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Experimental Study on Diesel Spray and Flame Asymmetry Characteristics of Dual-Orifice Nozzles for a Medium-Speed Engine

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Journal of Thermal Science 2025年第1期34卷 303-322页

作者： JU Dehao LIU Rui ZHENG Liang DENG Jiahui ZHANG Wenzheng HUO Jinlu HUANG Li Shanghai Marine Diesel Engine Research Institute national Key laboratory of Marine Engine Science and technology Key laboratory for Power Machinery and engineering Ministry of EducationShanghai Jiao Tong University

The asymmetry of the multi-orifice spray will cause uneven heat load of the marine diesel engine,thereby affecting its working performance and service ***,an in-depth understanding of the spray and flame characteristics of multi-orifice nozzles will guide the optimization of the nozzle structure,needle design and diesel atomization and combustion *** this reason,four groups of dual-orifice nozzles with different hole diameters(0.1-0.55 mm) and mass flow rates covering the typical marine medium-speed diesel injections are designed and customized,and the constant volume chamber(CVC) with high temperature and pressure is used to simulate the actual in-cylinder working conditions of the diesel engine for the spray visualization *** study the asymmetry of the fuel sprays discharged from a diesel injector,the multi-orifice nozzle is simplified as a dual-orifice nozzle in this *** with X-ray Computed Tomography(CT) imaging technology,the influences of the nozzle internal structure on the spray and flame asymmetry are studied in the constructed supercritical *** is found that the asymmetry of the inlet angle and the equivalent length-diameter ratio is positively correlated with the inconsistency of the dual *** an increase in the injection pressure and nozzle diameter,the asymmetry of the dual spray becomes more pronounced,resulting in greater disparities in the ignition delay times and ignition positions of the two ***,the increase in nozzle diameter also leads to combustion instability,resulting in a flame with a serrated *** the increase of ambient temperature,the proportion of liquid phase in the jet decreases and the relative density of spray front decreases.

关键词： atomization dual-orifice nozzle nozzle structure spray flame asymmetry

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16.48% Efficient solution-processed CIGS solar cells with crystal growth and defects engineering enabled by Ag doping strategy

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2025年第1期100卷 59-65页

作者： Mengyu Xu Shaocong Yan Ting Liang Jia Jia Shengjie Yuan Dongxing Kou Zhengji Zhou Wenhui Zhou Yafang Qi Yuena Meng Litao Han Sixin Wu Key laboratory for Special Functional Materials of MOE National & Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology School of Nanoscience and Materials Engineering Henan University

Solution-processed Cu（In,Ga）Se2（CIGS） solar cells suffer from serious carrier recombination and power conversion efficiency（PCE） loss because of the poor film properties and easy formation of ***, we propose Ag&Se co-selenization strategy to enhance the crystallization and passivate harmful defects of the CIGS films. The formation of Ag-Se phase during the selenization process enables the formation of large grains and suppresses the deep level defects. It is found that Ag doping can enlarge the depletion region width, lower the Urbach energy and prolong the carrier lifetime. As a result, a champion solution-processed CIGS solar cell presents a high efficiency of 16.48% with the highly improved opencircuit voltage（VOC） of 662 m V and fill factor（FF） of 75.8%. This work provides an efficient strategy to prepare high quality solution-processed CIGS films for high-performance CIGS solar cells.

关键词： Cell engineering

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Calibration of the Solar X-ray Detector on-board the Macao Science Satellite-1B for Soft X-ray Detection

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年第1期68卷 11-26页

作者： Man-Hei NG Xiaoping ZHANG Jianwu CHEN Yongqiang SHI Fuchang ZUO Wenxi PENG Weichun FU Liansheng LI Pengwei LUO Chi-Long TANG Guozheng ZHANG Zhiwu MEI Li WANG Cunhui LI Jiaming OU Yanyan XU State Key laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences Macau University of Science and Technology China national Space Administration (CNSA) Macau Center for Space Exploration and Science Space Optoelectronic Measurement and Perception laboratory Beijing Institute of Control Engineering Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Science and technology on Vacuum technology and Physics laboratory Lanzhou Institute of Physics

The Solar X-ray Detector(SXD) on-board the Macao Science Satellite-1B(MSS-1B) was successfully launched via the Chinese Long March-2C rocket on 21 May 2023, and commenced operations in early June of the same year. The MSS-1B/Soft X-ray Detection Units(SXDUs) employ two silicon drift detectors(SDDs), providing a wide range of energy spectra spanning from 0.7 to 24 keV. Notably, the SXDUs deliver a high-resolution capability of 0.14 keV@5.9 keV and operate with a time cadence of 1 second. Here, we perform thorough calibrations of the MSS-1B/SXDUs, employing a combination of ground experiments and simulations. In addition, quantitative analysis comparing the flux measurements obtained by the MSS-1B/SXDUs to the data collected by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite(GOES), provides compelling evidence of their consistency. Furthermore, the preliminary spectral analysis results showcase the robustness and expected performance of the MSS-1B/SXDUs, unlocking their potential for facilitating the study of dynamic evolution of solar flares. Moreover, the innovative MSS-1B/Solar X-ray Detector facilitates concurrent observations of solar soft and hard X-rays, thereby making valuable contributions to the advancements in solar research.

关键词： Macao Science Satellite-1B (MSS-1B) Calibration Solar X-Ray Detector Spectrometer Soft X-rays Solar flares Solar abundances

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Unraveling post-growth mechanisms of monolayer CsPbBr3 nanocubes:Laser-enhanced transformations and cathodoluminescence-electron microscopy correlations

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2025年第1期100卷 146-156页

作者： Mingxing Li Xiaoge Wang Xiaofan Cao Zhiqun He Chunjun Liang Mingxing Chen Jing Ju Fangtian You Key laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information Ministry of Education Institute of Optoelectronic Technology Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing national laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Peking University

Lead-halide perovskite nanoparticles（LHP NPs） are highly promising materials for next-generation displays and solid-state lighting due to their exceptional optical properties. However, their inherent instability presents a significant challenge. Recent advances have demonstrated that optoelectronic devices based on monolayer nanoparticle films exhibit both high luminescence efficiency and long-term *** research demonstrates that mobility limitations and anisotropic alignments in CsPbBr3nanocube monolayer films are key to their stabilization, hindering spontaneous growth through face-to-face fusion and resulting in the formation of connecting necks in a diagonal direction. Introducing laser irradiation confirmed this by significantly accelerating nanocubes growth, increasing mobility, and enhancing local structural ordering, leading to larger and more regularly shaped nanosheets. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy line-scan analyses indicated that laser irradiation did not disrupt the ligand structure. Transmission electron microscopy and correlative cathodoluminescence electron microscopy revealed the effects of post-growth and heterogeneous structures, including enhanced luminescence and inhomogeneous intensity in the nanosheets. These findings deepen the understanding of the post-growth mechanism of monolayer nanoparticles and the structure-emission correlation and highlight the unique role of laser irradiation in directing the formation of well-defined and regular nanostructures.

关键词： Energy dispersive spectroscopy

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Numerical Simulation of Radiation Transport to Improve Microalgae Cultivation in an Air-Lift Photobioreactor

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Journal of Thermal Science 2025年第1期34卷 62-76页

作者： ZHANG Xianbin LI Mingjia HUNG Tzuchen ZHANG Zixun Key laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and engineering of Ministry of Education School of Energy and Power EngineeringXi'an Jiaotong University School of Mechanical engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Department of Mechanical engineering Taipei University of Technology

A comprehensive numerical model is developed to simulate the growth of microalgae under light/dark cycling *** purpose of this study is to predict the growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in photobioreactors(PBRs) in order to improve the light conditions for microalgae and enhance the photosynthetic *** fluid dynamics(CFD) is used to simulate its internal hydrodynamic *** Lagrangian method is employed to track the movement of microalgae *** radiative transfer equation(RTE)is used to obtain light intensity *** combination of light radiation field and microalgae cell motions is used to construct the light history and they are integrated into the model of the photosynthetic units(PSU) to calculate the microalgae growth *** numerical results demonstrate that enhanced light/dark cycling frequency with ordered mixing can promote efficient microalgae *** effect of the vortex flow field generated by the baffles in an air-lift PBR is analyzed for increasing microalgae growth *** using the 1:1 baffle spacing,the biomass production of microalgae is increased by 41.8% compared to the original PBR.

关键词： light distribution particle tracking photobioreactor structure optimization

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Precise gradient separation of nanoparticles using reduced graphene oxide-polyoxomolybdate membranes

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Science China Chemistry 2025年第1期68卷 209-216页

作者： Yixin Yang Wanlei Zhao Ruoxuan Zheng Hongqiang Li Wei Chen Yu-Fei Song State Key laboratory of Chemical Resource engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Quzhou Institute for Innovation in Resource Chemical engineering

The purification and size sieving of nanoparticles （NPs） represents a significant scientific ***,the r GO-polyoxometalates (POMs=PMo12,Mo132and Mo368) membranes were fabricated successfully via a simple and scalable POMsassisted in-situ photoreduction *** the mass ratio of r GO to PMo12was 1:30,the resultant r GO-PMo12membranes with highly ordered and uniform nanochannels of 1.0 nm can be obtained,which showed an accurate carbon quantum dots（CQDs） separation with a cut-off size approximately 1.0 *** increase of the size of the interlayered POMs from PMo12（1.0 nm）,{Mo132}（2.9 nm） to{Mo368}（3.8 nm）,the resultant r GO-PMo12,r GO-Mo132and r GO-Mo368exhibited precise gradient separation of CQDs and Au nanoparticles by size exclusion *** results pave a promising way to construct new twodimensional （2D） membranes for highly efficient size-selective separation.

关键词： reduced graphene oxide polyoxometalates membranes gradient separation nanoparticles

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Aerodynamic Optimization and Flow Mechanism for a Compressor Cascade at Low Reynolds Number

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Journal of Thermal Science 2025年第1期34卷 92-109页

作者： LI Lin ZHANG Jianshe CHEN Caiyan TAN Wei ZHANG Yanfeng Key laboratory of Light-Duty Gas-Turbine Institute of Engineering ThermophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences national Key laboratory of Science and technology on Advanced Light-duty Gas-turbine

Low-Reynolds-number effect is an important factor affecting the performance of compressors and other main components of high-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial *** improve the flow condition and reduce flow loss under the condition of high altitude and low Reynolds number(Re),this paper proposes an optimization process based on a surrogate model,which combines the class-shape transformation method(CST),the Latin hypercube sampling(LHS) method,the light gradient-boosting machine algorithm(LightGBM),and a genetic algorithm(GA) to optimize a high-subsonic compressor *** surrogate model is verified to be accurate and can be used in the optimization *** accuracy of the GA is higher than the other algorithms under common test *** optimization results are verified by numerical simulation,and the flow differences before and after optimization are compared,especially the flow within the boundary *** changing the blade shape,the optimization process adjusts the loading distribution to delay the transition of the optimized blade on the suction surface,which changes the turbulent reattachment in the laminar separation bubble(LSB) into laminar ***,the mixing loss induced by the turbulent reattachment of the LSB and the wake loss of turbulent separation at the trailing edge are significantly reduced,and the performance of the compressor profile is finally *** addition,turbulent separation of the optimized profile is delayed reducing the range of the wake region on the suction *** this optimization process,the reduction of total pressure loss coefficient at Re of 2.5×10～5,3.5×10～5,and 4.5×10～5 are 16.32%,20.76%,and 22.16%,respectively.

关键词： Reynolds number

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Substrate bias effects in p-channel GaN-on-Si transistors

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2025年第1期68卷 404-405页

作者： Mengyao ZHAO Jie MA Lanlan YANG Chuanqi PAN Denggui WANG Jianjun ZHOU Sheng LI Jiaxing WEI Long ZHANG Siyang LIU Weifeng SUN national ASIC System engineering Research Center School of Integrated Circuits Southeast University national Center of technology Innovation for Electronic Design Automation Southeast University national Key laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits

The drain current （ID） of the n-channel GaN field-effecttransistor （n-FET） is influenced by the substrate-to-source bias voltage (VBS)（substrate bias effect）[1].Actually,nonzero VBSis also likely to occur in p-FET in real application,because the source electrode of p-FET is usually connected to high *** study reports the dependency between IDand VBSin p-FET for the first time,and analyzes the underlying mechanisms from the perspective of vertical electric field （EF） distribution.

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A Wind Tunnel Experimental Study on the Wake Characteristics of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

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Journal of Thermal Science 2025年第1期34卷 145-158页

作者： GUO Xingduo LI Yinran LI Rennian MA Yulong WEI Kui College of Energy and Power engineering Lanzhou University of Technology Key laboratory of Fluid Machinery and Systems Gansu Provincial technology Centre for Wind Turbines

The characteristics of wind turbine wakes are influenced by multiple factors,including the atmospheric boundary layer(ABL) wind and wind turbine operating conditions(e.g.,tip speed ratio and yaw angle).In this study,two types of ABL winds with different velocity gradients and turbulence intensities are generated in a wind tunnel through configurations of spires,baffles,and various numbers of roughness elements.A wind turbine with a rotor diameter of 0.8 m and a hub height of 0.6 m is tested under varying tip speed ratios,yaw angles,and ABL wind *** results indicate that the streamwise velocity deficit in the near-wake region becomes more pronounced with an increase in the tip speed ratio,while the far-wake velocity deficit remains largely unaffected by changes in the tip speed *** the yaw angle increases,the wake deflection becomes more prominent and the wake narrows;the offset of the wake center at various downstream positions grows linearly,reaching a maximum value of approximately half the rotor ***,the turbulence level and influence range in the wake region are reduced when the turbine is *** ABL wind conditions,high turbulence intensity in the incoming flow accelerates wake recovery,and the Reynolds stress at different lateral positions tends to become consistent with increasing longitudinal ***,turbulence has a significant impact on the meandering characteristics of the wind turbine wake,with greater fluctuations in the wake center observed under higher turbulence ***,this study provides insights that could inform the optimal operation of wind farms.

关键词： horizontal axis wind turbine turbulence wind tunnel experiment wind turbine wake

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Conversion-type cathode materials for high energy density solid-state lithium batteries

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2025年第1期100卷 409-425页

作者： Yuhao Ma Shihong Qing Hongyu Liu Chuntao Ma Yuan Yu Chuang Yu Liping Wang School of Materials and Energy University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhejiang Provincial Key laboratory of Fiber Materials and Manufacturing technology Zhejiang Sci-Tech University State Key laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic engineering and technology School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology

Solid-state lithium batteries （SSLBs） are regarded as an essential growth path in energy storage systems due to their excellent safety and high energy *** particular,SSLBs using conversion-type cathode materials have received widespread attention because of their high theoretical energy densities,low cost,and *** the great progress in research and development of SSLBs based on conversiontype cathodes,their practical applications still face challenges such as blocked ionic-electronic migration pathways,huge volume change,interfacial incompatibility,and expensive processing *** review focuses on the advantages and critical issues of coupling conversion-type cathodes with solid-state electrolytes （SSEs）,as well as state-of-the-art progress in various promising cathodes （e.g.,FeS2,CuS,FeF3,FeF2,and S） in ***,representative research on conversion-type solid-state full cells is discussed to offer enlightenment for their practical ***,the energy density exhibited by the S cathode stands out impressively,while sulfide SSEs and halide SSEs have demonstrated immense potential for coupling with conversion-type ***,perspectives on conversion-type cathodes are provided at the material,interface,composite electrode,and battery levels,with a view to accelerating the development of conversion-type cathodes for high-energy–density SSLBs.

关键词： Sulfur compounds

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