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Performance Enhancement of Single-Phase Immersion Liquid-Cooled Data Center Servers

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Journal of Thermal Science 2024年第5期33卷 1757-1772页

作者： GE Junlei XIA Feifan ZHANG Chengbin HUANG Yongping School of Energy and environment Southeast UniversityNanjing 210096China Wuhan Digital Engineering research institute Wuhan 430205China

As the promising cooling method for the next generation of data centers,the internal heat transport mechanism and enhancement mechanism of single-phase immersion liquid-cooled(SPILC)systems are not yet well *** address this,a steady-state three-dimensional numerical model is constructed herein to analyze flow and thermal transport capacities in servers using SPILC and traditional air-cooling ***,this paper emphasizes the influence of component positioning,and underscores the benefits of optimizing coolant flow distribution using *** results indicate that the SPILC system outperforms the traditional air-cooling approach at the same inlet Reynolds number(Re).When Re=10000,the SPILC method reduces the maximum temperature by up to 70.13%,increases the average convective heat transfer coefficient by287.5%,and provides better overall thermal uniformity in data center ***,placing devices downstream of high-power components creates"thermal barriers"and degrades thermal transport for upstream devices due to increased flow *** spacing between high-power devices can lead to the formation of bypass channels,further deteriorating heat ***,the addition of baffles in the inlet section of SPILC systems effectively enhances heat dissipation *** maximize the heat dissipation capacity,minimizing bypass channels and optimizing the flow distribution of coolants are crucial.

关键词： single-phase immersion liquid-cooled performance enhancement data center

Overview of enhancing biological treatment of coal chemical wastewater:New strategies and future directions

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2024年第1期135卷 506-520页

作者： Weiwei Ma Xiaoqi Zhang Hongjun Han Xueqing Shi Qiaoping Kong Tong Yu Fei Zhao School of environmental and Municipal Engineering Qingdao University of TechnologyQingdao 266520China State Key Laboratory of Urban water Resource and environment Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150090China

Coal chemical wastewater(CCW)is a type of refractory industrial wastewater,and its treatment has become the main bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of novel coal chemical *** treatment is considered as an economical,effective and environmentally friendly technology for CCW ***,conventional biological process is difficult to achieve the efficient removal of refractory organics because of CCW with the characteristics of composition complexity and high ***,seeking the novel enhancement strategy appears to be a favorable solution for enhancing biological treatment efficiency of *** review focuses on presenting a comprehensive picture about the exogenous enhancement strategies for CCW biological *** performance and potential application of exogenous enhancement strategies,including co-metabolic substrate enhancement,biofilm filler enhancement,adsorption material enhancement and conductive mediator enhancement,were ***,the enhancing mechanisms of different strategies were comprehensively discussed from a biological ***,the prospects of enhancement strategies based on the engineering performance,economic cost and environmental impact(3E)evaluation were *** novel enhancement strategy based on“low carbon emissions”,“resource recycling”and“water environment security”in the context of carbon neutrality was *** together,this review provides technical reference and new direction to facilitate the regulation and optimization of typical industrial wastewater biological treatment.

关键词： Coal chemical wastewater Biological treatment Exogenous enhancement Refractory organics 3E evaluation

Sulphur-template method for facile manufacturing porous silicon electrodes with enhanced electrochemical performance

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2024年第8期35卷 433-436页

作者： Peng Zhou Ziang Jiang Yang Li Peng Xiao Feixiang Wu Powder Metallurgy research institute School of Metallurgy and EnvironmentCentral South UniversityChangsha 410083China

Sulphur(S)-template method based on conventional slurry-casting method has been developed to pro-duce porous silicon(Si)*** facile fabrication technology is suitable for current production line and expected to be widely applied to various electrode materials under large volume change during ***,S particles as template agent are mixed with active material Si,carbon conductor and binder forming uniform *** casting and drying,the electrodes are immersed in carbon disul-fide solution to remove S particles rapidly,generating pores in-situ at the original position of S *** analysis shows that the pores inside electrodes are able to shorten lithium ion diffusion paths,reduce normal expansion rate and decrease formation of cracks in the Si electrode(2 mg_(Si)/cm^(2)),demonstrating a reversible capacity of 951 mAh/g at 0.5 A/g after 100 cycles(with a capacity retention of 99.5%)and a capacity of-826 mAh/g at 2 A/g.

关键词： Sulphur-template Porous electrodes Silicon anodes Low volume expansion Lithium-ion batteries

Urban water system theory and its model development and application

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第3期67卷 704-724页

作者： Jun XIA Yongyong ZHANG Dunxian SHE Shiyan ZHANG Jun YANG Mingquan LV Xiang ZHANG Anqi LUO Shengjun WU Yang LIU Key Laboratory of water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China State Key Laboratory of water Resources&Hydropower Engineering Sciences Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China Aquatic Eco Health Group Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and HealthInstitute of Urban EnvironmentFujian Key Laboratory of Watershed EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen 361021China Chongqing institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of SciencesChongqing 400714China

The urban water system theory is an extension of the basin water system science on an urban scale, providing a new systematic solution for the unbalanced human-water relationship and severe water challenges, such as waterlogging, black and odorous water, and ecological degradation caused by urbanization. Most existing studies on urban water systems have focused on individual water cycle processes linked with water supply and sewage treatment plants, but mutual feedback between the water cycle and its associated material circulation and water ecology, as well as human processes, still needs further exploration. In this paper, the concept, theory, and technical methodology of the urban water system were developed based on the water cycle and basin water system science. The Urban water System 5.0(UWS 5.0) model was developed by integrating the Time Variant Gain rainfall-runoff Model with Urban water system(TVGM_Urban) in different underlying surface conditions for analyzing the natural-social water cycle processes and their associated water environmental and ecological processes and the influence of multiscale sponge measures. Herein, five major simulation functions were realized: rainfall-runoff-nonpoint source pollutant load,water and pollutant transportations through the drainage network system, terminal regulation and purification, socioeconomic water cycle, and water system assessment and regulation. The location for the case study used in this paper was Wuhan City. The findings showed that the entire urban water system should consider the built-up area and its associated rivers and lakes as the research object and explore the integrations among the urban natural-social water cycle and river regulations inside and outside of the city as well as the effects of socioeconomic development and sponge measures on the water quantity-quality-ecology processes. The UWS 5.0 model efficiently simulated the urban rainfall-runoff process, total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphoru

关键词： Urban water system Human-water relationship water issue Green development Theoretical basis Mathematical model

Analytical Solutions for Testing of Baroclinic and Wind-Driven Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Models

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第8期12卷 2866-2884页

作者： Cheng He National water research institute Environment Canada Burlington Ontario Canada

It is always a challenge for a model developer to verify a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, especially for the baroclinic term over variable topography, due to a lack of observational data sets or suitable analytical solutions. In this paper, exact solutions for the periodic forcing by surface heat flux and wind stress are given by solving the linearized equations of motion neglecting the rotation, advection and horizontal diffusion terms. The temperature at the bottom is set to a prescribed periodic value and a slip condition on flow is enforced at the bottom. The geometry of the quarter annulus, which has been extensively studied for two- and three-dimensional analytical solutions of unstratified water bodies, is used with a general power law variation of the bottom slope in the radial direction and is constant in the azimuthal direction. The analytical solutions are derived in a cylindrical coordinate system, which describes the three-dimensional fluid field in a Cartesian coordinate system. The results presented in this paper should provide a foundation for studying and verifying the baroclinic term over a varied topography in a three-dimensional numerical model.

关键词： 3D Model Baroclinic Force Analytical Solutions Model Verification

Cobalt single-atom catalyst tailored ceramic membrane for selective removal of emerging organic contaminants

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environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2024年第5期21卷 219-229页

作者： Jiaxuan Yang Jing Zhao Hesong Wang Yatao Liu Junwen Ding Tianyi Wang Jinlong Wang Han Zhang Langming Bai Heng Liang State Key Laboratory of Urban water Resource and environment School of EnvironmentHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150090PR China Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of water Pollution College of Environmental Science and EngineeringBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083PR China

water reuse is an effective way to solve the issues of current wastewater increments and water resource ***,a promising method for water reuse,has the characteristics of low energy consumption,easy operation,and high adaptability to coupling with other water treatment ***,emerging organic contaminants(EOCs)in municipal wastewater cannot be effectively intercepted by ultrafiltration,which poses significant challenges to the effluent quality and sustainability of ultrafiltration ***,we develop a cobalt single-atom catalyst-tailored ceramic membrane(Co1-NCNT-CM)in conjunction with an activated peroxymonosulfate(PMS)system,achieving excellent EOCs degradation and anti-fouling *** interfacial reaction mechanism effectively mitigates membrane fouling through a repulsive interaction with natural organic *** generation of singlet oxygen at the Co-N3-C active sites through a catalytic pathway(PMS/PMS*/OH*/O*/OO*/1 O_(2))exhibits selective oxidation of phenols and sulfonamides,achieving>90%removal *** findings elucidate a multi-layered functional architecture within the Co1-NCNT-CM/PMS system,responsible for its superior performance in organic decontamination and membrane maintenance during secondary effluent *** highlights the power of integrating Co1-NCNT-CM/PMS systems in advanced wastewater treatment frameworks,specifically for targeted EOCs removal,heralding a new direction for sustainable water management.

关键词： Single-atom catalytic ceramic membrane Peroxymonosulfate activation Selective oxidation Interfacial response Multi-layer functional zones

Selective removal of sulfamethoxazole by a novel double Z-scheme photocatalyst:Preferential recognition and degradation mechanism

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environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2024年第1期17卷 163-175页

作者： Jing-Yan Zhang Jie Ding Lu-Ming Liu RuiWu Lan Ding Jun-Qiu Jiang Ji-Wei Pang Yan Li Nan-Qi Ren Shan-Shan Yang State Key Laboratory of Urban water Resource and environment School of EnvironmentHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin150090China Harbin institute of Technology National Engineering research Center of water Resources Co. LtdHarbin150090China College of Chemistry Jilin University2699 Qianjin StreetChangchun130012China China Energy Conservation and environmental Protection Group Beijing100089China School of environmental Science and Engineering Yancheng Institute of TechnologyYancheng224051China

Sulfamethoxazole(SMX)is a significant environmental concern due to its adverse effects and ecological *** elimination in aquatic environments via photocatalysis presents a viable solution,given its high oxidation ***,such a solution remains controversial,primarily due to a lack of *** we introduce a molecularly imprinted TiO2@Fe_(2)O_(3)@g-C_(3)N_(4)(MFTC)photocatalyst designed for the selective degradation of *** assess MFTC's selectivity,we applied it to degrade synthetic wastewater containing SMX alongside interfering species sulfadiazine(SDZ),ibuprofen(IBU),and bisphenol A(BPA).The results demonstrated a selective degradation efficiency rate of 96.8%,nearly twice that of competing *** molecularly imprinted sites within the catalyst played a crucial role by selectively capturing SMX and enhancing its adsorption,thereby improving catalytic *** degradation process involvedOH and·O_(2)^(-)free radicals,with a newly proposed double Z-scheme mechanism and potential pathway for SMX degradation by the MFTC photocatalytic *** study enriches the application of photocatalysis using molecularly imprinted nanocomposite materials for treating complex pollutant mixtures in water.

关键词： selective photochemical oxidation Molecular imprinting Double Z-scheme heterojunction TiO2@Fe_(2)O_(3)@g-C_(3)N_(4) Sulfamethoxazole degradation

Stochastic Analysis and Modeling of Velocity Observations in Turbulent Flows

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Journal of environmental & Earth Sciences 2024年第1期6卷 45-56页

作者： Evangelos Rozos Jorge Leandro Demetris Koutsoyiannis institute for environmental research&Sustainable Development National Observatory of AthensAthens15236Greece research institute for water and environment University of SiegenSiegen57076Germany Department of water Resources and environmental Engineering School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of AthensAthens15780Greece

Highly turbulent water flows,often encountered near human constructions like bridge piers,spillways,and weirs,display intricate dynamics characterized by the formation of eddies and *** formations,varying in sizes and lifespans,significantly influence the distribution of fluid velocities within the ***,the rapid velocity fluctuations in highly turbulent flows lead to elevated shear and normal stress *** this reason,to meticulously study these dynamics,more often than not,physical modeling is employed for studying the impact of turbulent flows on the stability and longevity of nearby *** the effectiveness of physical modeling,various monitoring challenges arise,including flow disruption,the necessity for concurrent gauging at multiple locations,and the duration of *** these challenges,image velocimetry emerges as an ideal method in fluid mechanics,particularly for studying turbulent *** account for measurement duration,a probabilistic approach utilizing a probability density function(PDF)is suggested to mitigate uncertainty in estimated average and maximum ***,it becomes evident that deriving the PDF is not straightforward for all turbulence-induced *** response,this study proposes a novel approach by combining image velocimetry with a stochastic model to provide a generic yet accurate description of flow dynamics in such *** integration enables an approach based on the probability of failure,facilitating a more comprehensive analysis of turbulent *** an approach is essential for estimating both short-and long-term stresses on hydraulic constructions under assessment.

关键词： Smart modeling Turbulent flows Data analysis Stochastic analysis Image velocimetry

Improving photochemical indicators for attributing ozone sensitivities in source apportionment analysis

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Journal of environmental Sciences 2024年第9期143卷 235-246页

作者： Xiaohui Du Wei Tang Zhongzhi Zhang Yang Yu Yang Li Ling Huang Greg Yarwood Fan Meng Atmospheric environment institute Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China College of water Sciences Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100857China Asia Center for Air Pollution research United Nations Environment Programme Asia and the Pacific OfficeNishi-kuNiigata-shi 9502144Japan School of environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444China Ramboll NovatoCalifornia 94945USA

Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions(CAMx)-Decoupled Direct Method(DDM)simulations of first-order ozone(O_(3))sensitivity to nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)emissions were performed and combined with modelled P_(H_(2)O_(2))/P_(HNO_(3))ratios to obtain a range of thresholds for determining O_(3)-sensitivity regimes for different areas of *** the new threshold ranges for photochemical indicators,the method for determining O_(3)formation in the Ozone Source Apportionment Technology(OSAT)module within CAMx was improved by a dynamically varied threshold of P_(H_(2)O_(2))/P_(HNO_(3))*** O_(3)concentration contributions in the newly added transition regime were apportioned to NO_(x)and VOCs emissions in proportion to the relationship between the P_(H_(2)O_(2))/P_(HNO_(3))ratio and first-order O_(3)*** source contributions of O_(3)concentrations from different emission sectors from June to September 2019 were compared using the original and improved *** results showed that the O_(3)concentration contributions changed significantly in the NO_(x)-limited regime,with a maximum decrease of 21.89%,while the contributions increased by up to 7.57%in the VOC-limited regime,and were within 15μg/m^(3)in the transition *** modified OSAT module enabled a more sophisticated attribution of O_(3)to precursor emissions and may have far-reaching implications for informing O_(3)pollution control policy.

关键词： O_(3) modeling O_(3)-sensitivity regimes Ozone source apportionment technology Photochemical indicators