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Evidence that Low Density Lipoprotein Is the Primary Cause of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Bradford-Hill Approach

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 2017年第9期7卷 271-284页

作者： David S. Schade Deborah Helitzer Philip Eaton Division of Endocrinology Department of Internal Medicine University of NM School of Medicine Albuquerque NM USA Family and Community Medicine University of NM School of Medicine Albuquerque NM USA

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the Westernized world. The costs in productive lives lost to individuals, families, and society?are?staggering. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, and preventative?treatment?are all clearly described. Why then, has this epidemic not been eradicated? One reason is the uncertainty about the primary cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is a circulating lipid particle that deposits cholesterol into the arterial wall?which?subsequently evolves into an atherosclerotic plaque and a life-threatening arterial thrombosis. The reason that LDL is not universally accepted as the cause of atherosclerosisis that there are no randomized controlled trials (RCT’s) providing this evidence. For ethical, financial, and scientific?reasons, an RCT of sufficient duration to prove or disprove this hypothesis?may never be initiated. We propose a?unique approach to support the critical role of LDL in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Employing criteria based on those proposed by Sir Austin Bradford Hill, we describe the large body of scientific evidence supporting LDL as the primary cause of atherosclerosis. Sir Austin Bradford Hill was a British epidemiologist/statistician who lived in the 20th?century. He acknowledged that the cause of a disease could not always be established by a randomized clinical trial. Therefore, he outlined nine criteria (now known as the Bradford-Hill criteria) that should be met if an etiological factor was likely the cause of a disease. The data in this manuscript are organized according to these nine criteria. These data strongly suggest that LDL is the primary cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and that sufficient LDL reduction (i.e., to mmol/L) will lead to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease becoming a rare event.

关键词： Low Density Lipoprotein

Efficient sampling for decision making in materials discovery

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Chinese Physics B 2021年第5期30卷 1-11页

作者： Yuan Tian Turab Lookman Dezhen Xue State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049China Los Alamos National Laboratory Los AlamosNM 87545USA

Accelerating materials discovery crucially relies on strategies that efficiently sample the search space to label a pool of unlabeled *** is important if the available labeled data sets are relatively small compared to the unlabeled data *** learning with efficient sampling methods provides the means to guide the decision making to minimize the number of experiments or iterations required to find targeted *** review here different sampling strategies and show how they are utilized within an active learning loop in materials science.

关键词： sampling methods active learning decision making material design Bayesian optimization

Non-destructive thermal imaging for object detection via advanced deep learning for robotic inspection and harvesting of chili peppers

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Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture 2021年第1期5卷 102-117页

作者： Steven C.Hespeler Hamidreza Nemati Ehsan Dehghan-Niri Intelligent Structures and Nondestructive Evaluation(ISNDE) Civil Engineering DepartmentNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNMUSA

Deep Learning has been utilized in computer vision for object detection for almost a ***-time object detection for robotic inspection and harvesting has gained interest during this time as a possible technique for highqualitymachine assistance during agriculture *** utilize RGB and thermal images of chili peppers in an environment of various amounts of debris,pepper overlapping,and ambient lighting,train this dataset,and compare object detection *** are presented from the real-time and less than real-time object detection *** advanced deep learning algorithms,Mask-Regional Convolutional Neural Networks(Mask-RCNN)and You Only Look Once version 3(YOLOv3)are compared in terms of object detection accuracy and computational *** utilizing the YOLOv3 architecture,an overall training mean average precision(mAP)value of 1.0 is *** testing images from this model score within a range from 97 to 100%confidence levels in natural *** is shown that the YOLOv3 algorithm has superior capabilities to the Mask-RCNNwith over 10 times the computational speed on the chili ***,some of the RGB test images resulted in lowclassification scoreswhen heavy debris is present in the image.A significant improvement in the real-time classification scores was observed when the thermal images were used,especially with heavy debris *** found and report improved prediction scores with a thermal imagery dataset where YOLOv3 struggled on the RGB *** was shown that mapping temperature differences between the pepper and plant/debris can provide significant features for object detection in real-time and can help improve accuracy of predictionswith heavy debris,variant ambient lighting,and overlapping of *** addition,successful thermal imaging for real-time robotic harvesting could allow the harvesting period to become more efficient and open up harvesting opportunity in low light situations.

关键词： Deep learning You only look once(YOLO)v3 Object detection Chili pepper fruit

Evolving role of artificial intelligence in gastrointestinal endoscopy

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第46期26卷 7287-7298页

作者： Gulshan Parasher Morgan Wong Manmeet Rawat Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNM 87131United States

Artificial intelligence(AI)is a combination of different technologies that enable machines to sense,comprehend,and learn with human-like levels of *** technology will eventually enhance human capability,provide machines genuine autonomy,and reduce errors,and increase productivity and *** seems promising,and the field is full of invention,novel applications;however,the limitation of machine learning suggests a cautious optimism as the right *** is also becoming incorporated into medicine to improve patient care by speeding up processes and achieving greater accuracy for optimal patient *** using deep learning technology has been used to identify,differentiate catalog images in several medical fields including gastrointestinal *** gastrointestinal endoscopy field involves endoscopic diagnoses and prognostication of various digestive diseases using image analysis with the help of various gastrointestinal endoscopic device ***-based endoscopic systems can reliably detect and provide crucial information on gastrointestinal pathology based on their training and *** systems can make gastroenterology practice easier,faster,more reliable,and reduce inter-observer variability in the coming ***,the thought that these systems will replace human decision making replace gastrointestinal endoscopists does not seem plausible in the near *** this review,we discuss AI and associated various technological terminologies,evolving role in gastrointestinal endoscopy,and future possibilities.

关键词： Artificial intelligence Gastrointestinal endoscopy Machine learning Endoscopic diagnosis Gastric cancer Gastrointestinal diseases

Well-posedness and dynamics of fractional Fitz Hugh-Nagumo systems on R^(N) driven by nonlinear noise

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Science China Mathematics 2021年第11期64卷 2395-2436页

作者： Renhai Wang Boling Guo Bixiang Wang Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics Beijing 100088China Department of Mathematics New Mexico Institute of Mining and TechnologySocorroNM 87801USA

This article is concerned with the well-posedness as well as long-term dynamics of a wide class of non-autonomous,non-local,fractional,stochastic Fitz Hugh-Nagumo systems driven by nonlinear noise defined on the entire space *** well-posedness is proved for the systems with polynomial drift terms of arbitrary order as well as locally Lipschitz nonlinear diffusion terms by utilizing the pathwise and mean square uniform *** mean random dynamical system generated by the solution operators is proved to possess a unique weak pullback mean random attractor in a Bochner *** existence of invariant measures is also established for the autonomous systems with globally Lipschitz continuous diffusion *** idea of uniform tail-estimates of the solutions in the appropriate spaces is employed to derive the tightness of a family of probability distributions of the solutions in order to overcome the non-compactness of the standard Sobolev embeddings on RNas well as the lack of smoothing effect on one component of the *** results of this paper are new even when the fractional Laplacian is replaced by the standard Laplacian.

关键词： fractional Fitz Hugh-Nagumo system weak pullback mean random attractor invariant measure nonlinear noise unbounded domain

RADIATION BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS:A REVIEW OF ACCURATE TIME-DOMAIN FORMULATIONS

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Journal of Computational Mathematics 2007年第3期25卷 305-336页

作者： Thomas Hagstrom Stephen Lau Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNM 87131USA Division of Applied Mathematics Brown University182 George StreetProvidenceRI 02912USA

We review time-domain formulations of radiation boundary conditions for Maxwell＇s equations, focusing on methods which can deliver arbitrary accuracy at acceptable compu-tational cost. Examples include fast evaluations of nonlocal conditions on symmetric and general boundaries, methods based on identifying and evaluating equivalent sources, and local approximations such as the perfectly matched layer and sequences of local boundary conditions. Complexity estimates are derived to assess work and storage requirements as a function of wavelength and simulation time.

关键词： Maxwell's equations Radiation boundary conditions Fast algorithms Kirchoffformulas Perfectly matched layers.

Gold Nanobelt Reorientation by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

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Chinese Physics Letters 2007年第8期24卷 2227-2229页

作者：张春芳魏合林王键刘祖黎 Department of Physics ftuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 Materials Science and Technology Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA

The embedded atom method is used to study the structure stability of gold nanobelt. The Au nanobelts have a rectangular cross-section with （100） orientation along the x^-,γ- and z-axes. Free surfaces are used along the x- and y-directions, and periodic boundary condition is used along z-direction. The simulation is performed at different temperatures and cross-section sizes. Our results show that the structure stability of the Au nanobelts depends on the nanobelt size, initial orientation, boundary conditions and temperature. A critical temperature exists for Au nanobelts to transform from initial （100） nanobelt to final （110） nanobelt. The mechanism of the reorientation is the slip and spread of dislocation through the nanobelt under compressive stress caused by tensile surface-stress components.

关键词： SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION TRANSITION AU(100)

Mixture network autoregressive model with application on students’successes

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Frontiers of Mathematics in China 2020年第1期15卷 141-154页

作者： Weizhong TIAN Fengrong WEI Thomas BROWN Department of Mathematical Sciences Eastern New Mexico UniversityPortalesNM 88130USA Department of Mathematics University of West GeorgiaCarrolltonGA 30118USA

We propose a mixture network regression model which considers both response variables and the node-specific random vector depend on the *** order to estimate and compare the impacts of various connections on a response variable simultaneously,we extend it into p different types of *** ordinary least square estimators of the effects of different types of connections on a response variable is derived with its asymptotic *** studies demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method in the estimation of the mixture autoregressive *** the end,a real data illustration on the students’GPA is discussed.

关键词： Network regression multiple connections heterogeneous dynamic effects

Geographic patterns of plant-herbivore interactions are driven by soil fertility

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2019年第4期12卷 653-661页

作者： Joshua S.Lynn Jason D.Fridley Department of Biology Syracuse UniversitySyracuseNY 13244USA Department of Biology University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNM 87131USA

Aims Geographic patterns of the intensity of plant herbivory in relation to climate factors have garnered little general support and appear to be species ***,plant-herbivore interactions are also driven by resource availability,such as soil nutrient content,and it remains unclear whether broad-scale variation in soil factors is reflected in herbivore consumption rates across species’***,we know little of how intraspecific variation in tissue quality associates with edaphic and climatic factors,and how this variation controls herbivore *** resource availability hypothesis(RAH)predicts that plant individuals growing in low-resource environments will have lower leaf nutritional quality and more constitutive defenses,which will result in lower rates of leaf *** We collected leaves from the old-field dominant species,Solidago altissima L.,from 20 sites across 10 degrees of latitude in the Eastern USA to determine the percentage leaf area consumed by insect *** obtained soil and climate data for each site,as well as plant functional and defensive traits,including specific leaf area(SLA),leaf carbon:nitrogen(C:N),and trichome *** Findings Although we found no significant latitudinal trend of leaf consump-tion rate,there was strong evidence that leaf herbivory decreased with leaf C:N and trichome density,which themselves decreased with soil N,supporting our hypothesis that the RAH applies for intraspecific variation across spatial ***,high precipitation seasonality and soil nitrogen predicted decreased *** results suggest that spatial variation in herbivory can be driven by factors other than herbivore communities and climatic gradients,and that bottom-up processes,where plant traits and soil fertility control leaf consumption,must be incorporated into spatial predictions of herbivory.

关键词： biogeography bottom-up controls old fields plant-insect interactions plant functional and defense traits