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Reframing the Cultivation Metaphor in Education by Reflecting on CLIL Professional Development Through a Forest Gardening Lens

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Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2025年第1期48卷 90-108,155页

作者： Rebekah R.Gordon michigan state university

Cultivation metaphors that compare teachers and students to gardeners and plants,respectively,have a long presence in the field of *** such metaphors can be used to represent learner-centered pedagogies in which a teacher fosters the growth of their students,there is also a darker side to cultivation *** instance,Zipory(2020)argues that characteristics of agriculture’s grain economy-like repetitiveness,coercion,and lack of diversity-can be imposed onto *** Zipory’s call for the forest to serve as a more apt metaphorical trajectory for education,I propose using the forest garden as a middle ground between the traditional garden and the natural *** highlight the potential usefulness of the forest garden metaphor in education,I explore its application as related to teacher professional development(PD),specifically content and language integrated learning(CLIL)*** reflecting on the design and outcomes of Project SCILLA,a CLIL PD program for Kazakhstani university instructors,as well as CLIL PD more broadly,I demonstrate how the forest garden metaphor conceptualizes the relationships and power dynamics between and across various stakeholders in education in response to global rhetoric,national and local policies,and interpersonal *** emulating the sustainable forest garden’s principles of planning and intentionality,localization,interconnectedness,diversity,creativity,and growth from decay,stakeholders can(re)shape the policies and practices of multilingual,multicultural education *** addition,education researchers can use a metaphorical forest garden lens to better appreciate the complexities at play within dynamic educational landscapes.

关键词： teacher professional development CLIL conceptual metaphor ecological systems forest gardening

Counterfactual Learning on Graphs:A Survey

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Machine Intelligence Research 2025年第1期22卷 17-59页

作者： Zhimeng Guo Zongyu Wu Teng Xiao Charu Aggarwal Hui Liu Suhang Wang College of Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park 16802USA International Business Machines Corporation T.J.Watson Research Center New York 10598USA College of Engineering Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing 48824USA

Graph-structured data are pervasive in the real-world such as social networks,molecular graphs and transaction *** neural networks(GNNs)have achieved great success in representation learning on graphs,facilitating various downstream ***,GNNs have several drawbacks such as lacking interpretability,can easily inherit the bias of data and cannot model casual ***,counterfactual learning on graphs has shown promising results in alleviating these *** approaches have been proposed for counterfactual fairness,explainability,link prediction and other applications on *** facilitate the develop-ment of this promising direction,in this survey,we categorize and comprehensively review papers on graph counterfactual *** divide existing methods into four categories based on problems *** each category,we provide background and motivating ex-amples,a general framework summarizing existing works and a detailed review of these *** point out promising future research directions at the intersection of graph-structured data,counterfactual learning,and real-world *** offer a comprehensive view of resources for future studies,we compile a collection of open-source implementations,public datasets,and commonly-used evalu-ation *** survey aims to serve as a“one-stop-shop”for building a unified understanding of graph counterfactual learning cat-egories and current resources.

关键词： Counterfactual learning graph-structured data graph neural networks fairness explainability

Near Optimal Approximations and Finite Memory Policies for POMPDs with Continuous Spaces Dedicated to Professor Peter E. Caines, on the occasion of his 80th birthday

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2025年第01期 238-270页

作者： KARA Ali Devran BAYRAKTAR Erhan YüKSEL Serdar Department of Mathematics Florida State University Department of Mathematics University of Michigan Department of Mathematics and Statistics Queen's University

The authors study an approximation method for partially observed Markov decision processes(POMDPs) with continuous spaces. Belief MDP reduction, which has been the standard approach to study POMDPs requires rigorous approximation methods for practical applications, due to the state space being lifted to the space of probability measures. Generalizing recent work, in this paper the authors present rigorous approximation methods via discretizing the observation space and constructing a fully observed finite MDP model using a finite length history of the discrete observations and control actions. The authors show that the resulting policy is near-optimal under some regularity assumptions on the channel, and under certain controlled filter stability requirements for the hidden state process. The authors also provide a Q learning algorithm that uses a finite memory of discretized information variables, and prove its convergence to the optimality equation of the finite fully observed MDP constructed using the approximation method.

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Detectability of Discrete Event Systems Under Sensor Attacks

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2025年第01期 150-177页

作者： RITSUKA K. LIN Feng LAFORTUNE Stéphane WANG Caisheng Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Wayne State University

The authors consider the property of detectability of discrete event systems in the presence of sensor attacks in the context of cyber-security. The authors model the system using an automaton and study the general notion of detectability where a given set of state pairs needs to be(eventually or periodically) distinguished in any estimate of the state of the system. The authors adopt the ALTER sensor attack model from previous work and formulate four notions of CA-detectability in the context of this attack model based on the following attributes: strong or weak; eventual or periodic. The authors present verification methods for strong CA-detectability and weak CA-detectability. The authors present definitions of strong and weak periodic CA-detectability that are based on the construction of a verifier automaton called the augmented CA-observer. The development also resulted in relaxing assumptions in prior results on D-detectability, which is a special case of CA-detectability.

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Professional Vulnerability in Adopting a CLIL Pedagogy at a Neoliberal Restructured university in Kazakhstan

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Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2025年第1期48卷 70-89,155页

作者： Curtis Green-Eneix Peter I.De Costa The Education university of Hong Kong michigan state university

The adoption of content and language integrated learning(CLIL)practices has expanded in recent years as higher education institutions adopt a top-down English medium of instruction(EMI)language policy in the hope of entering the international knowledge market(De Costa et al.,2022;Isidro&Lasagabaster,2019).However,research focusing on the effects of EMI policy on content teachers needing to implement CLIL,especially within trilingual contexts such as Kazakhstan,has been marginal despite drastic alterations to teachers’professional context and expectations(Karabassova,2022b).Such changes may result in teachers’feelings of professional vulnerability-an emotion that often arises when changes in professional expectations and professional context disrupt one’s professional identity and pedagogical practices(Kelchtermans,2009).Our case study focuses on the professional vulnerability experienced by a Kazakhstani in-service teacher as she negotiated a CLIL pedagogy for the first *** on semi-structured interviews,recorded classroom observation,field notes,and developed material,our findings highlight how macro(e.g.,societal)and meso(e.g.,institutional)language policies can affect teachers’lived experiences and pedagogical practices within their ***,we provide ways in which administrators can assist teachers in overcoming professional vulnerability as institutions adopt language policies such as CLIL.

关键词： CLIL emotion English medium instruction internationalization Kazakhstan

Advancing CLIL Approaches in EMI Settings Through International Collaboration:An Introduction

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Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2025年第1期48卷 3-11,154页

作者： Peter I.De Costa Douglas Hartman Curtis Green-Eneix D.Philip Montgomery michigan state university The Education university of Hong Kong Nazarbayev university

CLIL,which stands for Content and Language Integrated Learning,is an instructional approach that gives ample curricular and pedagogical attention to content and language outcomes in multilingual educational ***,it is heralded as a way to responsibly enact top-down English-Medium-of-Instruction(EMI)policies at the university level,where teachers and students are tasked with developing their English proficiency while remaining competitive in the international job ***,teachers and teacher educators hoping to implement this approach in their science,technology,engineering and mathematics(STEM)content courses face significant *** article serves as an introduction to a guest-edited special issue that reports on several aspects related to a project of international collaboration called Project SCILLA,an acronym for“STEM Content Integrated with Language-Learning Activities”.We first provide a brief overview of the project,which was developed and carried out in collaboration between michigan state university and a consortium of 10 rural universities in Kazakhstan as a way to support STEM educators who wish to adapt their teaching practices to Kazakhstan’s Ministry of *** then offer an overview of the six articles that comprise the special issue,and call for deliberate and dialogic international collaboration as a way to support teachers responding to language policy demands.

关键词： content and language integrated learning international collaboration Kazakhstan culturally sustaining pedagogy English Medium of Instruction

Forging CLIL Teacher Identities in Kazakhstan:Developmental Pathways of Two university Teachers

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Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2025年第1期48卷 30-49,154页

作者： D.Philip Montgomery Peter I.De Costa Yuliya Novitskaya Nazarbayev university michigan state university Kazakh American Free university

As universities in Kazakhstan continue to address the challenges that come with developing English-medium instruction(EMI)programs,university Science,Technology,Engineering,and Mathematics(STEM)teachers need to develop capacities to teach in English,while their English teacher counterparts need to develop content-specific pedagogical *** and Language Integrated Learning(CLIL)pedagogies,defined as the integration of both language and content curricular goals,have emerged as a vehicle to facilitate this development for both types of ***,what it means to be a CLIL teacher may vary considerably as teachers leverage their professional knowledge and personal ***,therefore,explore teachers’conceptions of CLIL and how their disciplinary,linguistic,and pedagogical backgrounds enable or burden them to forge a“CLIL teacher”*** qualitative study illustrates the salient points of the journeys taken by two university teachers,one a specialist in oil and gas,the other an English teacher and teacher *** on extended one-on-one interviews,we present two teachers’experiences through a series of CLIL-informed *** a multidisciplinary analytical framework,we map the ways in which the two teacher participants negotiate their identities in relation to *** findings highlight the importance of understanding teacher experiences,particularly their language learning backgrounds,attitudes toward supporting student learning,and relationships with their colleagues as they work to adapt to teaching English and STEM subjects in university EMI contexts.

关键词： CLIL teacher identity developmental pathways

Curators and Mediators of Language,Content,Pedagogy,and Technology:Teachers’Expanding Roles in Fully-Online CLIL Contexts

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Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2025年第1期48卷 50-69,155页

作者： Yuliya Novitskaya Rebekah R.Gordon Douglas K.Hartman Curtis Green-Eneix Kazakh-American Free university michigan state university The Education university of Hong Kong

As world events have morphed teachers’roles within English medium of instruction(EMI)contexts to incorporate more online teaching practices,teachers’integration of digital tools has faced technological and curricular *** previous research has examined the integration of digital tools in face-to-face and hybrid EMI settings(e.g.,Finardi,2015;O’Dowd,2018),more research is needed to understand the familiarization process teachers engage in as they implement fully-online teaching to support their content and language integrated learning(CLIL)*** part of a larger project,this case study sets out to fill this gap by examining the practices and perspectives of 30 Kazakhstani university teachers who adopted CLIL approaches while needing to adapt to fully-online teaching *** the concept of technological pedagogical content knowledge(Mishra&Koehler,2006)in tandem with Ball et al.’s(2016)seven CLIL principles as a framework,this study thematically analyzed workshop artifacts,survey responses,semi-structured interview transcripts,and videos from online class lessons to find that teachers were mediators and curators of content,language,pedagogy,and digital *** findings offer pedagogical insights for the implementation of professional development(PD)to prepare teachers to meaningfully curate and mediate technology into their CLIL pedagogy to teach content within EMI contexts.

关键词： CLIL teacher professional development digital tools TPACK online teaching Kazakhstan

Effects of monoglyceride blend on systemic and intestinal immune responses,and gut health of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2025年第1期16卷 345-363页

作者： Sangwoo Park Shuhan Sun Lauren Kovanda Adebayo O.Sokale Adriana Barri Kwangwook Kim Xunde Li Yanhong Liu Department of Animal Science University of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA BASF Corporation Florham Park 07932USA BASF SE LampertheimGermany Department of Animal Science Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA School of Veterinary Medicine University of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA

Background Monoglycerides have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional practices due to their biolog-ical activities,including antimicrobial ***,few studies have assessed the efficacy of monoglyceride blend on weaned pigs and their impacts on performance,immune response,and gut health using a disease chal-lenge ***,this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary monoglycerides of short-and medium-chain fatty acids on the immunity and gut health of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli *** Pigs supplemented with high-dose zinc oxide(ZNO)had greater(P<0.05)growth performance than other treatments,but no difference was observed in average daily feed intake between ZNO and monoglycerides groups during the post-challenge *** in ZNO and antibiotic groups had lower(P<0.05)severity of diarrhea than control,but the severity of diarrhea was not different between antibiotic and monoglycerides *** fed with monoglycerides or ZNO had lower(P<0.05)serum haptoglobin on d 2 or 5 post-inoculation than *** in ZNO had greater(P<0.05)goblet cell numbers per villus,villus area and height,and villus height:crypt depth ratio(VH:CD)in duodenum on d 5 post-inoculation than pigs in other *** supplemented with monoglyc-erides,ZNO,or antibiotics had reduced(P<0.05)ileal crypt depth compared with control on d 5 post-inoculation,contributing to the increase(P=0.06)in VH:***,pigs in ZNO expressed the lowest(P<0.05)TNFa,IL6,IL10,IL12,IL1A,IL1B,and PTGS2 in ileal mucosa on d 5 post-inoculation,and no difference was observed in the expres-sion of those genes between ZNO and *** of ZNO and antibiotic had significant impacts on metabolic pathways in the serum compared with control,particularly on carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism,while limited impacts on serum metabolites were observed in monoglycerides group when compared with cont

关键词： Diarrhea Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Gut health Monoglycerides Systemic immunity Weaned pigs

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