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Characterization of a Putative New Semi-Dominant Reduced Height Gene, Rht_NM9, in Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

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Journal of genetics and Genomics 2015年第12期42卷 685-698页

作者： Yuan Lu Liping Xing Shujuan Xing Ping Hu Chaofan Cui Mingyi Zhang Jin Xiao Haiyan Wang Ruiqi Zhang Xiue Wang Peidu Chen Aizhong Cao National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement Cytogenetics Institute Nanjing Agricultural University

Plant height is an important agronomic trait in cereal crops, and can affect both plant architecture and grain yield. New dwarfing genes are required for improving the genetic diversity of wheat. In this study, a novel dwarf mutant, NM9, was created by treating seeds of the wheat variety NAU9918 with ethyl methanesulfonate （EMS）. NM9 showed obvious phenotypic changes, which were distinct from those caused by other dwarfing genes, especially the reduced plant height, increased effective tiller number, and elongated spike and grain length. The reduced plant height in NM9 was attributable to a semi-dominant dwarfing gene Rht__NM9, which was flanked by two closely linked SNP markers, SNP34 and SNP41, covering an 8.86-Mb region on the chromosome arm 2AS. The results of gibberellic acid （GA） sensitivity evaluation, comparative genomics analysis and allelism test indicated that RhtNM9 was neither allelic to Rht7 and Rht21 nor homoe- oallelic to Rht8, so Rht_NM9 was proposed to be a new dwarfing locus on the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes of wheat. Rht_NM9 has a negative effect on plant height and positive effects on effective tiller number and grain size, thus, Rht_NM9 could be used for elucidating the mechanisms underlying plant architecture and grain development.

关键词： Wheat Mutant Plant architecture Gene mapping

Molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity and detoxification of trace metals and metalloids in plants

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2023年第2期65卷 570-593页

作者： Zhong Tang Han-Qing Wang Jie Chen Jia-Dong Chang Fang-Jie Zhao State key laboratory of crop genetics and germplasm enhancement College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China

Plants take up a wide range of trace metals/metalloids(hereinafter referred to as trace metals)from the soil,some of which are essential but become toxic at high concentrations(e.g.,Cu,Zn,Ni,Co),while others are non-essential and toxic even at relatively low concentrations(e.g.,As,Cd,Cr,Pb,and Hg).Soil contamination of trace metals is an increasing problem worldwide due to intensifying human activities.Trace metal contamination can cause toxicity and growth inhibition in plants,as well as accumulation in the edible parts to levels that threatens food safety and human health.Understanding the mechanisms of trace metal toxicity and how plants respond to trace metal stress is important for improving plant growth and food safety in contaminated soils.The accumulation of excess trace metals in plants can cause oxidative stress,genotoxicity,programmed cell death,and disturbance in multiple physiological processes.Plants have evolved various strategies to detoxify trace metals through cell-wall binding,complexation,vacuolar sequestration,efflux,and translocation.Multiple signal transduction pathways and regulatory responses are involved in plants challenged with trace metal stresses.In this review,we discuss the recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in trace metal toxicity,detoxification,and regulation,as well as strategies to enhance plant resistance to trace metal stresses and reduce toxic metal accumulation in food crops.

关键词： detoxification food safety stress response trace metals/metalloids toxic mechanisms

Emerging roles of phosphoinositide-associated membrane trafficking in plant stress responses

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Journal of genetics and Genomics 2022年第8期49卷 726-734页

作者： Feng Lin Junming Zheng Yanhua Xie Wen Jing Qun Zhang Wenhua Zhang College of Life Sciences State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu 210095China

Eukaryotic cells are confined by membranes that create hydrophobic barriers for substance and information exchange between the inside and outside of the cell.These barriers are formed by assembly of lipids and protein in aqueous environments.Lipids not only serve as building blocks for membrane construction,but also possess regulatory functions in cellular activities.These regulatory lipids are non-uniformly distributed in membrane systems;their temporal and spatial accumulation in specific membranes decodes environmental cues and changes cellular activity accordingly.Phosphoinositides(PIs)are phospholipids that exert regulatory effects.In recent years,research on PIs roles in regulating plant growth,development,and responses to environmental stress is increasing.Several reviews have been published on the composition of PIs,intermolecular transferring of PIs by lipid kinases(phosphatases)or PI-PLCs,subcellular localization,and specially their functions in plant developments.Herein,we review the crucial regulatory functions of PIs in plant stress responses,with a particular focus on PIs involved in membrane trafficking.

关键词： Phosphoinositides Membrane trafficking Plant Stress response

E3 ubiquitin ligase PbrATL18 is a positive factor in pear resistance to drought and Colletotrichum fructicola infection

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Horticultural Plant Journal 2024年第3期10卷 698-712页

作者： Likun Lin Qiming Chen Kaili Yuan Caihua Xing Qinghai Qiao Xiaosan Huang Shaoling Zhang State key laboratory of crop genetics and germplasm enhancement/College of Horticulture Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu210095China

The Arabidopsis Toxicos en Levadura(ATL)protein is a subfamily of the E3 ubiquitin ligases,which exists widely in plants and is extensively involved in plant growth and development.Although the ATL family has been identified in other species,such as Arabidopsis,Oryza sativa,and grapevine,few reports on pear ATL gene families have been reported.In this study,92 PbrATL genes were identified and analyzed from the Pyrus breschneideri genome.Motif analysis and phylogenetic tree generation divided them into nine subgroups,and chromosome localization analysis showed that the 92 PbrATL genes were distributed in 16 of 17 pear chromosomes.Transcriptome data and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)experiments demonstrated that PbrATL18,PbrATL41,and PbrATL88 were involved in both pear drought resistance and Colletotrichum fructicola infection.In addition,Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing PbrATL18 showed greater resistance to drought stress than the wild type(WT),and PbrATL18-silenced pear seedlings showed greater sensitivity to drought and C.fructicola infection than the controls.PbrATL18 regulated plant resistance by regulating chitinase(CHI),phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),polyphenol oxidase(PPO),catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities.This study provided a reference for further exploring the functions of the PbrATL gene in drought resistance and C.fructicola infection.

关键词： Pear Colletotrichum fructicola Arabidopsis Toxicos en Levadura(ATL) Drought stress

Comparative genomic analysis of N6-methyladenosine regulators in nine rosaceae species and functional characterization in response to drought stress in pear

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Horticultural Plant Journal 2023年第4期9卷 693-704页

作者： Chenyang Han Huizhen Dong Qinghai Qiao Yuqin Dai Xiaosan Huang Shaoling Zhang College of Horticulture State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu 210095China

N 6-methylated adenine(m6 A)is an emerging epigenetic marker in eukaryotic organisms that plays an important role in biological functions and in enriching genetic information.m6 A exerts these functions via the dynamic interplay among m6 A writers,erasers,and readers.However,little is known about the underlying mechanisms of m6 A in plant growth and stress responses.Here,we identified 276 masked m6 A regulators from nine Rosaceae species(Pyrus bretschneideri,Pyrus betulifolia,Pyrus communis,Malus domestica,Fragaria vesca,Prunus avium,Prunus mume,Prunus persica,and Rubus occidentalis).We classified and named these genes in more detail based on phylogenetic and synteny analysis.The expansion of m6 A regulators in Maloideae was dated back to the recent whole-genome duplication(WGD)in Rosaceae.Based on the expression pattern analysis and gene structure analysis of m6 A regulators,m6 A was shown to be a significant factor in regulating plant development and resistance.In addition,PbrMTA1-silenced pear plants displayed significantly reduced drought tolerance and chlorophyll content,as well as increased electrolyte leakage and concentrations of malondialdehyde and H2 O2.

关键词： Pyrus bretschneideri RNA methylation m6A regulators Rosaceae Evolution Transcriptome Drought stress VIGS

PIFs‑and COP1‑HY5‑mediated temperature signaling in higher plants

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Stress Biology 2022年第1期2卷 270-283页

作者： Yeting Bian Li Chu Huan Lin Yaoyao Qi Zheng Fang Dongqing Xu State key laboratory of crop genetics and germplasm enhancement National Center for Soybean ImprovementCollege of AgricultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China

Plants have to cope with the surrounding changing environmental stimuli to optimize their physiological and devel-opmental response throughout their entire life cycle.Light and temperature are two critical environmental cues that fluctuate greatly during day-night cycles and seasonal changes.These two external signals coordinately control the plant growth and development.Distinct spectrum of light signals are perceived by a group of wavelength-specific photoreceptors in plants.PIFs and COP1-HY5 are two predominant signaling hubs that control the expression of a large number of light-responsive genes and subsequent light-mediated development in plants.In parallel,plants also transmit low or warm temperature signals to these two regulatory modules that precisely modulate the responsive-ness of low or warm temperatures.The core component of circadian clock ELF3 integrates signals from light and warm temperatures to regulate physiological and developmental processes in plants.In this review,we summarize and discuss recent advances and progresses on PIFs-,COP1-HY5-and ELF3-mediated light,low or warm temperature signaling,and highlight emerging insights regarding the interactions between light and low or warm temperature signal transduction pathways in the control of plant growth.

关键词： Light signaling Low temperature Warm temperature phyB PIFs COP1 HY5 ELF3

Genome-wide identiﬁcation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases in pear and their functional analysis in response to black spot

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Horticultural Plant Journal 2023年第4期9卷 681-692页

作者： Zan Zhang Qiming Chen Luting Jia Ming Qian Qinghai Qiao Xiaosan Huang Shaoling Zhang College of Horticulture State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu 210095China

The mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascade is crucial to plant growth,development,and stress responses.MAPK kinases(MAPKK)play a vital role in linking upstream MAPKK kinases(MAPKKK)with the downstream MAPK.Black spot is one of the most serious fungal diseases of pear which is an important part of the fruit industry in China.The MAPKK genes have been identified in many plants,however,none has been reported in pear(Pyrus bretschneideri).In order to explore whether MAPK gene of pear is related to black spot disease,we designed this experiment.The present study investigated eight putative PbrMAPKK genes obtained from the Chinese white pear genome.The phylogenetic analysis revealed that PbrMAPKK genes were divided into A,B,C,and D groups.These PbrMAPKK genes are randomly distributed on 7 out of 17 chromosomes and mainly originated from the whole-genome duplication(WGD)event.The expression analysis of PbrMAPKK genes in seven pear tissues and the leaves of susceptible and resistant varieties after Alternaria alternata infection by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)identified seven candidate genes associated with resistance.Furthermore,virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)indicated that PbrMAPKK6 gene enhanced resistance to pear black spot disease in pear.

关键词： Pyrus bretschneideri Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase(MAPKK) Gene family Disease resistance Pear black spot

Toxic metals and metalloids:Uptake,transport,detoxification,phytoremediation,and crop improvement for safer food

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Molecular Plant 2022年第1期15卷 27-44页

作者： Fang-Jie Zhao Zhong Tang Jia-Jun Song Xin-Yuan Huang Peng Wang State key laboratory of crop genetics and germplasm enhancement College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu 210095China

Agricultural soils are under threat of toxic metal/metalloid contamination from anthropogenic activities,leading to excessive accumulation of arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),lead(Pb),and mercury(Hg)in food crops that poses significant risks to human health.Understanding how these toxic metals and their methylated species are taken up,translocated,and detoxified is prerequisite to developing strategies to limit their accumulation for safer food.Toxic metals are taken up and transported across different cellular compart-ments and plant tissues via various transporters for essential or beneficial nutrients,e.g.As by phosphate and silicon transporters,and Cd by manganese(Mn),zinc(Zn),and iron(Fe)transporters.These transport processes are subjected to interactions with nutrients and the regulation at the transcriptional and post-translational levels.Complexation with thiol-rich compounds,such as phytochelatins,and sequestration in the vacuoles are the common mechanisms for detoxification and for limiting their translocation.A num-ber of genes involved in toxic metal uptake,transport,and detoxification have been identified,offering tar-gets for genetic manipulation via gene editing or transgenic technologies.Natural variations in toxic metal accumulation exist within crop germplasm,and some of the quantitative trait loci underlying these variations have been cloned,paving the way for marker-assisted breeding of low metal accumulation crops.Using plants to extract and remove toxic metals from soil is also possible,but this phytoremediation approach requires metal hyperaccumulation for efficiency.Knowledge gaps and future research needs are also discussed.

关键词： toxic metals/metalloids heavy metals transporters detoxification phytoremediation food safety

Rice roots avoid asymmetric heavy metal and salinity stress via an RBOH-ROS-auxin signaling cascade

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Molecular Plant 2023年第10期16卷 1678-1694页

作者： Han-Qing Wang Xing-Yu Zhao Wei Xuan Peng Wang Fang-Jie Zhao State key laboratory of crop genetics&germplasm enhancement and Utilization College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China

Root developmental plasticity is crucial for plants to adapt to a changing soil environment,where nutrients and abiotic stress factors are distributed heterogeneously.How plant roots sense and avoid heterogeneous abiotic stress in soil remains unclear.Here,we show that,in response to asymmetric stress of heavy metals(cadmium,copper,or lead)and salt,rice roots rapidly proliferate lateral roots(LRs)in the stress-free area,thereby remodeling root architecture to avoid localized stress.Imaging and quantitative analyses of reactive oxygen species(ROS)showed that asymmetric stress induces a ROS burst in the tips of the exposed roots and simultaneously triggers rapid systemic ROS signaling to the unexposed roots.Addition of a ROS scavenger to either the stressed or stress-free area abolished systemic ROS signaling and LR proliferation induced by asymmetric stress.Asymmetric stress also enhanced cytosolic calcium(Ca^(2+))signaling;blocking Ca^(2+)signaling inhibited systemic ROS propagation and LR branching in the stress-free area.We identified two plasma-membrane-localized respiratory burst oxidase homologs,OsRBOHA and OsRBOHI,as key players in systemic ROS signaling under asymmetric stress.Expression of OsRBOHA and OsRBOHI in roots was upregulated by Cd stress,and knockout of either gene reduced systemic ROS signaling and LR proliferation under asymmetric stress.Furthermore,we demonstrated that auxin signaling and cell wall remodeling act downstream of the systemic ROS signaling to promote LR development.Collectively,our study reveals an RBOH-ROS-auxin signaling cascade that enables rice roots to avoid localized stress of heavy metals and salt and provides new insight into root system plasticity in heterogenous soil.

关键词： root system architecture heterogenous abiotic stress reactive oxygen species signaling