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Wood use and forest management by Neolithic millet farmers at the Xinglong site,northern China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第6期67卷 1910-1921页

作者： Hui SHEN Zhenwei QIU Keliang ZHAO Xinying ZHOU Xiaoqiang LI Key Laboratory of vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China National museum of China Beijing 100006China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The origin and development of agriculture and its relationship with climate change are hotly debated topics among environmental archaeologists.In this study,we analyzed wood charcoal materials from the Neolithic Xinglong site in northern China in order to understand the woody vegetation around the site and how early millet farmers shaped local woodlands.Our results suggest that the area around the Xinglong sites during 8700-7000 yr BP was primarily woodlands,including Prunus sibirica shrubs,Ulmus and Acer forests,and Populus stands near waterways.From 8000 to 7000 yr BP,the warm and humid climate probably contributed to the expansion of Acer,Rhamnus,and Juniperus,and may have facilitated the development of early millet agriculture.Among these ancient wood fragments that we studied,the high percent of Prunus charcoal appears to indicate an abundance of fruit trees,which might have constituted the main component of local vegetation.Meanwhile,the wood taxa illustrate the existence of a variety of ecological habitats,and it is logical to assume that people made full use of the locally available wood resources.Notably,Populus and Ulmus were the dominant sources of fuel.The results of tree-ring curvature analyses indicate that people mainly collected trunks or large branches of Ulmus,Populus,Acer,and Juniperus timbers.We interpret the increasing use of Prunus twigs and the declining percentage of Prunus charcoal in the period between 8000-7000 yr BP as indicating that people started to protect and manage wild fruit trees.They may have started pruning to acquire more food resources as part of the cultural responses and adaptation strategies employed by these early millet cultivators.

关键词： Xinglong site Wood charcoal Wood use Woodland management

Physiological phenotypes differ among color morphs in introduced common wall lizards(Podarcis muralis)

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Integrative zoology 2024年第3期19卷 505-523页

作者： Ali AMER Sierra SPEARS Princeton L.VAUGHN Cece COLWELL Ethan H.LIVINGSTON Wyatt MCQUEEN Anna SCHILL Dustin G.REICHARD Eric J.GANGLOFF Kinsey M.BROCK Department of Biological Sciences Ohio Wesleyan UniversityDelawareOhioUSA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton UniversityPrincetonNew JerseyUSA Department of Biology Idaho State UniversityPocatelloIdahoUSA Department of Environmental Science Policyand ManagementCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA museum of vertebrate zoology University of CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA

Many species exhibit color polymorphisms which have distinct physiological and behavioral characteristics.However,the consistency of morph trait covariation patterns across species,time,and ecological contexts remains unclear.This trait covariation is especially relevant in the context of invasion biology and urban adaptation.Specifically,physiological traits pertaining to energy maintenance are crucial to fitness,given their immediate ties to individual reproduction,growth,and population establishment.We investigated the physiological traits of Podarcis muralis,a versatile color polymorphic species that thrives in urban environments(including invasive populations in Ohio,USA).We measured five physiological traits(plasma corticosterone and triglycerides,hematocrit,body condition,and field body temperature),which compose an integrated multivariate phenotype.We then tested variation among co-occurring color morphs in the context of establishment in an urban environment.We found that the traits describing physiological status and strategy shifted across the active season in a morph-dependent manner—the white and yellow morphs exhibited clearly different multivariate physiological phenotypes,characterized primarily by differences in plasma corticosterone.This suggests that morphs have different strategies in physiological regulation,the flexibility of which is crucial to urban adaptation.The white-yellow morph exhibited an intermediate phenotype,suggesting an intermediary energy maintenance strategy.Orange morphs also exhibited distinct phenotypes,but the low prevalence of this morph in our study populations precludes clear interpretation.Our work provides insight into how differences among stable polymorphisms exist across axes of the phenotype and how this variation may aid in establishment within novel environments.

关键词： color polymorphism physiological status seasonal variation thermoregulation urban habitat

Is sympatric speciation in nature only possible with micro-parapatry? A new case study of glacial lake cyprinid fishes

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National Science Review 2022年第12期9卷 21-23页

作者： Christopher H.Martin Department of Integrative Biology University of California museum of vertebrate zoology University of California

Although numerous theoretical models of the feasibility and necessary conditions for sympatric speciation abound in the literature,clear-cut examples in nature remain elusive.And,as always in speciation research,this statement strongly depends on your definition of sympatric speciation [1-3].If using the biogeographic definition of sympatric speciation as divergence between individuals in a population within’cruising range’of each other [4],

关键词： CLEAREST EXAMPLES GENE FLOW

晚白垩世真兽类Zalamdalestes揭示哺乳动物独特的枢椎及其复杂的进化过程

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Science Bulletin 2024年第11期69卷 1767-1775页

作者： Patrick Arnold Katarzyna Janiszewska 李茜 Jingmai K.O'Connor Lucja Fostowicz-Frelik Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of PotsdamPotsdam D-14476Germany Environmental Paleobiology Department Institute of PaleobiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsaw 00-818Poland Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of vertebrates Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China The Field museum of Natural History Chicago IL 60605USA Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy The University of ChicagoChicago IL 60637USA Evolutionary Paleobiology Department Institute of PaleobiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsaw 00-818Poland

The typical mammalian neck consisting of seven cervical vertebrae(C1–C7)was established by the Late Permian in the cynodont forerunners of modern mammals.This structure is precisely adapted to facilitate movements of the head during feeding,locomotion,predator evasion,and social interactions.Eutheria,the clade including crown placentals,has a fossil record extending back more than 125 million years revealing significant morphological diversification in the Mesozoic.Yet very little is known concerning the early evolution of eutherian cervical morphology and its functional adaptations.A specimen of Zalambdalestes lechei from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia boasts exceptional preservation of an almost complete series of cervical vertebrae(C2–C7)revealing a highly modified axis(C2).The significance of this cervical morphology is explored utilizing an integrated approach combining comparative anatomical examination across mammals,muscle reconstruction,geometric morphometrics and virtual range of motion analysis.We compared the shape of the axis in Zalambdalestes to a dataset of 88 mammalian species(monotremes,marsupials,and placentals)using three-dimensional landmark analysis.The results indicate that the unique axis morphology of Zalambdalestes has no close analog among living mammals.Virtual range of motion analysis of the neck strongly implies Zalambdalestes was capable of exerting very forceful head movements and had a high degree of ventral flexion for an animal its size.These findings reveal unexpected complexity in the early evolution of the eutherian cervical morphology and suggest a feeding behavior similar to insectivores specialized in vermivory and defensive behaviors in Zalambdalestes akin to modern spiniferous mammals.

关键词： Atlas Axis Vertebral column Stem placental Morphology paleoecology

Darwinian principles of diversification and the current biodiversity crisis

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Integrative zoology 2020年第6期15卷 624-625页

作者： Marvalee H.WAKE Department of Integrative Biology and museum of vertebrate zoology University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA

Ongoing consideration of the“biodiversity crisis”indicates that reaffirmation of Darwinian principles of selection and diversification,coupled with a longer view of the available and emerging data on biodiversity and the past,present,and future pressures on its maintenance,would benefit research principles,practices,goals and policies.Darwin’s principles of diversification and natural selection,coupled with extinction,articulate a clear appreciation of the way that species form,diversify,further speciate,or become extinct.Contrary to many analyses presented in the late twentieth century(Kohn 2008;Mallet 2008),biologists have begun to see that Darwin’s conception of variation,what he called“incipient species,”and his relative lack of concern about“levels”and taxonomic names is close to the appreciation of species,given genetic and ecological information,now being presented.Fundamental is Darwin’s conception of lineages and their evolution as continua,with“varieties,”“species,”etc.,as sometimes indistinguishable components of lineage diversification.Further,Darwin(1859)clearly stated that natural selection operates on variation,and survival and diversification continue as long as the environment(“country”)does not change at a rate that exceeds the lineage’s capacity for adaptation.

关键词： biodiversity stated extinction

A New Enantiornithes(Aves) from the Early Cretaceous of China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第4期88卷 1034-1040页

作者： Johan DALSTT Per G.P.ERICSON Zhonge ZHOU Department of vertebrate zoology Swedish Museum of Natural History Department of Geological Sciences Stockholm University Institute of vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences

A new bird from the early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China is described. This new species, Grabauornis lingyuanensis, shares several synapomorphies with the Enantiornithes. The specimen is relatively well preserved. The skeletal morphology of Grabauornis bears close resemblance to that of other Chinese members of this clade. The brachial index （the ratio between the lengths of humerus and ulna） is 0.95, which is close to the average for enantiornithine birds. It indicates that Grabauornis was a rather good flyer, and the presence of an alula in the wing further testifies to this.

关键词： Enantiornithes Aves Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation Liaoning China

Wing, tail, and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting Calliope hummingbirds

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Current zoology 2011年第2期57卷 187-196页

作者： Christopher James CLARK Peabody museum of Natural History Yale University PO Box 208106 New Haven CT 06511 USA museum of vertebrate zoology University of California- Berkeley Berkeley CA USA

Multi-component signals contain multiple signal parts expressed in the same physical modality. One way to identify individual components is if they are produced by different physical mechanisms. Here, I studied the mechanisms generating acoustic signals in the courtship displays of the Calliope hummingbirdStellula calliope. Display dives consisted of three synchronized sound elements, a high-frequency tone (hft), a low frequency tone (lft), and atonal sound pulses (asp), which were then followed by a frequency-modulatedfall. Manipulating any of the rectrices (tail-feathers) of wild males impaired production of thelftandaspbut not thehftorfall, which are apparently vocal. I tested the sound production capabilities of the rectrices in a wind tunnel. Single rectrices could generate thelftbut not theasp, whereas multiple rectrices tested together produced sounds similar to theaspwhen they fluttered and collided with their neighbors percussively, representing a previously unknown mechanism of sound production. During the shuttle display, a trill is generated by the wings during pulses in which the wingbeat frequency is elevated to 95 Hz, 40% higher than the typical hovering wingbeat frequency. The Calliope hummingbird courtship displays include sounds produced by three independent mechanisms, and thus include a minimum of three acoustic signal components. These acoustic mechanisms have different constraints and thus potentially contain different messages. Producing multiple acoustic signals via multiple mechanisms may be a way to escape the constraints present in any single mechanism.

关键词：声波信号风琴汽笛蜂鸟声乐求偶物理机制生产能力

Comparative multi-locus assessment of modern Asian newts(Cynops, Paramesotriton, and Pachytriton:Salamandridae) in southern China suggests a shared biogeographic history

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Zoological Research 2022年第5期43卷 706-718页

作者： Zhi-Yong Yuan Yun-Ke Wu Fang Yan Robert W.Murphy Theodore J.Papenfuss David B.Wake Ya-Ping Zhang Jing Che State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution&Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Security of Gaoligong Mountain Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan 650223China Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development(Ministry of Education) School of Life SciencesSouthwest UniversityChongqing 400715China Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell UniversityIthaca 14850USA College of Life Science Yunnan UniversityKunmingYunnan 650091China Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Royal Ontario MuseumTorontoOntario M5S 2C6Canada museum of vertebrate zoology University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA 94720USA

Evolutionary biologists are always interested in deciphering the geographic context of diversification,therefore they introduced the concept of comparative phylogeography, which helps to identify common mechanisms that contribute to shared genetic structures among organisms from the same region.Here, we used multi-locus genetic data along with environmental data to investigate shared phylogeographic patterns among three Asianendemic newt genera, Cynops, Paramesotriton and Pachytriton, which occurred in montane/submontane streams or ponds in southern China. Our 222samples from 78 localities covered the entire range of the three genera and represented the largest dataset of this group to date. We reconstructed matrilineal genealogies from two protein-coding,mitochondrial genes, and gene network from two nuclear genes. We also estimated divergence times of major cladogenetic events and used occurrence data to evaluate niche difference and similarity between lineages. Our results revealed a common basal split in all three genera that corresponds to the separation of two geographic terrains of southern China.Those ancient divergence occurred during middle to late Miocene and likely correlate with paleoclimatic fluctuations caused by the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (QTP).Particularly,the strengthening and weakening of Asian summer monsoons during the Miocene may have profoundly impacted southern China and led to repeatedly vicariance in those newts.However,despite differences in realized niches between lineages,there is no evidence for divergence of fundamental niches.Preservation of old newt matriline lineages in mountains of southern China suggests that the region acts as both museums and cradles of speciation.Based on those results,we advocate a multi-pronged protection strategy for newts in the three genera.

关键词： Amphibian Comparative phylogeography Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau East Asian monsoons Ecological niche modeling Species museums and cradles

Empirical studies of escape behavior find mixed support for the race for life model

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Current zoology 2022年第3期68卷 305-313页

作者： Kwasi WRENSFORD Jahaziel GUTIERREZ William E.COOPERJR Daniel T.BLUMSTEIN Department of Integrative Biology Museum of Vertebrate ZoologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA 94720USA The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested ButteCO 81224USA Department of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort WayneFort WayneIN 46805USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California6121 Young Drive SouthLos AngelesCA 90095-1606USA

Escape theory has been exceptionally successful in conceptualizing and accurately predicting effects of numerous factors that affect predation risk and explaining variation in flight initiation distance(FID;predator–prey distance when escape begins).Less explored is the relative orientation of an approaching predator,prey,and its eventual refuge.The relationship between an approaching threat and its refuge can be expressed as an angle we call the“interpath angle”or“Φ,”which describes the angle between the paths of predator and prey to the prey’s refuge and thus expresses the degree to which prey must run toward an approaching predator.In general,we might expect that prey would escape at greater distances if they must flee toward a predator to reach its burrow.The“race for life”model makes formal predictions about howΦshould affect FID.We evaluated the model by studying escape decisions in yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventer,a species which flees to burrows.We found support for some of the model’s predictions,yet the relationship betweenΦand FID was less clear.Marmots may not assessΦin a continuous fashion;but we found that binning angle into 445°bins explained a similar amount of variation as models that analyzed angle continuously.Future studies ofΦ,especially those that focus on how different species perceive relative orientation,will likely enhance our understanding of its importance in flight decisions.

关键词： antipredator behavior escape behavior escape theory escape trajectory race for life model