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光敏色素介导的光信号通路中令人兴奋的新发现

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Science Bulletin 2023年第11期68卷 1091-1094,M0003页

作者：蔡兴卜 Enamul Huq department of molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cellular and molecular biology The University of Texas at AustinAustin 78712USA

How organisms perceive and respond to their surrounding environment is a fundamental question in biology.This is particularly relevant to plants because of their sessile nature.Light and temperature are two environmental factors that have profound effects on plant growth and development.Plants have evolved intricate regulatory modules to translate these environmental signals into their developmental programs,from germination to flowering[1].Phytochromes(phys)are one such red/far-red light sensory photoreceptors ubiquitously present in organisms ranging from bacteria to plants[2].Phytochromes exist in the red light absorbing(Pr)form in darkness and are converted to a biologically active farred light absorbing(Pfr)form upon exposure to red light.The Pfr form can be converted back to Pr form upon far-red light exposure,thus phytochromes are acting like light switches that can be turned“on”and“off”.

关键词：光敏色素 absorbing translate

Analyzing neural degeneration of the retina with connectomics

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第1期17卷 113-114页

作者： Charles L.Zucker John E.Dowling department of molecular and Cellular biology Harvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA

Electron microscopy(EM)provides a unique ability to visualize structural detail with a resolution orders of magnitude better than other imaging techniques.Applied conventionally,its limitation is that each acquired image represents a small area with a section thickness significantly less than 100 nm.Recently,techniques have been developed that allow thousands of relatively large serial-sections to be collected and efficiently imaged at full EM resolution,with the images then being stitched back together to produce a 3D volume.

关键词： neural image Applied

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乳腺癌:前沿分子生物学方法

Science Bulletin 2022年第11期67卷 1093-1096页

作者：沈雁婕张德宇叶棋浓 department of Medical molecular biology Beijing Institute of BiotechnologyBeijing 100850China

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide and a major cause of cancer-related mortality in women.Although recent breast cancer therapies,including surgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,targeted therapy,and endocrine therapy,have substantially improved patient survival,the cure rate is still low.Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer development.

关键词： cancer chemotherapy mortality

Saccharomyces cerevisiae in neuroscience:how unicellular organism helps to better understand prion protein?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第3期16卷 489-495页

作者： Takao Ishikawa department of molecular biology Institute of BiochemistryFaculty of BiologyUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland

The baker's yeast Saccharomyces(S.)cerevisiae is a single-celled eukaryotic model organism widely used in research on life sciences.Being a unicellular organism,S.cerevisiae has some evident limitations in application to neuroscience.However,yeast prions are extensively studied and they are known to share some hallmarks with mammalian prion protein or other amyloidogenic proteins found in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's,Parkinson's,or Huntington's diseases.Therefore,the yeast S.cerevisiae has been widely used for basic research on aggregation properties of proteins in cellulo and on their propagation.Recently,a yeast-based study revealed that some regions of mammalian prion protein and amyloidβ1–42 are capable of induction and propagation of yeast prions.It is one of the examples showing that evolutionarily distant organisms share common mechanisms underlying the structural conversion of prion proteins making yeast cells a useful system for studying mammalian prion protein.S.cerevisiae has also been used to design novel screening systems for anti-prion compounds from chemical libraries.Yeastbased assays are cheap in maintenance and safe for the researcher,making them a very good choice to perform preliminary screening before further characterization in systems engaging mammalian cells infected with prions.In this review,not only classical red/white colony assay but also yeast-based screening assays developed during last year are discussed.Computational analysis and research carried out using yeast prions force us to expect that prions are widely present in nature.Indeed,the last few years brought us several examples indicating that the mammalian prion protein is no more peculiar protein–it seems that a better understanding of prion proteins nature-wide may aid us with the treatment of prion diseases and other amyloid-related medical conditions.

关键词： amyloid artificial prion baker's yeast budding yeast drug screening fusion protein neurodegenerative diseases prion protein yeast-based assay

OsPDR20 is an ABCG metal transporter regulating cadmium accumulation in rice

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第2期136卷 21-34页

作者： He Li Chao Li Di Sun Zhi Min Yang department of Biochemistry and molecular biology College of Life SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing 210095China

Cadmium(Cd)is a non-essential toxic heavy metal,seriously posing high environmental risks to human health.Digging genetic resources relevant to functional genes is important for understanding the metal absorption and accumulation in crops and bioremediation of Cd-polluted environments.This study investigated a functionally uncharacterized ATP binding cassette transporter G family(ABCG)gene encoding a Pleiotropic Drug Resistance 20(PDR20)type metal transporter which is localized to the plasma membrane of rice.OsPDR20 was transcriptionally expressed in almost all tissues and organs in lifespan and was strongly induced in roots and shoots of young rice under Cd stress.Ectopic expression of OsPDR20 in a yeast mutant ycf1 sensitive to Cd conferred cellular tolerance with less Cd accumulation.Knockdown of OsPDR20 by RNA interference(RNAi)moderately attenuated root/shoot elongation and biomass,with reduced chlorophylls in rice grown under hydroponic medium with 2 and 10μmol/L Cd,but led to more Cd accumulation.A field trial of rice grown in a realistic Cd-contaminated soil(0.40 mg/kg)showed that RNAi plants growth and development were also compromised compared to wild-type(WT),with smaller panicles and lower spikelet fertility but little effect on yield of grains.However,OsPDR20 suppression resulted in unexpectedly higher levels of Cd accumulation in rice straw including lower leaves and culm and grain.These results suggest that OsPDR20 is actively involved in Cd accumulation and homeostasis in rice crops.The increased Cd accumulation in the RNAi plants has the potential application in phytoremediation of Cd-polluted wetland soils.

关键词： Rice ABCG transporter Cadmium accumulation Phytoremediation

Knockdown of Na,K-ATPase β-subunits in Oncopeltus fasciatus induces molting problems and alterations in tracheal morphology

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Insect Science 2023年第2期30卷 375-397页

作者： Marlena Herbertz Jennifer Lohr Christian Lohr Susanne Dobler Division of molecular Evolutionary biology Department of BiologyInstitute of Cell and Systems Biology of AnimalsUniversitat HamburgHamburg20146Germany Division of Neurophysiology Department of BiologyInstitute of Cell and Systems Biology of AnimalsUniversitat HamburgHamburg20146Germany

The ubiquitously expressed transmembrane enzyme Na,K-ATPase(NKA)is vital in maintaining functionality of cells.The association of α-and β-subunits is believed to be essential for forming a functional enzyme.In the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus fourα1-paralogs and four β-subunits exist that can associate into NKA complexes.This diversity raises the question of possible tissue-specific distribution and function.While the α1-subunits are known to modulate cardenolide-resistance and ion-transport efficiency,the functional importance of the β-subunits needed further investigation.We here characterize all four different β-subunits at the cellular,tissue,and whole organismal scales.A knockdown of different β-subunits heavily interferes with molting success resulting in strongly hampered phenotypes.The failure of ecdysis might be related to disrupted septate junction(SJ)formation,also reflected in β2-suppression-induced alteration in tracheal morphology.Our data further suggest the existence of isolated β-subunits forming homomeric or β-heteromeric complexes.This possible standalone and structure-specific distribution of the β-subunits predicts further,yet unknown pump-independent functions.The different effects caused byβknockdowns highlight the importance of the various β-subunits to fulfill tissue-specific requirements.

关键词： ecdysis insect Na^(+)/K^(+)-ATPase protein distribution RNAi septate junctions tissue-specific function

Multiple factors correlating with wing malformations in the population of Parnassius apollo (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) restituted from a low number of individuals: A mini review

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Insect Science 2019年第3期26卷 380-387页

作者： Karolina Pierzynowska Marta Skowron Volponi Grzegorz Wegrzyn department of molecular biology University of Gdansk Gdansk Poland

The Apollo butterfly, Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus), was common in Europe over 100 years ago, but currently it is considered as near threatened. Different conservation programs have promoted the persistence of this species;however, it is still endangered. An example of such programs was the action devoted to reestablish the Apollo butterfly population in Pieniny National Park (Poland) from only 20-30 individuals which had survived till the last decade of the 20th century. This reintroduction has been successful;however, unexpected developmental problems appeared. Butterflies with deformed or reduced wings became frequent in the population living in the natural habitat, and particularly among those reared under seminatural conditions (in the same environment, but fenced by a net). Until recently, reasons for these malformations remained unknown. However, reports published during last months indicated that there are genetic, biochemical, and microbiological factors contributing to this phenomenon. In the malformed individuals, lesions in the wingless gene and dysfunctions of laccase 1 and 2 were found to be significantly more frequent than in normal insects. A large fraction of butterflies with deformed or reduced wings was devoid of the prokaryotic symbiont Wolbachia, which was present in most normal individuals. Moreover, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Pfeiffer) Smith and Thai, and Serratia sp., bacteria pathogenic to insects, were detected in the biological material from both normal and malformed butterflies from this population. These findings are summarized and discussed in this review, in the light of conservation of insects and restitution of their populations from a low number of individuals.

关键词： Apollo butterfly laccases malformed wings population reconstitution wingless gene Wolbachia

A neuron's ambrosia: non-autonomous unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum promotes lifespan

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第2期17卷 309-310页

作者： Stefan Homentcovschi Ryo Higuchi-Sanabria department of molecular&Cellular biology University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA

The ability to protect cellular components in the face of deleterious conditions, such as exposure to chemical poisons, damaging radiation, or excessive heat, is crucial to organismal viability.

关键词： autonomous delete exposure

Expanding roles for pectins in plant development

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Journal of Integrative Plant biology 2018年第10期60卷 910-923页

作者： Adam M.Saffer department of molecular Cellular and Developmental BiologyYale University

Pectins are complex cell wall polysaccharides important for many aspects of plant development. Recent studies have discovered extensive physical interactions between pectins and other cell wall components,implicating pectins in new molecular functions. Pectins are often localized in spatially-restricted patterns, and some of these non-uniform pectin distributions contribute to multiple aspects of plant development, including the morphogenesis of cells and organs. Furthermore, a growing number of mutants affecting cell wall composi- tion have begun to reveal the distinct contributions of different pectins to plant development. This review discusses the interactions of pectins with other cell wall components, the functions of pectins in controlling cellular morphology, and how non-uniform pectin composition can be an important determinant of developmental processes.

关键词： Expanding roles for pectins in plant development