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Modeling study of source contributions and emergency control effects during a severe haze episode over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area

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science China Chemistry 2015年第9期58卷 1403-1415页

作者： Huansheng Chen Jie Li Baozhu Ge Wenyi Yang Zifa Wang Si Huang Yuanlin Wang Pingzhong Yan Jianjun Li Lili Zhu State Key Laboratory of atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC) Institute of atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences China national Environmental Monitoring Center

In February 2014, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) area experienced a weeklong episode of heavy haze pollution. Cities such as Beijing(BJ) and Shijiazhuang(SJZ) issued heavy pollution alerts for the first time and took emergency control measures. This study employed the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System(NAQPMS) to simulate and analyze the three-dimensional structure of the source contributions of PM2.5 in the BTH area during this pollution episode and quantitatively assessed the effects of the emergency control measures. The results showed that during the polluted period(February 19–26), surface PM2.5 mainly originated from local sources(48%–72%). In the entire BTH area, southern Hebei(SHB) represented the largest internal contribution(33%), while the main external contributions came from Shandong(SD)(10%) and Henan(HN)(4%). Vertically, the local contribution was constrained below the near-ground layer, and rapidly decreased with altitude. The regional transport path from SHB and Shanxi(SX) to BJ appeared at 0.5–1.5 and 1.5–2.5 km, with contributions of 32%–42% and 13%–27%, respectively. The non-local source regions for the BTH area were SD below 1 km and mainly SX and HN above 1 km. Compared to the non-polluted period(February 27–28), the contribution from regional transport increased during the polluted period, indicating the key role of regional transport in the pollution formation. The emergency control measures had a relatively large effect on NOx and SO2 concentrations, but a limited effect on PM2.5. The stronger regional transport during the polluted period may have weakened the effects of the local emergency control measures. These results indicated that a coordinated emission control should be implemented not only over the BTH area but also over its surrounding provinces(e.g. SD, HN).

关键词： NAQPMS Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) source contribution emergency control severe haze PM2.5

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Cloud Condensation Nuclei over the Bay of Bengal during the Indian Summer Monsoon

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Advances in atmospheric sciences 2018年第2期35卷 218-223页

作者： D. M. CHATE R. T. WAGHMARE C. K. JENA V. GOPALAKRISHNAN P. MURUGAVEL Sachin D. GHUDE Rachana KULKARNI P. C. S. DEVARA Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune 411008 India Marine Earth and Atmospheric Science North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA Amity centre for Ocean-atmospheric science and Technology (ACOAST) & Amity centre for Environmental science and HeaLSTh (ACESH) Amity University Haryana Gurgaon-Manesar 122 413 India

The first measurements of cloud condensation nuclei （CCN） at five supersaturations were carried out onboard the research vessel ＂Sagar Kanya＂（cruise SK-296） from the south to the head-bay of the Bay of Bengal as part of the Continental Tropical Convergence Zone （CTCZ） Project during the Indian summer monsoon of 2012. In this paper, we assess the diurnal variation in CCN distributions at supersaturations from 0.2% to 1% （in steps of 0.2%） and the power-law fit at supersaturation of 1%. The diurnal pattern shows peaks in CCN concentration （NccN） at supersaturations from 0.2% to 1% between 0600 and 0700 LST （local standard time, UTC＋0530）, with relatively low concentrations between 1200 and 1400 LST, followed by a peak at around 1800 LST. The power-law fit for the CCN distribution at different supersaturation levels relates the empirical exponent （k） of supersaturation （%） and the Nccy at a supersaturation of 1%. The Nccy at a supersaturation of 0.4% is observed to vary from 702 cm-3 to 1289 cm-3, with a mean of 961 ＋ 161 cm-3 （95% confidence interval）, representing the CCN activity of marine air masses. Whereas, the mean Nccy of 1628 ＋ 193 cm-3 at a supersaturation of 1% is higher than anticipated for the marine background. When the number of CCN spectra is 1293, the value of k is 0.57 ± 0.03 （99% confidence interval） and its probability distribution shows cumulative counts significant at k ≈ 0.55 ± 0.25. The results are found to be better at representing the features of the marine environment （103 cm-3 and k ≈ 0.5） and useful for validating CCN closure studies for Indian sea regions.

关键词： CTCZ Bay of Bengal monsoon, CCN supersaturation power-law relationship

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A Climatology of Extratropical Cyclones over East Asia During 1958-2001

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 2012年第3期26卷 261-277页

作者：张颖娴丁一汇李巧萍 Chinese Academy of Meteorological sciences College of atmospheric science Nanjing University of Information science & Technology national Climate Center

A climatology of extratropical cyclones （ECs） over East Asia （20~ 75~N, 60^-160~E） is analyzed by applying an improved objective detection and tracking algorithm to the 4-time daily sea level pressure fields from the European centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts （ECMWF） reanalysis data. A total of 12914 EC processes for the period of 1958-2001 are identified, with an EC database integrated and EC activities reanalyzed using the objective algorithm. The results reveal that there are three major cyclogenesis regions： West Siberian Plain, Mongolia （to the south of Lake Baikal）, and the coastal region of East China; whereas significant cyclolysis regions are observed in Siberia north of 60~N, Northeast China, and Okhotsk Se^Northwest Pacific. It is found that the EC lifetime is largely 1 7 days while winter ECs have the shortest lifespan. The ECs are the weakest in summer among the four seasons. Strong ECs often appear in West Siberia, Northeast China, and Okhotsk Sea-Northwest Pacific. Statistical analysis based on k-means clustering has identified 6 dominating trajectories in the area south of 55~N and east of 80~E, among which 4 tracks have important impacts on weather/climate in China. ECs occurring in spring （summer） tend to travel the longest （shortest）. They move the fastest in winter, and the slowest in summer. In winter, cyclones move fast in Northeast China, some areas of the Yangtze-Huaihe River region, and the south of Japan, with speed greater than 15 m s-1. Explosively-deepening cyclones are found to occur frequently along the east coast of China, Japan, and Northwest Pacific, but very few storms occur over the inland area. Bombs prefer to occur in winter, spring, and autumn. Their annual number and intensity in 1990 and 1992 in East Asia （EA） are smaller and weaker than their counterparts in North America.

关键词： extratropical cyclones objective detection and tracking algorithm cyclogenesis cyclolysis cyclone tracks explosively-deepening cyclones

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An Introduction to the Integrated Climate Model of the Center for Monsoon System Research and Its Simulated Influence of El Ni?no on East Asian–Western North Pacific Climate

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Advances in atmospheric sciences 2014年第5期31卷 1136-1146页

作者： HUANG Ping WANG Pengfei HU Kaiming HUANG Gang ZHANG Zhihua LIU Yong YAN Bangliang Center for Monsoon System Research Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Science State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for atmospheric sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Science national Marine Environmental Forecasting Center

This study introduces a new global climate model--the Integrated Climate Model （ICM）--developed for the seasonal prediction of East Asian-western North Pacific （EA-WNP） climate by the Center for Monsoon System Research at the Institute of atmospheric Physics （CMSR, IAP）, Chinese Academy of sciences. ICM integrates ECHAM5 and NEMO2.3 as its atmospheric and oceanic components, respectively, using OASIS3 as the coupler. The simulation skill of ICM is evaluated here, including the simulated climatology, interannual variation, and the influence of E1 Nifio as one of the most important factors on EA-WNP climate. ICM successfully reproduces the distribution of sea surface temperature （SST） and precipitation without climate shift, the seasonal cycle of equatorial Pacific SST, and the precipitation and circulation of East Asian summer monsoon. The most prominent biases of ICM are the excessive cold tongue and unrealistic westward phase propagation of equatorial Pacific SST. The main interannual variation of the tropical Pacific SST and EA-WNP climate E1 Nifio and the East Asia-Pacific Pattern--are also well simulated in ICM, with realistic spatial pattern and period. The simulated E1 Nifio has significant impact on EA-WNP climate, as in other models. The assessment shows ICM should be a reliable model for the seasonal prediction of EA-WNP climate.

关键词： Integrated Climate Model (ICM) global climate model E1 Nifio East Asian climate

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Quantitative Analysis of Meso-β-scale Convective Cells and Anvil Clouds over North China

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Advances in atmospheric sciences 2010年第5期27卷 1089-1098页

作者：林隐静王洪庆韩雷郑永光王玉 Department of atmospheric science School of Physics Peking University College of Information science and Engineering Ocean University of China national Meteorological Center of CMA

This paper proposes several quantitative characteristics to study convective systems using observations from Doppler weather radars and geostationary satellites. Specifically, in order to measure the convective intensity of each system, a new index, named the ＂Convective Intensity Ratio＂（CIR）, is defined as the ratio between the area of strong radar echoes at the upper level and the size of the convective cell itself. Based on these quantitative characteristics, the evolution of convective cells, surface rainfall intensity, rainfall area and convectively generated anvil clouds can be studied, and the relationships between them can also be analyzed. After testing nine meso-β-scale convective systems over North China during 2006–2007, the results were as follows：（1） the CIR was highly correlated with surface rainfall intensity, and the correlation reached a maximum when the CIR led rainfall intensity by 6–30 mins. The maximum CIR could be at most ～30 mins before the maximum rainfall intensity. （2） Convective systems with larger maximum CIRs usually had colder cloud-tops. （3） The maximum area of anvil cloud appeared 0.5–1.5 h after rainfall intensity began to weaken. The maximum area of anvil cloud and the time lag between maximum rainfall intensity and the maximum area of anvil cloud both increased with the CIR.

关键词： convective cell anvil cloud quantitative analysis weather radar geostationary satellite

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Extra-seasonal prediction of summer 500-hPa height field in the area of cold vortices over East Asia with a dynamical-statistical method

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Chinese Physics B 2015年第5期24卷 664-670页

作者：赵俊虎杨柳侯威刘刚曾宇星 national Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Department of Physical science and Technology Yangzhou University College of atmospheric sciences Lanzhou University

The cold vortex is a major high impact weather system in northeast China during the warm season, its frequent activities also affect the short-term climate throughout eastern China. How to objectively and quantitatively predict the intensity trend of the cold vortex is an urgent and difficult problem for current short-term climate prediction. Based on the dynamical-statistical combining principle, the predicted results of the Beijing Climate Center＇s global atmosphereocean coupled model and rich historical data are used for dynamic-statistical extra-seasonal prediction testing and actual prediction of the summer 500-hPa geopotential height over the cold vortex activity area. The results show that this method can significantly reduce the model＇s prediction error over the cold vortex activity area, and improve the prediction skills. Furthermore, the results of the sensitivity test reveal that the predicted results are highly dependent on the quantity of similar factors and the number of similar years.

关键词： cold vortex dynamical-statistical combining principle extra-seasonal prediction

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A Global Ocean Biogeochemistry General Circulation Model and its Simulations

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Advances in atmospheric sciences 2013年第3期30卷 922-939页

作者：徐永福李阳春储敏 State Key Laboratory of atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences national Climate Center

An ocean biogeochemistry model was developed and incorporated into a global ocean general circulation model （LICOM） to form an ocean biogeochemistry general circulation model （OBGCM）. The model was used to study the natural carbon cycle and the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean. A global export production of 12.5 Pg C yr-1 was obtained. The model estimated that in the pre-industrial era the global equatorial region within ~15~ of the equator released 0.97 Pg C yr-1 to the atmosphere, which was balanced by the gain of CO2 in other regions. The post-industrial air sea CO2 flux indicated the oceanic uptake of CO2 emitted by human activities. An increase of 20-50 ~mol kg-1 for surface dissolved inorganic carbon （DIC） concentrations in the 1990s relative to pre-industrial times was obtained in the simulation, which was consistent with data-based estimates. The model generated a total anthropogenic carbon inventory of 105 Pg C as of 1994, which was within the range of estimates by other researchers. Various transports of both natural and anthropogenic DIC as well as labile dissolved organic carbon （LDOC） were estimated from the simulation. It was realized that the Southern Ocean and the high-latitude region of the North Pacific are important export regions where accumulative air-sea CO2 fluxes are larger than the DIC inventory, whereas the subtropical regions are acceptance regions. The interhemispheric transport of total natural carbon （DIC＋LDOC） was found to be northward （0.11 Pg C yr-1）, which was just balanced by the gain of carbon from the atmosphere in the Southern Hemisphere.

关键词： ocean biogeochemistry model natural carbon anthropogenic carbon meridional transport

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A Note on the Role of Meridional Wind Stress Anomalies and Heat Flux in ENSO Simulations

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Advances in atmospheric sciences 2007年第4期24卷 729-738页

作者：朱杰顺孙照渤周广庆 School of atmospheric science Nanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjing 210044 Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029 School of atmospheric science Nanjing University of Information Science & TechnologyNanjing 210044 Institute of atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029

Four comparative experiments and some supplementary experiments were conducted to examine the role of meridional wind stress anomalies and heat flux variability in ENSO simulations by using a high-resolution Ocean General Circulation Model （OGCM）. The results indicate that changes in the direction and magnitude of meridional wind stress anomalies have little influence on ENSO simulations until meridional wind stress anomalies are unrealistically enlarged by a factor of 5.0. However, evidence of an impact on ENSO simulations due to heat flux variability was found. The simulated Nino-3 index without the effect of heat flux anomalies tended to be around 1.0° lower than the observed, as well as the control run, during the peak months of ENSO events.

关键词： ENSO simulation meridional wind stress heat flux OGCM

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Numerical and Dynamical Analyses of Heat Source Forcingand Restricting Subtropical High Activity

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Advances in atmospheric sciences 2000年第1期17卷 61-71页

作者：张韧余志豪 Department of atmospheric science Nanjing University Nanjing

By using the numerical and dynamical methods, the influence and restriction of the heat source forcing on the subtropical geopotential fields and flow fields are studied and discussed in a model atmosphere. The main results show that the zonal symmetrical solar radiation heating chief-ly induces the geopotential field changing gradually and leads the subtropical high moving slowly, but when the zonal asymmetric thermal difference between ocean and continent achieves its critical value, which usually causes the geopotential field a catastrophe, and consequently induces the subtropical high shake-up or jump. The abnormal activity of the subtropical high is possibly caused by the abnormality of the thermal factor. Key words Subtropical high - Thermal forcing Supported by national Natural science Foundation (No. 49975012) and national ’ 973’ Key Program (No. G1998040907).

关键词： Subtropical high Thermal forcing

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Integrating the Climate science Modelling Language with geospatial software and services

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2009年第S1期2卷 29-39页

作者： D.Lowe A.Woolf B.Lawrence S.Pascoe Rutherford Appleton Laboratory British Atmospheric Data CentreDidcotUK Rutherford Appleton Laboratory STFC e-Science CentreDidcotUK

Much consideration is rightly given to the design of metadata models to describe *** the other end of the data-delivery spectrum much thought has also been given to the design of geospatial delivery interfaces such as the Open Geospatial Consortium standards,Web Coverage Service(WCS),Web Map Server and Web Feature Service(WFS).Our recent experience with the Climate science Modelling Language shows that an implementation gap exists where many challenges remain *** bridge this gap requires transposing information and data from one world view of geospatial climate data to *** of the issues include:the loss of information in mapping to a common information model,the need to create‘views’onto file-based storage,and the need to map onto an appropriate delivery interface(as with the choice between WFS and WCS for feature types with coverage-valued properties).Here we summarise the approaches we have taken in facing up to these problems.

关键词： climate modelling schema standards data interoperability

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