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Added-value of GeO-hyperspectral Infrared radiances for Local Severe Storm Forecasts Using the Hybrid OSSe Method

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2021年第8期38卷 1315-1333页

作者： Pei WANG Zhenglong LI Jun LI Timothy JSCHMIT Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI53706USA Advanced Satellite Product Branch Center for Satellite Applications and ResearchNESDIS/NOAAMadisonWI53706USA

High spectral resolution(or hyperspectral)infrared(IR)sounders onboard low earth orbiting satellites provide high vertical resolution atmospheric information for numerical weather prediction(NWP)*** contrast,imagers on geostationary(GeO)satellites provide high temporal and spatial resolution which are important for monitoring the moisture associated with severe weather systems,such as rapidly developing local severe storms(LSS).A hyperspectral IR sounder onboard a geostationary satellite would provide four-dimensional atmospheric temperature,moisture,and wind profiles that have both high vertical resolution and high temporal/spatial *** this work,the added-value from a GeO-hyperspectral IR sounder is studied and discussed using a hybrid Observing System Simulation experiment(OSSe)method.A hybrid OSSe is distinctively different from the traditional OSSe in that,(a)only future sensors are simulated from the nature run and(b)the forecasts can be evaluated using real *** avoids simulating the complicated observation characteristics of the current systems(but not the new proposed system)and allows the impact to be assessed against real *** Cross-track Infrared Sounder(CrIS)full spectral resolution(FSR)is assumed to be onboard a GeO for the impact studies,and the GeO CrIS radiances are simulated from the eCMWF Reanalysis v5(era5)with the hyperspectral IR all-sky radiative transfer model(HIRTM).The simulated GeO CrIS radiances are validated and the hybrid OSSe system is verified before the impact *** LSS cases from 2018 and 2019 are selected to evaluate the value-added impacts from the GeO CrIS-FSR *** impact studies show improved atmospheric temperature,moisture,and precipitation forecasts,along with some improvements in the wind *** added-value,consisting of an overall 5%Root Mean Square error(RMSe)reduction,was found when a GeO CrIS-FSR is used in replacement of LeO ones indicat-ing the potential for a

关键词： GeO hyperspectral IR hybrid OSSe satellite data assimilation

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A Study on the Plate Tectonics in the early earth Period Based on the Core-Magma Angular Momentum exchange

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Open Journal of Geology 2023年第6期13卷 598-621页

作者： Weihong Qian Jun Du School of Physics Peking University Beijing China Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology CMA Guangzhou China environmental Modeling Center NCEP/NWS/NOAA College Park MD USA

By using a dynamical approach of core-magma angular momentum exchange, this study theoretically explains the continental formation and plate drift as well as main mountain uplifts in the early earth period. The present mantle and lithosphere were the partial part of magma fluid layer (mantle currents) before and after the earth’s crust formation. Thus, a theory is presented regarding the driving forces of plate drift, in the form of planetary scale mantle currents. The origin of mantle currents is traced back to the formation of the solar system. It is assumed that small particles (nebula matter) orbiting the Sun assembled, and a molten sphere of primordial earth with different minerals evenly distributed throughout the total mass came into existence. Subsequently, a process called planetary differentiation took place, as the core and mantle currents (magma layer) started separating. This will inevitably cause the earth to spin faster, and it is presumed that the inner core first gained angular velocity, thereby spinning faster than the material found at a shallower depth. The time interval of the angular momentum exchange between the core and the magma should have lasted for at least 0.1 - 0.2 billion years. Planetary scale vertical and horizontal circulations of mantle currents took place, and angular momentum exchange was realized through the vertical component. The horizontal part of the mantle currents, near the bottom of the lithosphere, became a real force to drive continental split and plate drift. The acceleration and deceleration of the core compared with the mantle currents then caused different flow directions in the two hemispheres. When the inner core rotates faster from west to east, upper mantle currents will tend to flow westwards and towards the two poles. Surface lighter materials converged towards the two poles so that two continental polar crust caps appeared when the magma surface was cooling. This caused two original supercontinents to form ab

关键词： Continental Formation Plate Drift Himalayans Orthogonal Convergence Intertropical Convergence Zone

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SeNSITIVITY OF PReCIPITATION TO SeA SURFACe TeMPeraTURe AND ITS DIURNAL VARIATION:A PARTITIONING ANALYSIS BASeD ON SURFACe raINFALL BUDGeT

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2012年第3期18卷 369-376页

作者：周玉淑李小凡 Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms(LACS) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences noaa/NeSDIS/Centre for Satellite Applications and Research Camp SpringsMarylandUSA

The sensitivity of precipitation to sea surface temperature(SST) and its diurnal variation is investigated through a rainfall partitioning analysis of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model experiments based on surface rainfall *** all experiments,the model is set up using zero vertical velocity and a constant zonal wind and is integrated over 40 days to reach quasi-equilibrium *** 10-day equilibrium grid-scale simulation data and a time-invariant SST of 29°C are used in the control *** the sensitivity experiments,time-invariant SSTs are 27°C and 31°C with an average value of 29°C when the minimum and maximum values of diurnal SST differences are 1°C and 2°C,*** results show that the largest contribution to total rainfall is from the rainfall with water vapor convergence and local atmospheric drying and hydrometeor gain/divergence(~30%) in all *** SST increases from 27°C to 29°C,the contribution from water vapor convergence *** increase of SST reduces the contribution of the rainfall with water vapor convergence primarily through the decreased contribution of the rainfall with local atmospheric drying and hydrometeor gain/divergence and the rainfall with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/*** inclusion of diurnal variation of SST with the diurnal difference of 1°C decreases the rainfall contribution from water vapor convergence primarily through the decreased contribution of the rainfall with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/*** contribution of the rainfall from water vapor convergence is barely changed as the diurnal difference of SST increases from 1°C to 2°C.

关键词： precipitation statistics sea surface temperature(SST) diurnal variation equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulation

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ADVANCING THe STATe OF THe ART IN OPeraTIONAL TROPICAL CYCLONe FOReCASTING AT NCeP

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Tropical Cyclone Research and Review 2018年第1期7卷 51-56页

作者： AVICHAL MeHra VIJAY TALLAPraGADA ZHAN ZHANG BIN LIU LIN ZHU Weiguo Wang Hyun-Sook Kim noaa/NWS/NCeP/eMC College ParkMDUSA IMSG at noaa/NWS/NCeP/eMC College ParkMDUSA

Regional Hurricane modeling systems developed and implemented into operations at National Centers for environmental Prediction(NCeP)of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(noaa)National Weather Service(NWS)are now used for tropical cyclone forecast guidance in all ocean basins of the ***,HWRF(Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast)modeling system has made significant improvements to the state of the art in numerical guidance for tropical cyclone track,intensity,size,structure and rainfall *** improvements come from advances in various components of the modeling system that are incorporated into the model in yearly upgrade ***/NCeP/environmental Modeling Center’s hurricane team has also developed another non-hydrostatic hurricane model in noaa environmental Modeling System(NeMS)framework known as HMON(Hurricanes in a Multi-scale Ocean-coupled Non-hydrostatic)model which was implemented at NCeP operations this past *** of HMON is consistent with,and a step closer to developing Next Generation Global Prediction System(NGGPS)chosen Finite Volume Cubed-Sphere(FV3)dynamic core based global to local scale coupled models in a unified modeling *** this paper,operational configuration details of this new HMON model are discussed along with operational HWRF model upgrades,and their forecast performance is compared to other *** also discuss plans for hurricane model improvements in the next two to five years.

关键词： operational models forecasting tropical cyclones

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A theoretical study of the multigrid three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme using a simple bilinear interpolation algorithm

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2013年第3期32卷 80-87页

作者： LI Wei XIe Yuanfu HAN Guijun Key Laboratory of State Oceanic Administration for Marine environmental Information Technology National Marine Data and Information ServiceState Oceanic Administration noaa earth System Research Laboratory BoulderCO 80305-3337USA

In order to solve the so-called ＂bull-eye＂ problem caused by using a simple bilinear interpolation as an observational mapping operator in the cost function in the multigrid three-dimensional variational （3DVAR） data assimilation scheme, a smoothing term, equivalent to a penalty term, is introduced into the cost function to serve as a means of troubleshooting. A theoretical analysis is first performed to figure out what on earth results in the issue of ＂bull-eye＂, and then the meaning of such smoothing term is elucidated and the uniqueness of solution of the multigrid 3DVAR with the smoothing term added is discussed through the theoretical deduction for one-dimensional （1D） case, and two idealized data assimilation experiments （one- and two-dimensional （2D） cases）. By exploring the relationship between the smoothing term and the recursive filter theoretically and practically, it is revealed why satisfied analysis results can be achieved by using such proposed solution for the issue of the multigrid 3DVAR.

关键词： multigrid three-dimensional variational data assimilation bilinear interpolation

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美国诺阿卫星计划: 迈向21世纪的新进展

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气象科技 1998年第2期26卷 9-13页

作者： RobertS.Winokur 罗东风美国NeSDIS/noaa

文章译自美国国家海洋大气局（ＮＯＡＡ）、国家环境卫星数据及服务局（ＮＥＳＤＩＳ）局长ＲｏｂｅｒｔＳ．Ｗｉｎｏｋｕｒ的报告。文章介绍了迈向２１世纪的美国诺阿环境卫星计划和卫星遥感应用技术的进展，使读者了解未来美国极轨气... 详细信息

文章译自美国国家海洋大气局（ＮＯＡＡ）、国家环境卫星数据及服务局（ＮＥＳＤＩＳ）局长ＲｏｂｅｒｔＳ．Ｗｉｎｏｋｕｒ的报告。文章介绍了迈向２１世纪的美国诺阿环境卫星计划和卫星遥感应用技术的进展，使读者了解未来美国极轨气象卫星系统、极具前景的三维温、湿变量卫星遥感反演以及静止气象卫星最新遥感应用技术发展的前景。

关键词： 21世纪诺阿卫星计划极轨卫星系统气象卫星

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Pollen-inferred vegetation and environmental changes in the central Tibetan Plateau since 8200 yr BP

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Science China earth Sciences 2009年第8期52卷 1104-1114页

作者： LIU Kam-Biu Carrie MORRILL Jonathan T. OVeRPeCK Julia e. COLe Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences School of the Coast and Environment Louisiana State University noaa Paleoclimatology Program and Cooperative Institute for Research in environmental Sciences (CIReS) Institute for the Study of Planet earth and Department of Geosciences University of Arizona

The ecotone between alpine steppe and meadow in the central Tibetan Plateau is sensitive to climate changes. Here we used the pollen records from three lakes in this region to reconstruct the evolution of local vegetation and climate since 8200 cal. yr BP. The history of temperature and precipitation was reconstructed quantitatively with multi-bioclimatic indexes and a transfer function from pollen records. Results show that the steppe/meadow dominated during the period of 8200―6500 cal. yr BP, especially 8200―7200 cal. yr BP, indicating the central Tibetan Plateau was controlled by strong monsoon. The steppe dominated during the periods of 6000―4900, 4400―3900, and 2800―2400 cal. yr BP. The steppe decreased gradually and the meadow expanded during the period of 4900―4400 cal. yr BP. Three century-scale drought events occurred during 5800―4900, 4400―3900 and 2800 cal. yr BP, respectively. The first time when the regional climate shifted to the present level was at 6500 cal. yr BP in the central Plateau. Since 3000 cal. yr BP, the temperature and precipitation have decreased gradually to the present level. However, the cold climate between 700―300 cal. yr BP likely corresponds to the Little Ice Age.

关键词： the meadow-steppe ecotone (MSe) pollen record bioclimatic index central Tibetan Plateau

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effects of sea surface temperature,cloud radiative and microphysical processes,and diurnal variations on rainfall in equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations

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Chinese Physics B 2012年第5期21卷 308-315页

作者：蒋哲李小凡周玉淑高守亭 Institute of Remoting Sensing Applications Chinese Academy of Sciences noaa/NeSDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research Camp Springs Maryland 21029USA Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms(LACS) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

The effects of sea surface temperature（SST）,cloud radiative and microphysical processes,and diurnal variations on rainfall statistics are documented with grid data from the two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model *** a rain rate of higher than 3 mm.h 1,water vapor convergence *** rainfall amount decreases with the decrease of SST from 29℃ to 27℃,the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST,or the exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds and radiative effects of water clouds,which are primarily associated with the decreases in water vapor ***,the amount of rainfall increases with the increase of SST from 29℃ to 31℃,the exclusion of diurnal variation of solar zenith angle,and the exclusion of the radiative effects of ice clouds,which are primarily related to increases in water vapor *** a rain rate of less than 3 mm.h 1,water vapor divergence *** rainfall statistics for rain rates of higher than 3 mm.h 1,the decrease of SST from 29℃ to 27℃ and the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds increase the rainfall amount,which corresponds to the suppression in water vapor *** exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds decreases the amount of rainfall,which corresponds to the enhancement in water vapor *** amount of rainfall is less sensitive to the increase of SST from 29℃ to 31℃ and to the radiative effects of water clouds in the absence of the radiative effects of ice clouds.

关键词： rain rate sea surface temperature radiative and microphysical effects of ice and water clouds diurnal variation

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Methane retrieval from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder using eOF-based regression algorithm and its validation

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2014年第14期59卷 1508-1518页

作者： Ying Zhang Xiaozhen Xiong Jinhua Tao Chao Yu Mingmin Zou Lin Su Liangfu Chen State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital EarthChinese Academy of Sciences noaa Center for Satellite Applications and Research College ParkMD 20740USA

This paper presents a rapid regression algorithm for the retrieval of methane(CH4)profile from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS)based on empirical orthogonal functions(eOF)and its *** algorithm was trained using the simulated radiance from an assemble of atmospheric profiles and can be utilized to derive the CH4profile rapidly with the input of the AIRS cloud-clear *** using hundreds of aircraft profiles demonstrates that the root mean square error(RMSe)is about 1.5%in the AIRS sensitive region of359–596 hPa,which is smaller than AIRS-V5 product(except in high latitudes).Comparison with the groundbased solar Fourier transform spectrometry observations showed that the RMSe of the retrieved CH4total column amount is less than 3%.This eOF-based regression method can be easily applied to other thermal infrared sounders for deriving CH4and some other gases,and the derived profiles can be used as the first guess for further physical retrieval.

关键词：热红外探测器回归算法 eOF 检索甲烷验证大气均方根误差

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2016年7月华北极端降水的中期预报误差分析

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科学通报 2018年第3期63卷 340-355页

作者：代刊毕宝贵朱跃建国家气象中心北京100081 noaa/NWS/NCeP/environmental Modeling Center Maryland 20740USA

2016年7月19~20日华北地区受黄淮气旋影响出现极端降水.数值模式对气旋的中期预报(≥4 d)出现显著偏差.基于欧洲中期天气预报中心集合预报数据,对中期预报误差的来源和演变进行了分析.采用集合敏感性分析显示:敏感系统主要包括新疆以西... 详细信息

2016年7月19~20日华北地区受黄淮气旋影响出现极端降水.数值模式对气旋的中期预报(≥4 d)出现显著偏差.基于欧洲中期天气预报中心集合预报数据,对中期预报误差的来源和演变进行了分析.采用集合敏感性分析显示:敏感系统主要包括新疆以西高空槽分裂出的短波,及江南上空高度场;气旋强度与敏感系统强弱显著相关,而位置与系统位相关系密切.进一步挑选两组集合成员:一组气旋路径、强度及降水接近实况;另一组则路径偏南且强度偏弱.组间标准差分析显示:有3个来自初始场及早期预报的显著差异区与敏感系统相伴随,包括从西西伯利亚深厚气旋分裂的位涡扰动的前部、后部的正差异区,以及内蒙古西部位涡扰动西侧的负差异区;初始差异区主要位于对流层高层,呈正负相间波列排列;差异区沿位涡梯度带向下游移动,并逐渐向低层伸展.采用统计位涡反演方法探讨误差影响的机制表明,两个正差异区影响了气旋生成的强度和路径,以及下游高压脊的强度;负差异区影响了气旋生成时偏南暖湿气流的输送;预报较准确的成员,表现出更强的高空位涡扰动和低层偏南暖湿气流输送位置更偏北.最后讨论误差形成的可能原因,并指出敏感性分析和成员分组对比可以互补,用于监测中期预报误差的演变和影响.

关键词：极端降水温带气旋中期预报模式误差来源集合预报

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