.4%)of the respondents were in the category of displaying‘poor practice’towards AI and the remaining half were in the‘satisfactory practice’*** of the respondents had‘adequate knowledge’or displayed‘good practice’.The respondents in the>25 years of age group were less likely[OR 0.169;95%CI(0.056-0.512)]compared to those in the<25 years age group to have a poor knowledge about AI;and the respondents with‘primary education’were more likely[OR 3.265;95%CI(1.326-8.189)]to have a poor knowledge about AI as compared to those who had a secondary or above level of *** who did not know the correct definition of AI were more likely to follow poor practices[OR 4.265;95%CI(1.193-15.242)];and the respondents who did not know the risk groups associated with AI were also more likely to follow poor practices[OR 3.103;95%CI(1.191-8.083)].Conclusion:This study points out the need to address butchers to improve their knowledge of,and more importantly their compliance with,the precautionary measures to prevent avian influenza.

关键词： Cross-sectional survey Influenza in bird Knowledge nepal Social determinants

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Fire-induced carbon emissions from tropical mixed broad-leaved forests of the Terai–Siwalik region,central nepal

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Journal of Forestry Research 2021年第6期32卷 2557-2565页

作者： Krishna Bahadur Bhujel Rejina Maskey Byanju Ambika PGautam Ramesh Prasad Sapkota Udhab Raj Khadka Central Department of Environmental Science Tribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal Kathmandu Forestry College Tribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal

Forest fires are one of the major environmental issues *** nepal,substantial amounts of forest biomass and carbon are lost due to ***’s high value lowland forests are particularly vulnerable to ***,there are limited studies on the estimation of biomass loss and carbon emissions due to ***,this research addresses the information gap in the tropical mixed broad-leaved forests of Nawalparasi *** forests were divided into three strata:Lower Tropical Sal Mixed Broad-leaved Forest,Hill Sal Forest and Riverine Forest,and from these four community-managed forests were selected for estimating above ground ***-two sample plots were set out for above ground biomass estimation in burnt and non-burnt *** fire incidences from 2001 to 2017 were acquired from the MODIS fire *** biomass and carbon emissions were estimated using standard allometric *** fuel fraction consumed during the fire was estimated through field surveys during the forest fire *** results show that every year,over 3158 ha of forests are burnt,resulting in some 1108 tons of carbon emissions,equivalent to approximately 4066 t CO_(2),2581 t CO and 1474 t *** the forests,the Hill Sal Forest was more vulnerable to *** management strategies,therefore,should include construction of fire lines and conservation ponds along with capacity building and raising awareness among local communities and stakeholders.

关键词： Atmosphere Biomass density Burnt area Carbon emission Greenhouse gases

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Is laser photocoagulation still effective in diabetic macular edema? Assessment with optical coherence tomography in nepal

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2012年第2期5卷 217-221页

作者： Arjun Shrestha Deepak Khadka Angira Karmacharya Nhukesh Maharjan Anand Shrestha Raba Thapa Govinda Poudyal Geta Eye Hospital Dhangadhi Nepal Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology Kathmandu Nepal Mountain Health Care and Education Foundation Kathmandu Nepal

AIM: To find out the outcome of laser photocoagulation in clinically significant macular edema (CSME) by optical coherence tomography (OCT). · METHODS: It was a prospective, non-controlled, case series study enrolling 81 eyes of 64 patients with CSME between August 2008 and January 2010. All patients received modified grid photocoagulation with frequency doubled Nd: YAG laser. Each patient was evaluated in terms of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and regression or progression of maculopathy after laser therapy at 1, 3 and 6 months. Spearman’s correlation test was used to show the correlation between BCVA and total macular volume (TMV). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare among groups and independent t-test was used to compare in each group. · RESULTS: There is high correlation between BCVA and TMV (P ≤0.001). BCVA improved in 50.6%, remained static in 39.5 % and deteriorated in 9.9% patients after 6 month of treatment. The Baseline TMV (mean and SD) were 9.26±1.83, 10.4±2.38, 11.5±3.05, 8.89±0.75 and 9.47±1.98 mm3 for different OCT patterns, ST (sponge like thickening), CMO (cystoid macular edema), SFD (subfoveal detachment), VMIA (Vitreo macular interface abnormality) and average TMV respectively (P =0.04). After 6 months of laser treatment, the mean TMV decreased from 9.47±1.98mm3 to 8.77±1.31mm3(P =0.01). In ST there was significant decrease in TMV, P =0.01, Further within these groups at 6 months, they were significantly different, P =0.01. · CONCLUSION: OCT showed the different morphological variant of CSME while the response of treatment is different. TMV decreased the most and hence showed the improvement in vision after 6 months of laser treatment. In the era of Anti vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), efficacy of laser seems to be in shadow but it is still first line of treatment in developing nation like nepal where antiVEGFs may not be easily available and affordable.

关键词： Clinically significant macular edema Grid laser photocoagulation Optical coherence tomography Total macular volume

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Chronic otitis media and subsequent hearing loss in children from the Himalayan region residing in Buddhist Monastic schools of nepal

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Journal of Otology 2020年第4期15卷 144-148页

作者： Milan Maharjan Samjhana Phuyal Mana Shrestha Rosy Bajracharya Ear Care nepal JawalakhelLalitpur-4Nepal

Objectives:The main objective of the study was to ascertain the prevalence of chronic otitis media and determine the corresponding hearing loss in children from nepal’s Himalayan region now residing in Buddhist Monastic schools of ***:The study was conducted among children at Buddhist monastic school in different parts of nepal.A total of 3174 children aged between 5 and 15 years,who were originally from the Himalayan region of nepal and were currently residing in monastic schools,were screened for ear problems and hearing *** were examined by otoscope to diagnose chronic otitis *** was evaluated by pure tone audiometer,and 0.5e4 kHz air conduction hearing threshold was measured and ***:Of the total of 3174 children who were screened for ear diseases and hearing loss,monks constituted 76.21%(n?2419)and Nuns 23.78%(n?755).Chronic otitis media was the most common otoscopic finding during the screening,and it affected a total of 344(10.83%)*** of these 344,hearing loss of varying degrees was observed in 5.42%(n?172)***:There is high prevalence of chronic otitis media in children belonging to the Himalayan region of nepal,and it is the main cause of avoidable hearing *** diagnosis and treatment of chronic otitis media could prevent unnecessary hearing loss in these children.

关键词： Chronic otitis media Hearing loss School children nepal,prevalence

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Contrasting lipid biomarkers in mountain rivers in the nepal Himalayas: Organic matter characteristics and contribution to the fluvial carbon pool

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第6期12卷 1-15页

作者： Rajendra Bhandari Joyanto Routh Subodh Sharma Rajendra Joshi Department of Thematic Studies–Environmental Change Linköping UniversitySweden Aquatic Ecology Center Kathmandu UniversityNepal Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Kathmandu UniversityNepal Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kathmandu UniversityNepal

The nepal Himalayas is the source of many glacial and spring-fed river systems crisscrossing the mountainous *** is an increasing recognition of small mountain rivers(SMRs)to have a significant combined export of dissolved and particulate organic carbon to the global carbon *** analyzed fluvial sediments from two SMRs and compared the results with two large mountain rivers(LMRs)in *** investigated the organic matter(OM),its compositional variability,and seasonal export using a suite of lipid biomarkers,namely n-alkanes,n-alkanoic acids,n-alkanols,and *** SMRs indicated a similarity in lipid distribution and were affected by a strong seasonal *** LMRs showed a distinct contrast in the distribution of lipids in suspended *** sediments in SMRs were derived from diverse sources with weak terrigenous dominance all-year-round compared to the suspended *** lipids(n-alkanoic acids and n-alkanols)were the major constituents in SMR sediments,indicating better *** contrast,n-alkane concentration dominated over other fractions in suspended sediments retrieved from *** biomarker trends differentiate SMRs from LMRs with lower transformed/degraded OM in SMRs.A common observation was the strong presence of even carbon compounds in short-chain n-alkanes in SMR bedload sediments and their predominance in suspended sediments in *** an unusual trend is attributed to specific biomarker sources from the catchment and ongoing processes in fluvial *** colonized by fungal species under moist acidic conditions and autochthonous bacteria contributes to the organic matter pool in shallow *** LMRs,the contribution from thermally mature sedimentary hydrocarbons and the diagenetic reduction of nalkanoic acids to n-alkanes are additional contributors to the allochthonous carbon *** differences in lipid concentrations,their distribution,seasonality,and the size of rivers suggest differential

关键词： Fluvial sediments Bedload Suspended load Monsoon Biomarkers Biogeochemistry

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Habitat Range of two Alpine Medicinal Plants in a Trans-Himalayan Dry Valley,Central nepal

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Journal of Mountain Science 2009年第1期6卷 66-77页

作者： Bharat Babu SHRESTHA Pramod Kumar JHA Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal

Understanding of the habitat range of threatened Himalayan medicinal plants which are declining in their abundance due to high anthropogenic disturbances is essential for developing conservation strategies and agrotechnologies for cultivation. In this communication, we have discussed the habitat range of two alpine medicinal plants, Aconitum naviculare （Bruehl） Stapf and Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora （Pennel） Hong in a trans-Himalayan dry valley of central nepal, Manang district. They are the most prioritized medicinal plants of the study area in terms of ethnomedicinal uses. A. naviculare occurs on warm and dry south facing slopes between 4090-4650 m asl along with sclerophyllous and thorny alpine scrubs, while N. scrophulariiflora is exclusively found on cool and moist north facing slope between 4000 and 4400 m asl where adequate water is available from snow melt to create a suitable habitat for this wetland dependent species. The soil in rooting zone of the two plants differs significantly in organic carbon （OC）, organic matter （OM）, total nitrogen （N） and carbon to nitrogen （C/N） ratio. Due to cool and moist condition of N. scrophulariiflora habitat, accumulation of soil OC is higher, but soil N content is lower probably due to slow release from litter, higher leaching loss and greater retention in perennial live biomass of the plant. The C/N ratio of soil is more suitable in A. navuculare habitat than that of N scrophulariiflora for N supply. Warm and sunny site with N rich soil can be suitable for cultivation ofA. naviculare, while moist and cool site with organic soil for N. scrophulariiflora. The populations of both the plants are fragmented and small. Due to collection by human and trampling damage by livestock, the population of A. naviculare was found absent in open areas in five of the six sampling sites and it was confined only within the bushes of alpine scrubs. For N. serophulariiflora, high probability of complete receding of small glaeiers may be

关键词： Aconitum naviculare Neopicrorhizascrophulariiflora habitat degradation nitrogen organic carbon radiation Manang nepal

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Modeling water resources under competing demands for sustainable development: A case study of Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower Project in nepal

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Water Science and Engineering 2019年第1期12卷 19-26页

作者： Rakesh Sahukhal Tri Ratna Bajracharya Energy Environment Research and Development CentreLalitpur 44602Nepal Institute of Engineering Department of Mechanical EngineeringTribhuwan UniversityLalitpur 44600Nepal

The challenges posed by climate change require that the quantity and quality of water resources in nepal be managed with sustainable development practices. The communities around the Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower Project in the Myagdi District of nepal depend on river flow for most of their rural and agricultural needs. Without a sustainable development plan, the growing population of the region, confined in an area with declining water resources, will face serious challenges to economic growth. Meteorological data show increasing annual average rainfall at a slight rate of about 0.284 mm/year, with erratic annual percentage change in rainfall in the area. The mean and minimum temperatures show decreasing trends at the rates of 0.05-C and 0.14-C per year, respectively. An assessment of the impacts on water availability for domestic and irrigation usage in the face of competing demands caused by the hydropower development project in the Kaligandaki Gorge was undertaken. The water demand and supply modeling were conducted using the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model, based on discharge data from the Kaligandaki River, which were obtained from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, nepal. The available data from 2001 to 2003 were used to estimate the model parameters while the stability of these parameters was tested with a validation period from 2004 to 2007. The performance of the model was assessed through statistical measures of calibration with the root mean square error and coefficient of determination, whose values were 0.046% and 0.79, respectively. Two scenarios were created in addition to the base case scenario: the discharge decrement scenario and new irrigation technology scenario. Analysis showed that a prioritization of demands will be necessary in the area in the near future for the purpose of sustainability of water resources, due to climate change impacts.

关键词： Climate change Competing demands Sustainable development Hydropower project WEAP

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Chemical composition,antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oil and methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris and Gaultheria fragrantissima collected from nepal

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2017年第10期10卷 952-959页

作者： Bishnu Prasad Pandey Rupak Thapa Anil Upreti Department of Chemical Science and Engineering Kathmandu UniversityDhulikhelKavreNepal Department of Biotechnology Kathmandu UniversityDhulikhelKavreNepal

Objective: To identify the chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oil and crude methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris(***) and Gaultheria fragrantissima(***).Methods: Phytochemical screening, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antibacterial activities, anti-oxidant assay of the crude extract were carried out to identify the biological activities and phytonutrients present in the ***, the chemical constituents present in the essential oil and crude methanol extract were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) ***: Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis of essential oil from the aerial part of *** revealed 24 different compounds in ***(11.29%), b-thujone(19.19%), chrysanthenone(4.48%), camphor(11.89%), borneol(4.44%) and germacrene D(8.42%) were the major ***, leaves of *** contained methyl salicylate(95%) and asarone(4.64%).Furthermore, methanol extract of leaves of *** and *** were found rich in the total flavonoids and phenolic *** analysis of the methanol extract of leaves *** revealed the presence of morin and luteolin, whereas rutin was found as a major flavonoids compound in the leaves of ***, methanol extract of the *** and *** showed the highest antioxidant and antibacterial properties compared to the essential ***: The HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of *** shows the presence of luteolin and morin, whereas *** reveals the presence of rutin and a glycosylated *** reveal that *** oil is the rich source of monoterpene and sesquiterpene ***, *** and *** are the rich source of the phenolic and flavonoids compounds and show good antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

关键词： Artemisia vulgaris Gaultheria fragrantissima Flavonoids Antioxidant HPLC Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy

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