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Insights into in-situ imbibition behavior of fracturing fluid in propped shale fractures based on nuclear magnetic resonance:A case study from Longmaxi Formation shale,Sichuan Basin,China

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petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 410-429页

作者： Jing-Jing Guo Kai-Xiang Di Lie-Hui Zhang Yu-Long Zhao Hui-Ying Tang Rui-Han Zhang Ye Tian national key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500SichuanChina

Shale gas is an important component of unconventional oil and gas *** the imbibition behavior is helpful to optimize flowback parameters and enhance gas *** imbibition studies have focused on shale matrix,and the pressure conditions discussed were mostly *** initial imbibition behavior begins from propped fractures to matrix,but there are few studies working on explaining the imbibition behavior in propped fractures or the phenomenon of many shale wells exhibit higher productivity after a“soaking”***,propped fracture samples were designed for imbibition and migration *** order to accurately study the mechanism and main influencing factors of fracturing fluid imbibition and migration in propped and unpropped shale fractures under high temperature and high pressure,a series of experiments based on nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)were carried *** showed that NMR T_(2) spectra of all samples exhibited a bimodal *** final imbibition volume of fracturing fluid was positively related to pressure and fracture *** imbibition effect of fracturing fluid was more evident in matrix pores under high *** the migration during soaking stage,the fracturing fluid gradually migrated from large pores to small pores and gradually displaced the shale gas from the matrix,thus allowing the water blocking in propped fractures to self-unlock to some *** permeability decreased in the imbibition stage,while it recovered in the migration stage to some extent.

关键词： Forced imbibition Migration Soaking NMR T_(2)spectra Propped fracture Permeability recovery

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Application status and research progress of CO2 fracturing fluid in petroleum engineering: A brief review

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petroleum 2024年第1期10卷 1-10页

作者： Jinzhou Zhao Tong Wu Wanfen Pu Du Daijun Qingyuan Chen Bowen Chen Jintao Li Yitao Huang State key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Shale gas Research Institute of PetroChina southwest oil & gas Field Company

This paper comprehensively reviews the application and research progress of CO2fracturing fluids in China, highlights the existing issues and puts forward suggestions for future development. Three types of fracturing fluid systems containing CO2, namely, CO2dry fracturing fluid, CO2energized fracturing fluid,and CO2foam fracturing fluid, are categorized based on the mass ratio and process difference between CO2, water, and treatment agents. Field applications in China reveal several problem to be resolved:（1）The application scope of CO2fracturing fluids is restricted to depleted reservoirs, re-fracturing of old wells, and medium-deep reservoirs with low formation pressure coefficients;（2） different types of CO2fracturing fluids require different processes and ground supporting equipment;（3） optimization of CO2compatibility, functionality, temperature and salt tolerance, as well as the cost of treatment agents is necessitated;（4） existing CO2fracturing fluid system fail to perform well with low friction, low filtration,and high sand-carrying capacity.（5） there lacks a targeted industry standard for evaluation of performance of CO2fracturing fluid system and treatment agents. Therefore, in order to meet the goals of CCUS-EOR, CCUS-EGR, or integration of fracturing, displacement and burial by CO2, efforts should be made in the aspects that followed, including in-depth investigation of the mechanism of CO2fracturing fluids, the adaptability and compatibility between existing equipment, different CO2fracturing fluid systems and processes, and construction of treatment agents, low-density proppants and highperformance systems of recyclability and industrial-grade. In addition, optimization of CO2fracturing fluid system based fracturing design is also crucial taking such related factors such as overall reservoir geological conditions, petrophysical properties, CO2transportation, and well site layout into consideration.

关键词： reservoir reconstruction CO 2 fracturing fluid Fracturing fluid system Fracturing displacement burial integration

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Mottled dolomite in the lower Cambrian Longwangmiao formation in the Northern Sichuan Basin, South China

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petroleum 2024年第1期10卷 19-29页

作者： Xuefei Yang Hao Tang Junyi Zhang Yao Du Ruifeng Tang Shuang Pan Xiang Zhou Yan Xu State key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Sichuan Provincial key laboratory of gas geology Southwest Petroleum University CCDC Chuandong Drilling Company Exploration Department Petrochina Southwest Oil& Gasfield Company

At the end of Early Cambrian time, the Sichuan basin（South China） was located in a wide carbonate platform, with hundreds of meters of carbonate deposited. The Longwangmiao Formation carbonate in Sichuan basin is partially to completely dolomitized, displaying a mottled texture in the northern area of the exposure. The mottled dolomitic limestone developed parallel to bedding, with shape irregular boundaries with limestone that has not been dolomitized. The mottled dolomite is composed of powder crystalline and finely crystalline dolomite, while the matrix limestone is composed of micritic calcite. the isotopic composition of mottled dolomite(δ13C = +0.29‰PDB, δ18O =-1.15‰PDB) is similar to that of micrite calcite(δ13C =-0.49‰PDB, δ18O =-1.45‰PDB). Both isotopic values and trace element data indicate that the dolomitized fluid is originated from sea water. Some beds contain gypsum pseudomorphs and mud cracks, indicating a shallow and evaporative environment with local high salinity during deposition. Dolomitization likely took place early, in part as a result of sea water salinity concentration. Trace fossils thalassinoides horizontalis, thalassinoides callianassa and planolites developed in the Longwangmiao Formation, and the sharp edges of mottled dolomite are similar to these trace fossils. The beds are intensely bioturbated. In the burrow network, the sediments and burrow fill were coarse and loose with little clay, and it is interpreted here as being easier to be dolomitized than the surrounding *** dolomitization is thus interpreted to have occurred in the burrow system, and the degree of dolomitization was related to the degree of bioturbation, which is controlled by the trace-making creatures.

关键词： Mottled dolomite Dolomitization Longwangmiao Formation Early Cambrian Northern Sichuan basin

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Vibration Control of A Flexible Marine Riser System Subject to Input Dead Zone and Extraneous Disturbances

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China Ocean Engineering 2024年第2期38卷 271-284页

作者： ZHOU Li WANG Guo-rong WAN Min School of Mechatronic Engineering Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China Energy Equipment Institute Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China national key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China

An observer-based adaptive backstepping boundary control is proposed for vibration control of flexible offshore riser systems with unknown nonlinear input dead zone and uncertain environmental *** control algorithm can update the control law online through real-time data to make the controller adapt to the environment and improve the control ***,based on the adaptive backstepping framework,virtual control laws and Lyapunov functions are designed for each *** direction interference observers are designed to track the timevarying boundary *** this basis,the inverse of the dead zone and linear state transformation are used to compensate for the original system and eliminate the adverse effects of the dead *** addition,the stability of the closed-loop system is proven by Lyapunov stability *** the system states are bounded,and the vibration offset of the riser converges to a small area of the initial ***,four examples of flexible marine risers are simulated in MATLAB to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

关键词： adaptive backstepping control disturbance observer flexible marine riser input dead zone vibration control

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Sedimentary characteristics and lithofacies paleogeography of the Cambrian in Sichuan basin, southwest China

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petroleum 2024年第2期10卷 224-242页

作者： Lin Xie Xuefei Yang Yanhong Zhang Yan Xu Deming Zeng Ruifeng Tang Yao Du Xingzhi Wang State key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation Southwest Petroleum University School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum University Schlumberger China S.A. Research Institute of Exploration and Development PetroChina Southwest Oil & Gas Field Company

Cambrian in Sichuan basin developed thick black shale, varies carbonate and clastic rock, which deposited in different sedimentary environment. Sichuan basin in the upper Yangtze platform contained a record of environment during the Cambrian. Detail facies analyses of Cambrian enable us to discuss the sedimentary environment and palaeogeographic setting. Sedimentation commenced in the Early Cambrian with the deposition of shelf facies(Qiongzhusi Formation and Canglangpu Formation). At this stage, thick shale and clastic rock deposited in Sichuan basin. At the end of the Early Cambrian, a carbonate platform developed in upper Yangtze platform, and Sichuan basin was located in restricted platform(Longwangmiao Formation). In the Middle Cambrian, tidal flat and restricted platform developed in Sichuan basin(Douposi Formation), because of continuous regression. During the Late Cambrian,Sichuan basin was located in carbonate platform again(Xixiangchi Formation). There are three types of sedimentary system in the Cambrian of Sichuan basin: clastic sedimentary system, clastics-carbonate mixed sedimentary system and carbonate sedimentary system. Vertically, the basin shows the evolutionary character of clastic-carbonate sedimentary systems. The three sedimentary systems correspond to three “transgression-regression” cycles of the Cambrian. The transgression in the initial period of the Early Cambrian led to the formation of clastic sedimentary system in the Qiongzhusi Formation of Lower Cambrian. The transgression in the later period of the Early Cambrian led to the formation of clasticcarbonate mixed sedimentary system in the Middle-Lower Cambrian. The transgression in the initial period of the Late Cambrian led to the formation of carbonate sedimentary system in the Xixiangchi Formation of Upper Cambrian. With the end of Late Sinian continental rifting ended, Sichuan basin entered a stable evolutionary stage of the craton basin, while the paleo-land developed in the north

关键词： Sichuan basin Cambrian Sedimentary characteristics Lithofacies paleogeography

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Analysis of sensitivity to hydrate blockage risk in natural gas gathering pipeline

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petroleum Science 2024年第4期21卷 2723-2733页

作者： Ao-Yang Zhang Meng Cai Na Wei Hai-Tao Li Chao Zhang Jun Pei Xin-Wei Wang State key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Research Institute of Production Engineering Daqing Oilfield Co.Ltd.

During the operational process of natural gas gathering and transmission pipelines, the formation of hydrates is highly probable, leading to uncontrolled movement and aggregation of hydrates. The continuous migration and accumulation of hydrates further contribute to the obstruction of natural gas pipelines, resulting in production reduction, shutdowns, and pressure build-ups. Consequently, a cascade of risks is prone to occur. To address this issue, this study focuses on the operational process of natural gas gathering and transmission pipelines, where a comprehensive framework is established. This framework includes theoretical models for pipeline temperature distribution, pipeline pressure distribution, multiphase flow within the pipeline, hydrate blockage, and numerical solution methods. By analyzing the influence of inlet temperature, inlet pressure, and terminal pressure on hydrate formation within the pipeline, the sensitivity patterns of hydrate blockage risks are derived. The research indicates that reducing inlet pressure and terminal pressure could lead to a decreased maximum hydrate formation rate, potentially mitigating pipeline blockage during natural gas transportation. Furthermore, an increase in inlet temperature and terminal pressure, and a decrease in inlet pressure, results in a displacement of the most probable location for hydrate blockage towards the terminal station. However,it is crucial to note that operating under low-pressure conditions significantly elevates energy consumption within the gathering system, contradicting the operational goal of energy efficiency and reduction of energy consumption. Consequently, for high-pressure gathering pipelines, measures such as raising the inlet temperature or employing inhibitors, electrical heat tracing, and thermal insulation should be adopted to prevent hydrate formation during natural gas transportation. Moreover, considering abnormal conditions such as gas well production and pipeline network s

关键词： Natural gas hydrates Gathering pipeline Temperature variation Hydrate formation rate Sensitivity analysis

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Investigation of pore structure alteration and permeability enhancement of shale matrix by supercritical water treatment after hydraulic fracturing

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petroleum 2024年第2期10卷 265-274页

作者： Yili Kang Peisong Li Wangkun Cao Mingjun Chen Lijun You Jiang Liu Zhehan Lai State key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Institute of Engineering Technology PetroChina Coalbed Methane Company Limited Chemical and petroleum Engineering University of Calgary

Shale gas reservoirs are unconventional tight gas reservoirs, in which horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing are required to achieve commercial development. The fracture networks created by hydraulic fracturing can increase the drainage area extensively to enhance shale gas recovery. However, large volumes of fracturing fluid that is difficult to flow back to the surface and remained in the shale formation, will inevitably lead to damages of the shale formations and limit the effectiveness of *** water(SCW) treatment after hydraulic fracturing is a new method to enhance shale gas recovery by using appropriate heat treatment methods to the specific formation to convert the retained fracturing fluid into a supercritical state(at temperatures in excess of 373.946°C and pressures in excess of 22.064 MPa). An experiment was conducted to simulate the reaction between shale and SCW, and the capacity of SCW treatment to enhance the permeability of the shale was evaluated by measuring the response of the shale porosity and permeability on SCW treatment. The experimental results show that the shale porosity and permeability increase by 213.43% and 2198.37%, respectively. The pore structure alteration and permeability enhancement of the shale matrix were determined by analyzing the changes in pore structure and mineral composition after SCW treatment. The mechanisms that affect pore structure and mineral composition include oxidative catalysis decomposition of organic matters and reducing minerals, acid-catalyzed decomposition of carbonate minerals and feldspar minerals, hydrothermal catalysis induced fracture extension and cementation weakening induced fracture *** treatment converts harm into a benefit by reducing the intrusion of harmful substances into the shale formation, which will broaden the scope and scale of shale formation stimulation.

关键词： Shale gas Formation damage control Formation heat treatment Supercritical water

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Application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to assess effect of conformance control treatments on water-injection wells

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petroleum 2024年第1期10卷 165-174页

作者： Hu Jia Pengwu Li Wei Lv Jianke Ren Chen Cheng Rui Zhang Zhengjun Zhou Yanbin Liang State key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation Southwest Petroleum University oil and gas Technology Research Institute PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company oil Production Technology Institute of PetroChina Dagang oilfield Company

As an effective method to prolong the life of mature field, conformance control in water-injection well has been used wildly. Naturally, effect evaluation of conformance control has attracted great attention because it is an important guideline for the design of later enhanced oil recovery(EOR) plan. Usually,production responses such as excessive water reduction and oil production increment are widely used as the indicators. However, production responses may be unreliable due to the difficulty in determining an effective injection well which is caused by a large number of treated water-injection wells in a well group. Therefore, with the application of fuzzy comprehension evaluation(FCE), five evaluation indexes(injection pressure, injectivity index, slope of hall curve, variation coefficient and homogenization coefficient of injection profile) describe injection responses were selected to establish a new evaluation method in this paper. Based on fuzzy mathematics, FCE reflects the difference of evaluation ***, weights of evaluation indexes were obtained by analytic hierarchy process(AHP), which made the results more convincing. Taking Bai 239 oilfield as an example, the five injection responses indexes were used to assess treatment effect on five water-injection wells by single index evaluation and FCE. The results showed that among the five evaluation indexes mentioned above, the slope of hall curve was the most important factor affected evaluation result. In single index evaluation, opposite results may be produced easily on account of the one-sidedness of single index or human error. Furthermore, we found that effective treatment was a relative concept actually. The result of FCE was consistent with single index evaluation but FCE was more acceptable. This study suggests that FCE could be applied to another field such as water flooding, acidizing and hydraulic fracturing

关键词： Enhanced oil recovery Injection responses Fuzzy mathematics Analytic hierarchy process Effect evaluation

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A phase-field model for simulating the propagation behavior of mixed-mode cracks during the hydraulic fracturing process in fractured reservoirs

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2024年第5期45卷 911-930页

作者： Dan ZHANG Liangping YI Zhaozhong YANG Jingqiang ZHANG Gang CHEN Ruoyu YANG Xiaogang LI State key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China State key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China Tarim oilfield Company PetroChinaBayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture 841000Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionChina Wuqi oil Production Plant Shaanxi Yanchang PetroleumXi'an 716000China Exploration Division of PetroChina southwest oil and gasfield Company Chengdu 610041China

A novel phase-field model for the propagation of mixed-mode hydraulic fractures,characterized by the formation of mixed-mode fractures due to the interactions between fluids and solids,is *** this model,the driving force for the phase field consists of both tensile and shear components,with the fluid contribution primarily manifesting in the tension driving *** displacement and pressure are solved simultaneously by an implicit *** numerical solution's iterative format is established by the finite element discretization and Newton-Raphson(NR)iterative *** correctness of the model is verified through the uniaxial compression physical experiments on fluid-pressurized rocks,and the limitations of the hydraulic fracture expansion phase-field model,which only considers mode I fractures,are *** addition,the influence of matrix mode II fracture toughness value,natural fracture mode II toughness value,and fracturing fluid injection rate on the hydraulic fracture propagation in porous media with natural fractures is studied.

关键词： mixed-mode crack hydraulic fracturing poro-elasticity phase-field method(PFM)

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Analysis and experimental study on resistance-increasing behavior of composite high efficiency autonomous inflow control device

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petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 1290-1304页

作者： Liang-Liang Dong Yu-Lin Zhang School of Mechatronic Engineering Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500SichuanChina State key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir geology and exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500SichuanChina oil and gas Equipment Technology Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu610500SichuanChina

Bottom water coning is the main reason to reduce the recovery of horizontal bottom water reservoir. By water coning, we mean the oil-water interface changes from a horizontal state to a mound-shaped cone and breaks through to the wellbore. Autonomous inflow control device(AICD) is an important instrument maintain normal production after bottom water coning, however, the resistance increasing ability of the swirl type AICD is insufficient at present, which seriously affects the water control effect. Aiming this problem, this paper designs a multi-stage resistance-increasing and composite type AICD. The separation mechanism of oil-water two phases in this structure, the resistance form of oil-water single phase and the resistance-increasing principle of water phase are analyzed. Establishing the dual-phase multi-stage separation and resistance-increasing model, and verified by measuring the throttling pressure drop and oil-water volume fraction of the AICD, it is found that the composite type AICD has the effect of ICD and AICD at the same time, which can balance the production rate of each well section at the initial stage of production, delay the occurrence of bottom water coning. In the middle and later stages of production, water-blocking can be effectively increased to achieve water control and stable *** structural sensitivity analysis, the influence law of various structural parameters on the water control performance of composite AICD was obtained. The simulation calculation results show that,compared with the existing swirl type AICD, composite AICD has higher sensitivity to moisture content,the water phase throttling pressure drop is increased by 4.5 times on average. The composite AICD is suitable for the entire stage of horizontal well production.

关键词： Water control Flow separation Flow resistance-increasing AICD device Simulation and experiment

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