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Pharmacological intervention for chronic phase of spinal cord injury

Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第5期20卷 1377-1389页

作者： Chihiro Tohda section of Neuromedical Science Institute of Natural MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan

Spinal cord injury is an intractable traumatic injury. The most common hurdles faced during spinal cord injury are failure of axonal regrowth and reconnection to target sites. These also tend to be the most challenging issues in spinal cord injury. As spinal cord injury progresses to the chronic phase, lost motor and sensory functions are not recovered. Several reasons may be attributed to the failure of recovery from chronic spinal cord injury. These include factors that inhibit axonal growth such as activated astrocytes, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, myelin-associated proteins, inflammatory microglia, and fibroblasts that accumulate at lesion sites. Skeletal muscle atrophy due to denervation is another chronic and detrimental spinal cord injury–specific condition. Although several intervention strategies based on multiple outlooks have been attempted for treating spinal cord injury, few approaches have been successful. To treat chronic spinal cord injury, neural cells or tissue substitutes may need to be supplied in the cavity area to enable possible axonal growth. Additionally, stimulating axonal growth activity by extrinsic factors is extremely important and essential for maintaining the remaining host neurons and transplanted neurons. This review focuses on pharmacotherapeutic approaches using small compounds and proteins to enable axonal growth in chronic spinal cord injury. This review presents some of these candidates that have shown promising outcomes in basic research(in vivo animal studies) and clinical trials: AA-NgR(310)ecto-Fc(AXER-204), fasudil, phosphatase and tensin homolog protein antagonist peptide 4, chondroitinase ABC, intracellular sigma peptide,(-)-epigallocatechin gallate, matrine, acteoside, pyrvate kinase M2, diosgenin, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and fampridine-sustained release. Although the current situation suggests that drug-based therapies to recover function in chronic spinal cord injury are limited, potential candidat

关键词： axonal growth chronic phase clinical study pharmacotherapy spinal cord injury

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Tensile Fractures and in situ Stress Measurement Data Constraints on Cretaceous-Present Tectonic Stress Field Evolution of the Tanlu Fault Zone in Shandong Province,North China Craton

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2023年第6期97卷 1616-1624页

作者： YANG Chengwei WANG Chenghu National Institute of natural hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China

Tectonic stress fields are the key drivers of tectonic events and the evolution of regional *** tectonic stress field evolution of the Tanlu fault zone in Shandong Province,located in the east of the North China Craton(NCC),may have preserved records of the NCC’s tectonic *** television survey and hydraulic fracturing were conducted to analyze the paleo and present tectonic stress *** groups of tensile fractures were identified via borehole television,their azimuths being NNW-SSE,NW-SE and NE-SW,representing multiple stages of tectonic *** fracturing data indicates that the study region is experiencing NEE-SWW-oriented compression and nearly-N-Soriented extension,in accordance with strike-slip and *** the Cretaceous,the orientation of the extensional stress has evolved counterclockwise and sequentially from nearly-NW-SE-oriented to NE-SW-oriented and even nearly N-S-oriented,the stress state having transitioned from strike-slip-extension to strike-slip-compression,in association with the rotating and oblique subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the NCC,with the participation of the Indian Plate.

关键词： borehole television tectonic stress field hydraulic fracturing Tanlu fault zone North China Craton

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Current Status and Main Scientific Outcomes of the CSES Mission

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空间科学学报 2022年第4期42卷 550-564页

作者： ZEREN Zhima HUANG Jianping LIU Dapeng YANG Yanyan YAN Rui ZHAO Shufan ZHANG Zhenxia LIN Jian CUI Jing CHU Wei WANG Qiao LU Hengxin XU Song GUO Feng YANG Dehe ZHOU Na LIU Qinqin HUANG He WANG Jie TAN Qiao LI Wenjing LÜFangxian ZHU Keying SHEN Xuhui National Institute of natural hazards Ministry of Emergency ManagementBeijing 100085

This report briefly introduces the current status of the CSES(China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite)mission which includes the first satellite CSES 01 in-orbit(launched in February 2018),and the second satellite CSES 02(will be launched in 2023)under *** CSES 01 has been steadily operating in orbit for over four years,providing abundant global geophysical field data,including the background geomagnetic field,the electromagnetic field and wave,the plasma(in-situ and profile data),and the energetic particles in the *** CSES 01 platform and the scientific instruments generally perform *** data validation and calibration are vital for CSES 01,for it aims to monitor earthquakes by extracting the very weak seismic precursors from a relatively disturbing space electromagnetic *** this purpose,we are paying specific efforts to validate data quality *** the CSES 01 observations,we have obtained many scientific results on the ionosphere electromagnetic environment,the seismo-ionospheric disturbance phenomena,the space weather process,and the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling mechanism.

关键词： CSES mission Satellite platform Scientific payloads Data validation Electromagnetic environment Seismic-ionospheric disturbance Space weather process

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Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Terms of the Slope-Unit or Raster-Unit,Which is Better?

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年第2期34卷 386-397页

作者： Siyuan Ma Xiaoyi Shao Chong Xu Key Laboratory of Seismic and Volcanic hazards Institute of GeologyChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100029China National Institute of natural hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China Key Laboratory of Compound and Chained natural hazards Dynamics Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China

Choice of appropriate mapping units is important in landslide susceptibility mapping(LSM).There are various possible units for this choice,while it remains unclear which one is better in *** purpose of this study is to make a quantitative comparison of two commonly-used units:slope-unit(SU)and raster-unit(RU)based on the landslides triggered by the 2013 Minxian,Gansu,China Mw5.9 *** landslide influencing factors were considered in this *** each type of mapping units,the 70%samples were randomly selected and trained 20 times on the LR model,yielding 20 susceptibility maps,and the remaining 30%samples were tested for the accuracy of the modeling *** metrics,including the mean probability,model uncertainty,and model prediction skills,were used to evaluate the quality of the susceptibility *** results show that the resultant probability maps using two mapping units can largely predict the distribution of actual landslides,on which the high susceptibility area corresponds to the landslide-prone *** AUC(area under curve)values,ranging from 0.8 to 0.86,show that the prediction ability of two mapping units is roughly the *** comparing with the RU,the use of SU can lower the model uncertainties caused by the variation of training *** converted the RU-based assessment results into SU-based *** results show that two assessment results are well fitted with good linear relationship,which implies that it is feasible to convert the RU-based landslide susceptibility mapping into the SU-based *** analysis indicates that compared with the RU,the SU cannot improve the performance and accuracy of seismic landslide susceptibility mapping.

关键词： earthquake-triggered landslides Minxian earthquake logistic regression(LR)model landslide susceptibility mapping unit engineering geology

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Intercomparison of Himawari-8 AHI-FSA with MODIS and VIIRS active fire products

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2020年第4期13卷 457-473页

作者： Chathura Wickramasinghe Luke Wallace Karin Reinke Simon Jones School of Science RMIT UniversityMelbourneAustralia Bushfire and natural hazards Cooperative Research Centre MelbourneAustralia

The AHI-FSA(Advanced Himawari Imager-Fire Surveillance Algorithm)is a recently developed algorithm designed to support wildfire surveillance and mapping using the geostationary Himawari-8 *** present,the AHI-FSA algorithm has only been tested on a number of case study fires in Western *** results demonstrate potential as a wildfire surveillance algorithm providing high frequency(every 10 minutes),multi-resolution fire-line *** paper intercompares AHI-FSA across the Northern Territory of Australia(1.4 million km2)over a ten-day period with the well-established fire products from LEO(Low Earth Orbiting)satellites:MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)and VIIRS(Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite).This paper also discusses the difficulties and solutions when comparing high temporal frequency fire products with existing low temporal resolution LEO satellite *** results indicate that the multi-resolution approach developed for AHI-FSA is successful in mapping fire activity at 500 *** compared to the MODIS,daily AHIFSA omission error was only 7%.High temporal frequency data also results in AHI-FSA observing fires,at times,three hours before the MODIS overpass with much-enhanced detail on fire movement.

关键词： AHI-FSA wildfire surveillance intercomparison Himawari-8

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Stability validation on the VLF waveform data of the China-Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2022年第12期65卷 3069-3078页

作者： YANG DeHe ZHIMA ZeRen WANG Qiao HUANG JianPing WANG XiuYing ZHANG ZhenXia ZHAO ShuFan GUO Feng CHENG WanLi LU HengXin SHEN XuHui National Institute of natural hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China Henan Earthquake Agency Zhengzhou 450016China

The China-Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES),which was launched in February 2018,carries the search coil magnetometer(SCM)and the electric field detector(EFD)to realize the high-resolution electromagnetic field and wave detection in the upper *** to the complexity and variability of the ionospheric environment,the stability of such a high sampling rate and high-precision electromagnetic field detection systems is always an essential link in data processing and the scientific application of *** work evaluates the stability of the very-low-frequency(VLF)band detection by validating the systemic sampling-time differences between SCM and EFD in the VLF burst-mode *** optimal waveform data preprocessing method is put forward according to the noise levels of the VLF burst-mode observation and the inherent design characteristics of *** VLF waveform data of EFD is rebuilt by filling the data gaps among the sampling sub-periods,making it with a similar sample length to *** by precisely intercepting the maximum and minimum values of the burst-mode waveforms,the variation of the sampling-time difference between EFD and SCM is statistically *** show that during the three years'operation,the sampling-time difference between EFD and SCM predominately keeps below 0.5 s,indicating good stability of EFD and SCM on *** we developed an automatic synchronization tool based on the similarity function and STA/LTA(short time average over long time average)characteristic *** tool can effectively realize the precise synchronization between SCM and EFD in the VLF burst-mode *** work is helpful to upgrade the data quality of CSES and provides technical support for electromagnetic wave propagation studies.

关键词： stability CSES EFD SCM sampling-time difference quasiperiodic waves

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Qualitative Analyses of Correlations between Strong Ground Motions of the Three Large Earthquakes and Landslide Distributions

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年第2期34卷 369-380页

作者： Yuzhu Bai Chong Xu Institute of Geology China Earthquake AdministrationBeijing 100029China National Institute of natural hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China Key Laboratory of Compound and Chained natural hazards Dynamics Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China

In this work,the correlations between spatial distributions of landslide point density(LPD)and strong ground motions of the three strong earthquakes are qualitatively *** the qualitative relationship between the distribution of LPD and the fault rupture process is also *** strong events are the Lushan,Wenchuan,and Jiuzhaigou *** order to reconstruct the near filed strong ground motions and the fault processes of these earthquakes,the broadband ground simulation method of University of California Santa Barbara(UCSB)and the simplified crustal layer structures are *** show the rationality of the UCSB method,the fault slip distributions of the three earthquakes reconstructed by the kinematic rupture generator model in the UCSB method are compared with those by ***,the validation of the UCSB method for the three earthquakes is also carried according to the validation exercise of the Southern California Earthquake Center(SCEC)Broadband Platform(BBP).Lastly,the fields of peak ground acceleration(PGA)and peak ground velocity(PGV)in three mutually perpendicular directions of the three earthquakes are ***,the landslide distribution length of large LPD values along the fault strike is less than the fault strike ***,the slip modes of earthquake faults affect the distributions of *** the strike slip earthquakes,the distributions of large LPD values relate well to PGA and PGV components of the parallel and normal to the fault *** the reverse slip earthquakes,distributions of LPD relate to ground motion components in all ***,distributions of landslides in near fields of earthquakes are significantly affected by the focus parameters and fault scales.

关键词： Lushan earthquake Wenchuan earthquake Jiuzhaigou earthquake landslide ground motions engineering geology

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Effect of climate change on seasonal water use efficiency in subalpine Abies fabri

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第1期14卷 142-157页

作者： SUN Xiang-yang WANG Gen-xu HUANG Mei HU Zhao-yong SONG Chun-lin Institute of Mountain hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geographic Sciences and natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences

Abies fabri is a typical subalpine dark coniferous forest in southwestern China. Air temperature increases more at high elevation areas than that at low elevation areas in mountainous regions,and climate change ratio is also uneven in different seasons. Carbon gain and the response of water use efficiency(WUE) to annual and seasonal increases in temperature with or without CO_2 fertilization were simulated in Abies fabri using the atmospheric-vegetation interaction model(AVIM2). Four future climate scenarios(RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5) were selectively investigated. The results showed that warmer temperatures have negative effects on gross primary production(GPP) and net primary production(NPP) in growing seasons and positive effects in dormant seasons due to the variation in the leaf area index. Warmer temperatures tend to generate lower canopy WUE and higher ecosystem WUE in Abies fabri. However,warmer temperature together with rising CO_2 concentrations significantlyincrease the GPP and NPP in both growing and dormant seasons and enhance WUE in annual and dormant seasons because of the higher leaf area index(LAI) and soil temperature. The comparison of the simulated results with and without CO_2 fertilization shows that CO_2 has the potential to partially alleviate the adverse effects of climate warming on carbon gain and WUE in subalpine coniferous forests.

关键词： Climate change Carbon gain Water use efficiency Atmospheric-vegetation interaction model

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Observations and modelling of the travel time delay and leading negative phase of the 16 September 2015 Illapel,Chile tsunami

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2021年第11期40卷 11-30页

作者： Peitao Wang Zhiyuan Ren Lining Sun Jingming Hou Zongchen Wang Ye Yuan Fujiang Yu Key Laboratory of Marine hazards Forecasting National Marine Environmental Forecasting CenterMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100081China

The systematic discrepancies in both tsunami arrival time and leading negative phase(LNP)were identified for the recent transoceanic tsunami on 16 September 2015 in Illapel,Chile by examining the wave characteristics from the tsunami records at 21 Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami(DART)sites and 29 coastal tide gauge *** results revealed systematic travel time delay of as much as 22 min(approximately 1.7%of the total travel time)relative to the simulated long waves from the 2015 Chilean *** delay discrepancy was found to increase with travel *** was difficult to identify the LNP from the near-shore observation system due to the strong background noise,but the initial negative phase feature became more obvious as the tsunami propagated away from the source area in the deep *** determined that the LNP for the Chilean tsunami had an average duration of 33 min,which was close to the dominant period of the tsunami *** of the amplitude ratios to the first elevation phase were approximately 40%,with the largest equivalent to the first positive phase *** performed numerical analyses by applying the corrected long wave model,which accounted for the effects of seawater density stratification due to compressibility,self-attraction and loading(SAL)of the earth,and wave dispersion compared with observed tsunami *** attempted to accurately calculate the arrival time and LNP,and to understand how much of a role the physical mechanism played in the discrepancies for the moderate transoceanic tsunami *** mainly focus of the study is to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each secondary physical effect to the systematic discrepancies using the corrected shallow water *** all of these effects into consideration,our results demonstrated good agreement between the observed and simulated *** can conclude that the corrected shallow water model can reduce the tsunami propagation speed and repro

关键词： 2015 Chilean tsunami travel time delay leading negative phase numerical modeling corrected long wave earth’s elasticity loading seawater density stratification Boussinesq dispersion

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Contact vibration analysis of the functionally graded material coated half-space under a rigid spherical punch

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2022年第8期43卷 1187-1202页

作者： Xin LYU Liaoliang KE Jiayong TIAN Jie SU School of Mechanical Engineering Tianjin UniversityTianjin300350China National Institute of natural hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing100085China

This paper studies the contact vibration problem of an elastic half-space coated with functionally graded materials(FGMs)subject to a rigid spherical punch.A static force superimposing a dynamic time-harmonic force acts on the rigid spherical ***,we give the static contact problem of FGMs by a least-square fitting ***,the dynamic contact pressure is solved by employing the perturbation ***,the dynamic contact stiffness with different dynamic contact displacement conditions is derived for the FGM coated *** effects of the gradient index,coating thickness,internal friction,and punch radius on the dynamic contact stiffness factor are discussed in detail.

关键词： contact vibration functionally graded material(FGM) spherical punch perturbation method

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