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Adaptation to a novel host and performance trade-off in host-generalist and host-specific insect ectoparasites

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Insect Science 2022年第2期29卷 567-580页

作者： Irina S.Khokhlova Luther van der Mescht Elizabeth M.Warburton Nadezhda A.Stavtseva Boris R.Krasnov Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of DrylandsJacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer CampusMidreshet Ben-GurionIsrael Mitrani Department of desert Ecology Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy ResearchJacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer CampusMidreshet Ben-GurionIsrael Clinvet International Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases Odum School of EcologyUniversity of Georgia

We investigated the performance trade-offs of fleas(Siphonaptera)while adapting to a novel host using two host generalists(Xenopsylla conformis and Xenopsylla ramesis)and one host specialist(Parapulex chephrenis)maintained on their principal hosts(Meriones crassus for Xenopsylla and Acomys cahirinus for ***).We asked whether,over generations,(i)a host generalist may become a specialist by evolving the ability to exploit a novel host and losing the ability to exploit an original host and(ii)a host specialist can become a generalist by evolving the ability to exploit a novel host without losing the ability to exploit an original *** established an experimental line of each species on a novel host(Acomys russatus for Xenopsylla and *** for ***)and maintained this line on this host during 23 *** compared reproductive performance of progenitors of each line and their descendants when they exploited either original or novel host in terms of egg number and size,hatching success,offspring production,and offspring *** found changes in performance over generations in female offspring size *** conformis demonstrated a tendency to become a host specialist(increased performance on the novel host with a concomitant decreased performance on the original host),whereas *** demonstrated a tendency to become a host generalist(increased performance on the novel host without a concomitant decreased performance on the original host).We conclude that the probability of generalist to specialist transition,and vice versa,is context-dependent and varies between species.

关键词： experimental evolution fleas generalist performance rodents specialist

What do we know about biological nitrogen fixation in insects? Evidence and implications for the insect and the ecosystem

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Insect Science 2020年第3期27卷 392-403页

作者： Nitsan Bar-Shmuel Adi Behar Michal Segoli Mitrani Department of desert Ecology Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer CampusIsrael Kimron Veterinary institute Department of ParasitologyBet DaganIsrael

Many insects feed on a low‐nitrogen diet,and the origin of their nitrogen supply is poorly *** has been hypothesized that some insects rely on nitrogen‐fixing bacteria(diazotrophs)to supplement their *** fixation by diazotrophs has been extensively studied and convincingly demonstrated in termites,while evidence for the occurrence and role of nitrogen fixation in the diet of other insects is less ***,we summarize the methods to detect nitrogen fixation in insects and review the available evidence for its occurrence(focusing on insects other than termites).We distinguish between three aspects of nitrogen fixation investigations:(i)detecting the presence of potential diazotrophs;(ii)detecting the activity of the nitrogen‐fixing enzyme;and(iii)detecting the assimilation of fixed nitrogen into the insect *** show that although evidence from investigations of the first aspect reveals ample opportunities for interactions with potential diazotrophs in a variety of insects,demonstrations of actual biological nitrogen fixation and the assimilation of fixed nitrogen are restricted to very few insect groups,including wood‐feeding beetles,fruit flies,leafcutter ants,and a wood *** then discuss potential implications for the insect's fitness and for the ecosystem as a *** suggest that combining these multiple approaches is crucial for the study of nitrogen fixation in insects,and argue that further demonstrations are desperately needed in order to determine the relative importance of diazotrophs for insect diet and fitness,as well as to evaluate their overall impact on the ecosystem.

关键词： biological nitrogen fixation diazotrophs gut microbiome insect diet

Reclamation of oil-induced soil hydrophobicity in the hyper-arid Evrona Nature Reserve,southern Israel

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Pedosphere 2021年第6期31卷 892-902页

作者： Zheng LI Zeev RONEN Faina GELMAN Onn CROUVI Gilboa ARYE Ravid ROSENZWEIG Zuckerberg institute for Water research Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer Campus 8499000(Israel) Geological Survey of Israel 32 Yeshayahu Leibowitz St.Jerusalem 9692100(Israel) French Associates institute for Agriculture and biotechnology of Drylands blaustein institutes for desert research Ben-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer Campus 8499000(Israel)

Two oil spills occurred in the Evrona Nature Reserve(southern Israel),in 1975 and *** oil contamination induced highly persistent soil *** objective of this study was to investigate the decrease in oil-induced soil hydrophobicity under different environmental conditions and to assess the relationship between the hydrophobicity and hydrocarbon content.A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted over 1.5 years to monitor the soil hydrophobicity and total hydrocarbon concentration under different environmental *** hypothesized that the addition of water(20% or 50% saturation),nutrients,and biosurfactants can accelerate the reduction in hydrophobicity and decomposition of *** drop penetration time and molarity of ethanol droplet tests were used to assess soil *** parallel,alkane composition and total petroleum hydrocarbons were evaluated to indicate oil *** addition of water,nutrients,and biosurfactants resulted in a concomitant reduction in hydrophobicity and hydrocarbon concentration of varying degrees,exhibiting enhanced degradation and hydrophobicity reduction observed in treatments to which nutrients and biosurfactants were *** the end of the incubation,however,soil hydrophobicity in all treatments remained severe,even though total petroleum hydrocarbon removal was fairly high and reached 40%–80%in the treatments to which water with or without nutrients and/or surfactants was added.

关键词： biodegradation biosurfactant hydrocarbons oil spill soil water repellency water drop penetration time

Seasonal Effect of Geomorphological Chronosequence Features on Soil Biota Dynamics

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Pedosphere 2010年第6期20卷 761-770页

作者： S.PEN-MOURATOV N.GENZER N.SHUKUROV J.PLAKHT Y.STEINBERGER The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar-Ilan University institute of Geology and Geophysics Academy of Sciences Ramon Science Center Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the Negev

Numerous studies have been devoted to the physical-chemical weathering processes leading to the creation of unique soil formations having their own history that induce soil-biotic ***,the extent to which unique geomorphic formations influence soil biotic seasonal variation is not *** aim was to define seasonal variations of soil biota in soils of different-aged terraces of the Makhtesh Ramon anticline erosional cirque in southern *** strong effect of Makhtesh Ramon (Ramon crater) erosional fluvial terrace age initiated by climatic changes during the Late Pleistocene- Early Holocene period on seasonal variations in both soil properties and the abundance and composition of soil biota were ***,age dependence was not constant and values for observed soil properties and microbial activity were negligible between younger and older terraces for certain seasons,while free-living nematodes along with bacterial-feeding group were strongly dependent on the geomorphic features of the ages throughout the study period.

关键词： geomorphic formation Makhtesh Ramon microbial biomass nematode community trophic group

PHYSIOLOGICAL INHIBITORY EFFECT OF OCS IN ARACHIDONIC ACID-RICH PARIETOCHLORIS INCISA (TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYTA)

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2002年第3期20卷 248-255页

作者：刘建国张成武 Zvi Cohen Amos Richmond research and Development Center of Marine biotechnology Institute of Oceanol ogy Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao 266071 China Division of life Sciences Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210097 China microalgal biotechnology The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of Negev Sede Boker Campus 84993 Israel

Parietochloris incisa is an arachidonic acid rich snow green alga. The main physiological profiles, such as ash free dry weight (AFDW), chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein and total fatty acids (TFA), in this alga exposed to old culture supernatant (OCS) at the decline phase or its crude ethyl acetate extracts (CEAE) were investigated by using tubular photobioreactors of different diameters. Results showed that both OCS and CEAE had strong inhibitory effect on the above physiological parameters. The longer the culture was exposed to OCS and the more CEAE were added into the algal culture, the more the above physiological properties were inhibited. Arachidonic acid (AA), the dominant component of fatty acids in this alga, was also seriously inhibited with respect to total TFA, AFDW of cell mass, or culture volume, due to a probable reduction of enzymes activities catalyzing chain elongation from C18:1ω9 to AA. These results incontestably evidenced that some CEAE dissolving substances existing in OCS, like auto inhibitors, inhibited P. incisa growth through feedback. Hence, any efficient removal of auto inhibitors from algal culture to decrease their bioactivity could be good for maximal production of desired products like AA.

关键词： arachidonic acid Parietochloris incisa growth auto inhibitor

Effects of macroparasites on the energy allocation of reproducing small mammals

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Frontiers in Biology 2008年第2期3卷 123-130页

作者： A.Allan DEGEN desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry Wyler Department of Dryland AgricultureJacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevBeer Sheva 84105Israel

Reproduction,including lactation,is the most costly activity in terms of energy expenditure in female ***,the energy requirements of the reproducing female may not be met at this time,especially if other energy demanding activities are occurring *** activities could be the activation and maintenance of an immune system in response to parasitic *** protective processes are energetically demanding and require trade-off decisions among competing energy *** the case of a reproducing mammal,the trade-offs occur mainly between defence against parasites and reproductive costs of the *** this paper,I discuss the effects of macroparasites on the energy allocation of reproducing small mammals.

关键词： reproduction small mammals macroparasites ectoparasites and endoparasites immune response trade-off decisions energy allocation

Phylogeography of the common hamster(Cricetus cricetus):paleoclimatic reconstructions of Late Pleistocene colonization

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Integrative Zoology 2023年第3期18卷 581-599页

作者： Natalia Yu.FEOKTISTOVA Ilya G.MESCHERSKY Georgy I.SHENBROT Andrey Yu.PUZACHENKO Sergey I.MESCHERSKY Pavel L.BOGOMOLOV Alexey V.SUROV A.N.Severtsov institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia Mitrani Department of desert Ecology Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevMidreshet Ben-GurionIsrael institute of Geography Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia

INTRODUCTION Anthropogenic activities and associated factors such as climate change and habitat destruction are causing the ongoing sixth mass extinction on Earth,which is a major characteristic of the ***,these factors pose the most serious environmental threat to the existence of civilization because it is *** than 500 species of mammals were found to be on the brink of extinction and likely to be lost within 20 years(Ceballos et al.2020).One example is the common hamster Cricetus cricetus(Linnaeus,1758).In 2020,this species was classified as Critically Endangered across its global range by the IUCN Red List(Banaszek et al.2020).The protection status of the common hamster was elevated by 4 levels at once—from Least Concern to Critically *** the causes behind the dramatic decline of the species are not fully understood,one may suppose it stems from the negative impact of habitat degradation and even climate change(Banaszek et al.2020).

关键词： extinction suppose irreversible

All carbon non-covalent exohedral hybrids:C60 aggregates on nanotube networks

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2018年第4期27卷 957-961页

作者： Evgenee Yekymov Celine Bounioux Racheli Itzhak-Cohen Leila Zeiri Emil Shahnazaryan Eugene A.Katz Rachel Yerushalmi-Rozen Department of Chemical Engineering the Ben-Curion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael The Ilse Katz institute for Nanoscience and Technology the Ben-Gurion University of the NegevBeer-ShevaIsrael Department of Solar Energy and Envirornental Physics Jacob Blaustein Institute of Desert ResearchBen-Garion University of the NegevSde-Boker CampusMidreshet Ben-GurionIsrael

Exohedral van der Waals （vdW） hybrids comprising pristine carbon nanotubes （CNTs） and C60 fullerenes are expected to enable the engineering of carbonaceous materials with tunable physical and chemical properties due to the unperturbed sp2 hybridization of the comprising allotropes. In spite of theoretical predictions, experimental realization of exohedral non-covalent hybridization of unmodified C60 fullerenes and CNTs was not reported before, probably due to the relatively strong inter-fullerene and inter-tube interactions that drive the system toward phase separation and the formation of fullerene crystals and CNTs bundles. Here we describe a two-step process for preparation of C60-CNTs hybrids. The first step is based on solution-assembly of random, 3D-networks of individual, pristine CNTs followed by fast solvent-quenching. In the second step sublimated fullerenes are deposited onto the pre-assembled networks where structural defects serve as nucleation points for fullerite nanocrystals. Annealing at low temperature （80 ℃） results in re-organization of the C6o nanocrystals into nanometric layers, forming a CNT-C6o core-shell like cylindrical hybrids. Raman characterization and the observed high mobility of the fullerenes at the CNT surface support the assumption that the exohedral hybrids are of vdW type. The approach presented here offers a pathway for preparation of exohedral hybrids with controlled nano- morphology： CNTs-networks decorated by nanometric C60 crystals and CNTs-3D-networks coated by a shell of non-covalently bonded mono- or multi-layers of C60 molecules that may serve to shape the nanomorphology of the active layer in polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells.

关键词： Fullerenes Exohedral hybrids Carbon-nanotubes

Seed Setting and Its Spatial Characteristics in Tartary Buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum)

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2022年第8期91卷 1659-1669页

作者： Dabing Xiang Yue Song Chao Song Yan Wan Xueling Ye Changying Liu Chenggang Liang Gang Zhao Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Food and Biological EngineeringChengdu UniversityChengdu610106China French Associates institute for Agriculture&biotechnology of Drylands Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevBeersheba84990Israel research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology Guizhou Normal UniversityGuiyang550001China

A low seed-setting rate is the main limiting factor influencing Tartary buckwheat production under high-yield cultivation *** investigate the seed setting and its spatial characteristics,two Tartary buckwheat cultivars(high seed-setting rate cultivar Qianku 3;low seed-setting rate cultivar Liuku 3)were compared by a two-year field trial in 2017 and *** results showed that the Tartary buckwheat underwent simultaneous flowering and ***,generated from branch,were still blooming during the mature stage of grains on stem,which resulting in a greater number of flowers and grains on the branch than those on the stem at the low part of *** seed-setting characteristics significantly differed between two *** high seed-setting rate of Qianku 3 was 26.6%and 33.2%higher than Liuku 3 in 2017 and 2018,***,Qianku 3 showed a higher filled grain number(157.8%)and seed-setting rate(66.4%)on branch than Liuku 3.A network analysis showed that the whole-plant seed-setting rate was positively correlated with grain number,which was closely correlated with flower number at the same position of *** path-coefficient analysis revealed that grains number on branches was the most dominant component(Path coefficient(P)=2.19)of the seed-setting rate,followed by grains number on stem(P=0.60).The grains number on branches showed the greatest positive direct effect with significant correlation(r=0.76 and P<0.01)on the seed-setting ***,the present study indicated that the grain number of branches may play a vital role in improving the seed-setting rate in Tartary buckwheat.

关键词： Grain number path-coefficient analysis seed-setting rate tartary buckwheat