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Experience on the first national anti-tb drug resistance survey(DRS)in Timor-Leste

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Global Health Research and Policy 2022年第1期7卷 415-423页

作者： Constantino Lopes Debashish Kundu Ismael Da Costa Barreto Bernardino da Cruz SSiva Kumar Sureshbabu Ramalingam Anna SDean Vineet Bhatia Prabhu Seenivasan CPadmapriyadarsini Olga Tosas Auguet national tb programme Ministry of HealthDiliTimor-Leste World Health Organization Country Office for Timor-Leste DiliTimor-Leste national Health Laboratory Ministry of HealthDiliTimor-Leste national HIV programme Ministry of HealthDiliTimor-Leste national Institute for Research in Tuber-culosis ChennaiIndia national tb Reference Laboratory DiliTimor-Leste Global Tuberculosis programme World Health OrganizationGenevaSwitzerland World Health Organization South East Asia Regional Office New DelhiIndia

Background:A national drug resistance survey(DRS)was implemented for the first time in Timor-Leste(TL)in *** primary objective of the survey was to assess the prevalence of drug resistance among new and previously treated pulmonary tb patients in the ***:This nation-wide cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2019 targeting all new and previously treated sputum smear-positive pulmonary tb *** samples were submitted to the national tb Reference Laboratory for confirmation of tb and to determine resistance to rifampicin by Xpert Mtb/*** was performed on solid media,and culture isolates of confirmed tb cases were shipped to the WHO Supranational tb Reference Laboratory in Chennai,India for whole genome sequencing(WGS).Survey summary statistics,data cross-tabulations and analysis of potential risk factors of rifampicin-resistant tb(RR-tb)were conducted using R statistical software(version 3.5.2).Results:A total of 953 sputum-smear positive patients were enrolled,of which 917 were confirmed as positive for tb by either Xpert Mtb/RIF or *** electronic web-based system was used for entry and storage of the *** resistance was detected among 0.6%(95%CI 0.2-1.3)of new cases and 2.7%(95%CI 0.5-8.2)of previously treated *** was conducted for validation purposes on 65 randomly selected isolates(29%of RR-tb(2/7)and 7%of RS-tb(63/910)by Xpert Mtb/RIF or pDST).The original test results agreed with the WGS validation results for 62/64 isolates(97%).Conclusion:The prevalence of RR-tb in Timor-Leste is relatively low compared to the estimated proportions of RR-tb in the WHO South-East Asia Region(2.5%[95%CI 1.9-3.3]among new cases and 14%[95%CI 7.7-21]among previously treated cases).The rapid sputum collection and transportation mechanism implemented in the survey demonstrates its feasibility in low resource settings and should be replicated for routinely transporting tb specimens from microscopy labs to GeneXpert ***

关键词： Anti-tb Drug Resistance Survey Rifampicin resistance Whole genome sequencing Timor-Leste

Biomechanical control of lymphatic vessel physiology and functions

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2023年第9期20卷 1051-1062页

作者： Veronique Angeli Hwee Ying Lim Immunology Translational Research programme Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineDepartment of Microbiology and ImmunologyNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore Immunology programme Life Sciences InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore

The ever-growing research on lymphatic biology has clearly identified lymphatic vessels as key players that maintain human health through their functional roles in tissue fluid homeostasis,immunosurveillance,lipid metabolism and *** is therefore not surprising that the list of human diseases associated with lymphatic malfunctions has grown larger,including issues beyond lymphedema,a pathology traditionally associated with lymphatic drainage ***,the discovery of factors and pathways that can promote optimal lymphatic functions may offer new therapeutic *** evidence indicates that aside from biochemical factors,biomechanical signals also regulate lymphatic vessel expansion and functions ***,we review how mechanical forces induced by fluid shear stress affect the behavior and functions of lymphatic vessels and the mechanisms lymphatic vessels employ to sense and transduce these mechanical cues into biological signals.

关键词： lymphatic vessel biomechanical force mechanosensing mechanotransduction human diseases

Active case-finding for tuberculosis by mobile teams in Myanmar:yield and treatment outcomes

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 683-690页

作者： Ohnmar Myint Saw Saw Petros Isaakidis Mohammed Khogali Anthony Reid Nguyen Binh Hoa Thi Thi Kyaw Ko Ko Zaw Tin Mi Mi Khaing Si Thu Aung national Tuberculosis programme Corner of Mingyi Road and Minglar StreetPathein townshipAyeyarwaddy RegionMyanmar Department of Medical Research YangonMyanmar Medecins sans Frontieres Operational Research UnitLuxembourgLuxembourg national Tuberculosis programme HanoiVietnam Centre for Operational Research International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung DiseaseParisFrance tb Unit WHO Country Office for MyanmarYangonMyanmar

Background:Since 2005,the Myanmar national Tuberculosis programme(NTP)has been implementing active case finding(ACF)activities involving mobile teams in hard-to-reach *** study revealed the contribution of mobile team activities to total tuberculosis(tb)case detection,characteristics of tb patients detected by mobile teams and their treatment ***:This was a descriptive study using routine programme data between October 2014 and December *** team activities were a one-stop service and included portable digital chest radiography(CXR)and microscopy of two sputum *** algorithm of the case detection included screening patients by symptoms,then by CXR followed by sputum microscopy for *** patients were started on treatment and followed until a final outcome was ***:A total of 9349 people with symptoms suggestive of tb were screened by CXR,with an uptake of 96.6%.Of those who were meant to undergo sputum smear microscopy,51.4%had sputum ***,504 tb patients were identified by the mobile teams and the overall contribution to total tb case detection in the respective townships was 25.3%.Among total cases examined by microscopy,6.4%were sputum smear positive *** success rate was high as 91.8%in study townships compared to national rate 85%(2014 cohort).Conclusions:This study confirmed the feasibility and acceptability of ACF by mobile teams in hard-to-reach contexts,especially when equipped with portable,digital CXR machines that provided immediate ***,the follow-up process of sputum examination created a significant barrier to confirmation of the *** order to optimize the ACF through mobile team activity,future ACF activities were needed to be strengthened one stop service including molecular diagnostics or provision of sputum cups to all presumptive tb cases prior to CXR and testing if CXR suggestive of tb.

关键词： Mobile team Active case finding Chest X-ray Treatment outcomes

Characteristics and Morbidity of the Tuberculosis Epidemic--China,2019

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China CDC weekly 2020年第12期2卷 181-184页

作者： Wei Chen Hui Zhang Xin Du Tao Li Yanlin Zhao national Center for tb Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina

Introduction:The year 2019 was crucial for the implementation of China’s national“13th 5-Year”Tuberculosis(tb)Control *** conducted this study to evaluate the characteristics and progress towards controlling tb in ***:We collected and analyzed the pulmonary tuberculosis(Ptb)data of China between January 1,2015 and December 31,2019 from the national Notifiable Disease Reporting System(NNDRS).Results:In 2019,there were 775,764 Ptb cases reported in NNDRS,of which 349,307 were bacteriologically-confirmed(Bac+)*** Ptb case notification rate(CNR)was 55.55 per 100,000,and the Bac+CNR was 25.01 per 100,*** 2018 to 2019,the number of Ptb cases fell by 6.3%,but the number of Bac+cases increased by 25.9%.The annual decrease in the rate of reported Ptb was 3.4% from 2015 to *** 5 provincial-level administrative divisions(PLADs)with the highest Ptb CNR were as follows:Tibet(182.38 per 100,000),Xinjiang(169.05 per 100,000),Qinghai(134.53 per 100,000),Guizhou(102.51 per 100,000),and Hainan(90.22 per 100,000).The rate of reported Ptb was 74.84 per 100,000 for males and 35.40 per 100,000 for *** were 8,116 cases(1.0%)among children aged 0–14 years,and 197,730 cases(25.5%)among adults aged 65 years and *** the reported cases,470,932 were farmers,which was the most common occupation at 60.7%.Conclusions and Implications for Public Health Practice:The tb epidemic has decreased dramatically year by *** Ptb cases were in the central and western regions of China,and the high-risk groups were farmers and elderly people aged 65 years and over.

关键词： Tuberculosis tuberculosis occupation

Effect of initial microstructure on austenite formation kinetics in high-strength experimental microalloyed steels

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2015年第12期22卷 1304-1312页

作者： Edgar López-Martínez Octavio Vázquez-Gómez Héctor Javier Vergara-Hernández Bernardo Campillo Faculty of Chemistry Metallurgical Engineering Department Autonomous National University of Mexico national Council for Science and Technology Metallurgy Science Postgraduate programme Morelia Institute of Technology Institute of Physical Sciences Autonomous National University of Mexico

Austenite formation kinetics in two high-strength experimental microalloyed steels with different initial microstructures comprising bainite-martensite and ferrite-martensite/austenite microconstituents was studied during continuous heating by dilatometric analysis. Austenite formation occurred in two steps：（1） carbide dissolution and precipitation and （2） transformation of residual ferrite to austenite. Dilatometric analysis was used to determine the critical temperatures of austenite formation and continuous heating transformation diagrams for heating rates ranging from 0.03°C.s^-1 to 0.67°C.s^-1. The austenite volume fraction was fitted using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov equation to determine the kinetic parameters k and n as functions of the heating rate. Both n and k parameters increased with increasing heat- ing rate, which suggests an increase in the nucleation and growth rates of austenite. The activation energy of austenite formation was determined by the Kissinger method. Two activation energies were associated with each of the two austenite formation steps. In the first step, the austenite growth rate was controlled by carbon diffusion from carbide dissolution and precipitation; in the second step, it was controlled by the dissolution of residual ferrite to austenite.

关键词： non-isothermal kinetics microalloyed steel austenite heating dilatometry

Post-Marketing Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Immunization with Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccine—China,2010–2021

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China CDC weekly 2024年第33期6卷 834-840页

作者： Minrui Ren Keli Li Yan Li Chunxiang Fan Yuyang Xu Lina Zhang Yuan Li Lei Cao Wenzhou Yu Zundong Yin national Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases(NITFID) National Immunization ProgrammeChinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina Department of Expanded programme on Immunization Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhou CityZhejiang ProvinceChina

Introduction The Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib)conjugate vaccine is widely administered in *** We extracted data on Hib vaccine doses administered and adverse events following immunization(AEFI)reported between 2010 and 2021 from the Chinese national Immunization Information System(CNIIS).A descriptive analysis was conducted to examine the characteristics and incidence rates of AEFI with the Hib *** In China,between 2010 and 2021,a total of 52,910 AEFIs with the Hib vaccine were reported,resulting in an overall AEFI reporting rate of 38.10 per 100,000 ***(typically minor)and rare(potentially serious)vaccine reactions occurred at rates of 34.71 and 2.78 per 100,000 doses,*** the common vaccine reactions,the incidences of fever(axillary temperature≥38.6℃),injection site redness and swelling(>2.5 cm in diameter),and injection site induration(>2.5 cm in diameter)were 11.93,9.69,and 3.38 per 100,000 doses,*** vaccine reactions included anaphylactic rash,angioedema,and febrile convulsion with reported incidences of 2.42,0.10,and 0.05 per 100,000 doses,*** incidence of serious rare vaccine reactions was 0.16 per 100,000 *** The reported incidence of AEFI with the Hib vaccine was low,with the occurrence of serious rare adverse reactions also being markedly low throughout the period 2010–2021 in China.

关键词： doses markedly injection

Kinetic study of austenite formation during continuous heating of unalloyed ductile iron

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2015年第1期22卷 27-31页

作者： Octvio Vazquez-Gómez Jos Antonio Barrera-Godínez Hctor Javier Vergara-Hernndez Faculty of Chemistry Metallurgical Engineering DepartmentAutonomous National University of Mexico Metallurgy Science Postgraduate programme Morelia Institute of Technology

The austenite formation kinetics in unalloyed cast ductile iron was studied on the basis of dilatometry measurements, and Avrami＇s equation was used to estimate the material＇s kinetic parameters. A continuous heating transformation diagram was constructed us-ing heating rates in the range of 0.06 to 0.83℃·s^-1. As the heating rate was augmented, the critical temperatures, c1A and Aα, as well as the intercritical range, which was evaluated as the difference between the critical temperatures, α c1Δ T =A_a- A_c1 , increased. At a low heating rate, the kinetics of austenite formation was slow as a consequence of the iron＇s silicon content. The effect of heating rate on k and n, the kinetic parameters of Avrami＇s equation, was also determined. Parameter n, which is associated with nucleation sites and growth geometry, de-creased with an increase in heating rate. In addition, parameter k increased with the increase of heating rate, suggesting that the nucleation and growth rates are carbon-and silicon-diffusion controlled during austenite formation under continuous heating.

关键词： ductile iron austenite continuous heating heating rate kinetics dilatometry

The 10^(th) World Hepatitis Day 2020--July 28,2020

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China CDC weekly 2020年第30期2卷 557-558页

作者： Zundong Yin national Immunization programme Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijingChina

Viral hepatitis represents one of the most serious public health threats in the world *** Hepatitis Day takes place on July 28 every year and is an opportunity to step up national and international efforts to control and prevent viral hepatitis and to encourage action and engagement by individuals,partners,and the general *** 28 was chosen for the World Hepatitis Day because it is the birthday of Nobel-prize-winning scientist Dr.

关键词： World threat partner

Reconfigurable nonlinear photonic activation function for photonic neural network based on non-volatile opto-resistive RAM switch

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Light(Science & Applications) 2022年第10期11卷 2512-2522页

作者： Zefeng Xu Baoshan Tang Xiangyu Zhang Jin Feng Leong Jieming Pan Sonu Hooda Evgeny Zamburg Aaron Voon-Yew Thean Integrative Sciences and Engineering programme NUS Graduate SchoolNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore4 Engineering Drive 3Singapore 117583Singapore

Photonic neural network has been sought as an alternative solution to surpass the efficiency and speed bottlenecks of electronic neural *** that the integrated Mach-Zehnder Interferometer(MZI)mesh can perform vector-matrix multiplication in photonic neural network,a programmable in-situ nonlinear activation function has not been proposed to date,suppressing further advancement of photonic neural ***,we demonstrate an efficient in-situ nonlinear accelerator comprising a unique solution-processed two-dimensional(2D)MoS2 Opto-Resistive RAM Switch(ORS),which exhibits tunable nonlinear resistance switching that allow us to introduce nonlinearity to the photonic neuron which overcomes the linear voltage-power relationship of typical photonic *** reconfigurable scheme enables implementation of a wide variety of nonlinear ***,we confirm its feasibility and capability for MNIST handwritten digit recognition,achieving a high accuracy of 91.6%.Our accelerator constitutes a major step towards the realization of in-situ photonic neural network and pave the way for the integration of photonic integrated circuits(PIC).

关键词： network neural nonlinear