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全球气候研究计划 (WCRP)中的气候与冰冻圈项目 (CliC) :冰冻圈与气候的优先研究领域 (英)

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冰川冻土 2002年第5期24卷 523-525页

作者： Roger G. Barry (national snow and ice data center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0449, USA) national snow and ice data center University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309-0449 USA

The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system, however, many aspects of the cryosphere have not been fully covered within WCRP. Issues relating to potential changes in the climate cryosphere system become more and more important in order to describes research and coordination initiatives required to integrate fully studies of impact and response of the cryosphere to climate change. The article also indicates the recent progress of CliC, and its future plan.

关键词：全球气候研究计划气候冰冻圈

Usingvery long-range terrestriallaser scanner to analyze the temporal consistency of the snowpack distribution in a high mountain environment

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第5期14卷 823-842页

作者： Juan I.LOPEZ-MORENO Jesús REVUELTO E.ALONSO-GONZALEZ Alba SANMIGUEL-VALLELADO Steven R.FASSNACHT Jeffrey DEEMS Enrique MORAN-TEJEDA Pyrenean Institute of Ecology CSICZaragozaSpain Meteo-France-CNRS CNRM(UMR3589)Centre d'Etudes de la NeigeGrenobleFrance Colorado State University Fort CollinsColoradoUSA national snow and ice data center NSlDCBoulderColorado University of Balearic Islands MallorcaSpain

This study demonstrated the usefulness of very long-range terrestrial laser scanning(TLS) for analysis of the spatial distribution of a snowpack, to distances up to 3000 m, one of the longest measurement range reported to date. snow depth data were collected using a terrestrial laser scanner during 11 periods of snow accumulation and melting,over three snow seasons on a Pyrenean hillslopecharacterized by a large elevational gradient, steep slopes, and avalanche occurrence. The maximum and mean absolute snow depth error found was 0.5-0.6 and 0.2-0.3 m respectively, which may result problematic for areas with a shallow snowpack, but it is sufficiently accurate to determine snow distribution patterns in areas characterized by a thick snowpack. The results indicated that in most cases there was temporal consistency in the spatial distribution of thesnowpack, even in different years. The spatial patterns were particularly similar amongst thesurveys conducted during the period dominated by snow accumulation(generally until end of April), or amongst those conducted during the period dominated by melting processes(generally after mid of April or early May). Simple linear correlation analyses for the 11 survey dates, and the application of Random Forests analysis to two days representative of snow accumulation and melting periods indicated the importance of topography to the snow distribution. The results also highlight that elevation and the Topographic Position index(TPI) were the main variables explaining the snow distribution, especially during periods dominated by melting. The intra-and inter-annual spatial consistency of the snowpack distribution suggests that the geomorphological processes linked to presence/absence of snow cover act in a similar way in the long term, and that these spatial patternscan be easily identifiedthrough several years of adequate monitoring.

关键词： snow Terrestrial laser scanner(TLS) Topography Random Forests Spatial distribution Pyrenees

Seasonal Characteristics of Surface Radiation Fluxes on the East Rongbuk Glacier in the *** Region

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 2010年第6期24卷 680-698页

作者：杨兴国秦大河张廷军康世昌秦翔刘宏谊 State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Cold and Arid Regions Environment and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences national snow and ice data center Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction Institute of Arid MeteorologyChina Meteorological Administration

Ground-based measurements are essential for understanding alpine glacier dynamics,especially in remote regions where in-situ measurements are extremely *** 1 May to 22 July 2005（the spring-summer period）,and from 2 October 2007 to 20 January 2008（the autumn-winter period）,surface radiation as well as meteorological variables were measured over the accumulation zone on the East Rongbuk Glacier of Mt. Qomolangma/Everest at an elevation of 6560 m *** using an automatic weather station（AWS）.The results show that surface meteorological and radiative characteristics were controlled by two major synoptic circulation regimes：the southwesterly Indian monsoon regime in summer and the westerlies in *** the AWS site on the East Rongbuk Glacier,north or northwest winds prevailed with high wind speed（up to 35 m s^（-1） in January） in winter while south or southeast winds predominated after the onset of the southwesterly Indian monsoon with relatively low wind speed in *** of incoming shortwave radiation was extremely high due to the high elevation,multiple reflections between the snow/ice surface and clouds,and the high reflective surrounding *** factors also caused the observed 10-min mean solar radiation fluxes around local noon to be frequently higher than the solar constant from May to July *** mean surface albedo ranged from 0.72 during the spring-summer period to 0.69 during the autumn-winter period. The atmospheric incoming longwave radiation was greatly affected by the cloud condition and atmospheric moisture *** overall impact of clouds on the net all-wave radiation balance was negative in the Mt. Qomolangma *** daily mean net all-wave radiation was positive during the entire spring-summer period and mostly positive during the autumn-winter period except for a few overcast *** monthly basis,the net all-wave radiation was always positive.

关键词： Mt.Qomolangma glacier snow surface radiation feature meteorological characteristic

Norwegian contributions to Arctic environmental sciences from the 1880s to the third International Polar Year

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Advances in Polar Science 2016年第1期27卷 1-7页

作者： Roger G. Barry national snow and ice data center Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and Department ofGeography University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309-0449 USA

This paper reviews the major contributions made by Norwegian scientists to Arctic environmental sciences since the 1880s. The review begins with the first International Polar Year （IPY） in 1882-83. It then considers the 1890s to 1920s with the scientific expeditions focusing on ocean and sea ice conditions of Nansen, Amundsen and H. Sverdrup, and the mapping of the Queen Elizabeth Islands by Otto Sverdrup and colleagues. The period from 1911 to the mid-1920s also witnessed annual expeditions to Svalbard led by Adolf Hoel. The 1930s to 1945 period encompassed the Second International Polar Year when Arctic weather stations were established or maintained. The time interval post-World War II to 2000 witnessed major advances made possible by technical and organizational innovations. The establishment of the Norwegian Polar Institute in 1948 led to extensive research on the glaciers and snow cover in the Svalbard archipelago and to oceanographic and sea ice research in the Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean. Remote sensing methods began to be widely used from the 1980s. The new millennium saw the undertaking of the third IPY and a shift to multinational projects. New fields such as ocean-ice-atmosphere variability became active and there was much attention to high-latitude climate change in the context of global warming.

关键词： Arctic Svalbard environmental sciences climate change International Polar Year

Analyses on the air and snow temperatures near ground with observations of an AWS at Dome A,the summit of Antarctic Plateau

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2010年第14期55卷 1430-1436页

作者： CHEN BaiLian ZHANG RenHe XIAO CunDe BIAN LinGen ZHANG TingJun Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China The national snow and ice data center University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309-0449 USA

As the summit of the Antarctic Plateau, Dome A has been received international *** this paper, observational data of an automatic weather station (AWS) at Dome A in 2005–2007 were used to analyze the seasonal variations of air temperatures near the ground and snow temperatures within a depth of 10 m. Analyses on the air temperatures show a typical feature of the coreless winter, and strong inversion maintains during the long winter. Accordingly the stratification near the ground is dominated by the near-neutral stable states. Seasonal fluctuations of the snow temperature decrease in amplitude and lag in phase with depth increasing, which leads to distinct seasonal temperature profiles within the depth of 10 m. Measurements show the mean annual air temperature near ground is about 5°C higher than the 10 m firn temperature due to the strong inversion near the ground. However, our estimation of the annual mean of air temperature at the ground based on the boundary layer theory is close to the mean 10 m firn temperature. The lowest air temperature (–82.7°C) currently measured at the Dome A is not the lowest one ever recorded in Antarctica, but the extremely low mean 10 m firn temperature (–58.2°C) indicates very low ground temperature. Given the prominent inversion near the ground, it is expected that Dome A might house the lowest ground temperature on the planet.

关键词：温度分布自动气象站地面气温空气温度观测数据南极洲冰穹积雪

Spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth in 1950s–2007 over the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2014年第3期6卷 209-218页

作者： QingFeng Wang TingJun Zhang State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute CAS College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University national snow and ice data center Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado at Boulder80309 USA

Investigation on spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth （MSFD） over the Heihe River Basin is of great importance for systematic understanding of regional climate and environmental change, ecological-hydrological processes, water resources assessment, construction and resource development. Based on soil and air temperatures at the meteorological stations of the China Meteorological Administration （CMA） over the Heihe River Basin, MSFDs time series are structured into a composite time series over the 1960-2007 period. Evaluating the averaged MSFD time series for 1960 2007 reveals a statistically significant trend of 4.0 cm/decade or a net change of-19.2 cm for the 48-year period over the basin. The MSFD had significantly negative correlation with mean annual air temperature （MAAT）, winter air temperature, mean annual ground surface temperature （MAGST）, degree days of thawing for the air （DDTa） as well as for the surface （DDTs）, and degree days of freezing for the surface （DDFs）. While there was significantly positive correlation between DDF,. and MSFD time series, MSFD was deeper and changed greatly in the Heihe River source area. It was shallower in the east-central basin and gradually deepened in other sections of the basin. The MSFD distribution pattern in 2003-2005 is consistent with that of averaged degree days of freezing for air （DDFa） in 1960-2007. However, the maximum of MSFD may not be accurate, because there is no long term observation data in the deep seasonally frozen ground regions near the lower boundary of permafrost. With increasing elevation, averaged DDFa increased at a rate of 51.6 ℃-day/100m, therefore, the MSFG and the date reaching MSFG became deeper and later, respectively.

关键词： spatiotemporal variations MSFD potential driving variables seasonally frozen ground Heihe River Basin

Recent changes in ground surface thermal regimes in the context of air temperature warming over the Heihe River Basin, China

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2014年第4期6卷 273-281页

作者： QingFeng Wang TingJun Zhang XiaoQing Peng Bin Cao State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University national snow and ice data center Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado at Boulder

Changes in ground surface thermal regimes play a vital role in surface and subsurface hydrology, ecosystem diversity and productivity, and global thermal, water and carbon budgets as well as climate change. Estimating spring, summer, autumn and winter air temperatures and mean annual air temperature（MAAT） from 1960 through 2008 over the Heihe River Basin reveals a statistically significant trend of 0.31 °C/decade, 0.28 °C/decade, 0.37 °C/decade, 0.50 °C/decade, and 0.37 °C /decade, respectively. The averaged time series of mean annual ground surface temperature（MAGST） and maximum annual ground surface temperature（MaxAGST） for 1972–2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of 0.58 °C/decade and 1.27 °C/decade, respectively. The minimum annual ground surface temperature（MinAGST） in the same period remains unchanged as a whole. Estimating surface freezing/thawing index as well as the ratio of freezing index to thawing index（RFT） in the period between 1959 and 2006 over the basin indicates a statistically significant trend of-42.5 °C-day/decade, 85.4 °C-day/decade and-0.018/decade, respectively.

关键词： air temperature ground surface temperature freezing index thawing index tendency rate Heihe River Basin

A one-dimensional heat transfer model of the Antarctic ice Sheet and modeling of snow temperatures at Dome A, the summit of Antarctic Plateau

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第5期53卷 763-772页

作者： CHEN BaiLian1,3, ZHANG RenHe2, SUN ShuFen1, BIAN LinGen2, XIAO CunDe4,2 & ZHANG TingJun5 1 Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 2 Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 3 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 4 Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 5 The national snow and ice data center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0449, USA 1. Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China3. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China2. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 China4. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China5. The National Snow and Ice Data Center University of Colorado Boulder CO 80309-0449 USA

A vertical one-dimensional numerical model for heat transferring within the near-surface snow layer of the Antarctic ice Sheet was developed based on simplified parameterizations of associated physical processes for the atmosphere, radiation, and snow/ice systems. Using the meteorological data of an automatic weather station (AWS) at Dome A (80°22′S, 70°22′E), we applied the model to simulate the seasonal temperature variation within a depth of 20 m. Comparison of modeled results with observed snow temperatures at 4 measurement depths (0.1, 1, 3, 10 m) shows good agreement and consistent seasonal variations. The model results reveal the vertical temperature structure within the near-surface snow layer and its seasonal variance with more details than those by limited measurements. Analyses on the model outputs of the surface energy fluxes show that: 1) the surface energy balance at Dome A is characterized by the compensation between negative net radiation and the positive sensible fluxes, and 2) the sensible heat is on average transported from the atmosphere to the snow, and has an evident increase in spring. The results are considered well representative for the highest interior Antarctic Plateau.

关键词： Antarctic ice Sheet near-surface layer energy transfer numerical model

Modeling the surface energy fluxes and ground thermal regime at Lhasa,Tibet

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Modeling the surface energy fluxes and ground thermal regime...