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Formation blockage risk analysis of geothermal water reinjection:Rock property analysis,pumping and reinjection tests,and long-term reinjection prediction

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Geoscience Frontiers 2022年第1期13卷 310-325页

作者： Liang Zhang Songhe Geng Linchao Yang Ronghua Wen Chuan He Zhen Zhao Guangxiong Qin school of petroleum engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil&Gas Development(China University of petroleum(East China)) Ministry of EducationQingdao 266580China Environmental geological Exploration Bureau of Qinghai Province Xining 810007China

The blockage induced by particle migration and deposition is one of the main reasons for the decrease of reinjection capacity in the porous geothermal reservoir with a low and medium *** this paper,a new drilled geothermal well in Xining basin China is taken as an example to investigate the formation blockage risk due to the movable clay and sand particles in *** physical properties of the reservoir rocks were analyzed,a series of pumping and reinjection tests were conducted,and the longterm reinjection performance of the well was predicted by numerical simulation based on the test *** results show that the geothermal reservoir rocks are argillaceous and weakly cemented sandstones with a content of movable clay and sand particles up to 0.18–23.42 wt.%.The well presented a high productivity of 935–2186 m3?d-1 at a pressure difference of 0.7–1.62 MPa in the pumping tests associated with a large amount of clay and sand particles produced out,while in the reinjection test,only a low injectivity of 240–480 m3?d-1 was observed at an injection pressure of 0.2–0.6 MPa with the clay and sand particles near the wellbore move into *** to the prediction,under conditions of a blockage risk,the injectivity of the well will start to decline after 100 days of injection,and in the third year,it will decrease by 59.00%–77.09%.The influence of invasion of pretreated suspended particles and scale particles can be *** conditions of a high blockage risk,the injectivity of the well will decrease significantly in the first 20–30 days,with a decline of 75.39%–78.96%.Generally,the higher the injection pressure or rate,the greater the decrease in injectivity of the well caused by particle *** lifting is an effective measure to remove the well blockage which can be used regularly.

关键词： Reinjection capacity Particle migration Blockage risk Prediction model

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A novel numerical simulation of CO_(2) immiscible flooding coupled with viscosity and starting pressure gradient modeling in ultra-low permeability reservoir

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2023年第3期17卷 884-898页

作者： Jie CHI Binshan JU Jiabei WANG Xing ZHANG Wenbin CHEN Mengfei ZHANG school of Big Data and Fundamental Sciences Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical TechnologyDongying 257061China school of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China Key Laboratory of geological Evaluation and Development engineering of Unconventional Natural Gas Energy Beijing 100083China school of petroleum engineering Chongqing University of Science&TechnologyChongqing 401331China Research Institute of petroleum engineering Technology Shengli Oilfield CompanySINOPECDongying 257000China

CO_(2) immiscible flooding is an environmentally-friendly and effective method to enhance oil recovery in ultra-low permeability reservoirs.A mathematical model of CO_(2) immiscible flooding was developed,considering the variation in crude oil viscosity and starting pressure gradient in ultra-low permeability reservoirs based on the non-Darcy percolation *** mathematical model and numerical simulator were developed in the C++language to simulate the effects of fluid viscosity,starting pressure gradient,and other physical parameters on the distribution of the oil pressure field,oil saturation field,gas saturation field,oil viscosity field,and oil *** results showed that the formation pressure and pressure propagation velocity in CO_(2) immiscible flooding were lower than the findings without considering the starting pressure *** formation oil content saturation and the crude oil formation viscosity were higher after the consideration of the starting pressure *** viscosity of crude oil considering the initiation pressure gradient during the formation was higher than that without this gradient,but the yield was lower than that *** novel mathematical models helped the characterization of seepage resistance,revealed the influence of fluid property changes on seepage,improved the mathematical model of oil seepage in immiscible flooding processes,and guided the improvement of crude oil recovery in immiscible flooding processes.

关键词： viscosity starting pressure gradient flow simulation CO_(2)immiscible flooding ultra-low permeability reservoir

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Rock Plasticity from Microtomography and Upscaling

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Journal of Earth Science 2015年第1期26卷 53-59页

作者： Jie Liu Reem Freij-Ayoub Klaus Regenauer-Lieb school of Earth Science and geological engineering Sun Yat-Sen University school of Earth and Environment the University of Western AustraliaPerth WA 6000Australia Earth Science and Resource engineering CSIROKensington WA 6151Australia school of petroleum engineering University of New South WalesSydney NSW 2052Australia

We present a workflow for upscaling of rock properties using microtomography and percolation theory. In this paper we focus on a pilot study for assessing the plastic strength of rocks from a digital rock image. Firstly, we determine the size of mechanical representative volume ele- ment （RVE） by using upper/lower bound dissipation computations in accordance with thermody- namics. Then the mechanical RVE is used to simulate the rock failure at micro-scale using FEM. Two cases of different pressures of linear Drucker-Prager plasticity of rocks are computed to compute the macroscopic cohesion and the angle of internal friction of the rock. We also detect the critical exponents of yield stress for sealing laws from a series of derivative models that are created by a shrinking/expanding algorithm. We use microtomographic data sets of two carbonate samples and compare the results with previous results. The results show that natural rock samples with irregular structures may have the critical exponent of yield stress different from random models. This unexpected result could have significant ramifications for assessing the stability of solid materials with internal structure. Therefore our pilot study needs to be extended to investigate the scaling laws of strength of many more natural rocks with irregular microstructure.

关键词： plastic strength rock mierotomography percolation theory upscaling.

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Laboratory simulation of CO_(2) immiscible gas flooding and characterization of seepage resistance

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2023年第3期17卷 797-817页

作者： Jie CHI Binshan JU Wenbin CHEN Mengfei ZHANG Rui ZHANG Anqi MIAO Dayan WANG Fengyun CUI school of Big Data and Fundamental Sciences Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical TechnologyDongying 257061China school of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China Key Laboratory of geological Evaluation and Development engineering of Unconventional Natural Gas Energy Beijing 100083China school of Chemical engineering Shandong Institute of Petroleum and Chemical TechnologyDongying 257061China

CO_(2) flooding can significantly improve the recovery rate, effectively recover crude oil, and has the advantages of energy saving and emission reduction. At present, most domestic researches on CO_(2) flooding seepage experiments are field tests in actual reservoirs or simulations with reservoir numerical simulators. Although targeted, the promotion is poor. For the characterization of seepage resistance, there are few studies on the variation law of seepage resistance caused by the combined action in the reservoir. To solve this problem, based on the mechanism of CO_(2), a physical simulation experiment device for CO_(2) non-miscible flooding production manner is designed. The device adopts two displacement schemes, gas-displacing water and gas-displacing oil, it mainly studies the immiscible gas flooding mechanism and oil displacement characteristics based on factors such as formation dip angle, gas injection position, and gas injection rate. It can provide a more accurate development simulation for the actual field application. By studying the variation law of crude oil viscosity and start-up pressure gradient, the characterization method of seepage resistance gradient affected by these two factors in the seepage process is proposed. The field test is carried out for the natural core of the S oilfield, and the seepage resistance is described more accurately. The results show that the advancing front of the gas drive is an arc, and the advancing speed of the gas drive oil front is slower than that of gas drive water;the greater the dip angle, the higher the displacement efficiency;the higher the gas injection rate is, the higher the early recovery rate is, and the lower the later recovery rate is;oil displacement efficiency is lower than water displacement efficiency;taking the actual core of S oilfield as an example, the mathematical representation method of core start-up pressure gradient in low permeability reservoir is established.

关键词： laboratory_simulation viscosity starting pressure gradient CO immiscible flooding characterization of seepage resistance

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Combined effects of polymer SH and ryegrass on the water-holding characteristics of loess

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Journal of Arid Land 2024年第12期16卷 1686-1700页

作者： YING Chunye LI Chenglong LI Lanxing ZHOU Chang school of geological engineering Qinghai UniversityXining 810016China petroleum engineering Technology Research Institute of Shengli Oilfield SINOPECDongying 257000China Army engineering University of PLA Xuzhou 221000China school of Resources and Geosciences China University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhou 221116China

The Chinese Loess Plateau has long been plagued by severe soil erosion and water *** this study,we proposed a technique involving the combined use of polymer SH and ryegrass and evaluated its effectiveness in modifying the water-holding characteristics of loess on the Chinese Loess Plateau(Chinese loess).We analysed the volumetric water content and water potential of untreated loess,treated loess with single polymer SH,treated loess with single ryegrass,and treated loess with both polymer SH and ryegrass using the loess samples collected from the Chinese Loess Plateau in July ***,fractal theory was used to analyse the fractal characteristics of the soil structure,and wet disintegration tests were conducted to assess the structural stability of both untreated and treated loess *** results showed that the loess samples treated with both polymer SH and ryegrass presented much higher volumetric water content and water potential than the untreated loess samples and those treated only with ryegrass or polymer ***,the planting density of ryegrass affected the combined technique,since a relatively low planting density(20 g/m2)was conducive to enhancing the water-holding capacity of Chinese *** fractal dimension was directly correlated with both volumetric water content and water potential of Chinese ***,since loess treated with both polymer SH and ryegrass was more saturated with moisture,its water potential increased,thus improving its water-holding capacity and fractal *** combined technique better resisted disintegration than ryegrass alone but had slightly less resistance than polymer SH *** study provides insight into soil reinforcement and soil water management using polymetric materials and vegetation on the Chinese Loess Plateau.

关键词： loess ryegrass polymer SH water-holding characteristics fractal theory Chinese Loess Plateau

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A real-time intelligent lithology identification method based on a dynamic felling strategy weighted random forest algorithm

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petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 1135-1148页

作者： Tie Yan Rui Xu Shi-Hui Sun Zhao-Kai Hou Jin-Yu Feng school of petroleum engineering Northeast Petroleum UniversityDaqing163318HeilongjiangChina Sanya Offshore Oil&Gas Research Institute Northeast Petroleum UniversitySanya572025HainanChina

Real-time intelligent lithology identification while drilling is vital to realizing downhole closed-loop drilling. The complex and changeable geological environment in the drilling makes lithology identification face many challenges. This paper studies the problems of difficult feature information extraction,low precision of thin-layer identification and limited applicability of the model in intelligent lithologic identification. The author tries to improve the comprehensive performance of the lithology identification model from three aspects: data feature extraction, class balance, and model design. A new real-time intelligent lithology identification model of dynamic felling strategy weighted random forest algorithm(DFW-RF) is proposed. According to the feature selection results, gamma ray and 2 MHz phase resistivity are the logging while drilling(LWD) parameters that significantly influence lithology identification. The comprehensive performance of the DFW-RF lithology identification model has been verified in the application of 3 wells in different areas. By comparing the prediction results of five typical lithology identification algorithms, the DFW-RF model has a higher lithology identification accuracy rate and F1 score. This model improves the identification accuracy of thin-layer lithology and is effective and feasible in different geological environments. The DFW-RF model plays a truly efficient role in the realtime intelligent identification of lithologic information in closed-loop drilling and has greater applicability, which is worthy of being widely used in logging interpretation.

关键词： Intelligent drilling Closed-loop drilling Lithology identification Random forest algorithm Feature extraction

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Vibration Analysis of a Drillstring in Horizontal Well

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Computer Modeling in engineering & Sciences 2019年第11期121卷 631-660页

作者： Xiaohua Zhu Li Zeng Bo Li school of Mechanical engineering Southwest Petroleum University ChengduChengdu610500China

The complicated geological conditions will bring great challenges to the drillstring of horizontal wells for the reason that the increase of the well depth in Sichuan-Chongqing *** drillstring failure and friction during drilling are generally caused by drillstring vibration,great importance must be attached to computer simulation methods for the prediction of drillstring vibration.A finite element model considering axial,lateral and torsional vibration is *** order to verify the established numerical model,an indoor experimental device based on the similarity principle was *** vibration characteristics of three shale gas horizontal wells drillstrings are *** reasons for the large difference in vibration characteristics between the three wells were discussed by changing the well structure,BHA(bottom hole assembly)and drilling *** simulation results show that the depth of ultra-deep well 3 is only 1.27 times of that of medium-deep well 2,but the fluctuation of WOB(weight on bit)is 2.8 *** primary factor for the great difference of WOB fluctuation is the change of vertical section depth,the secondary factor is the change of the horizontal section ***,the reasonable range of speeds has been proposed and applied in the *** advantage of this numerical analysis method is that it can judge the vibration and friction torque of drillstring in horizontal wells with arbitrary structure,drilling parameters and *** method has certain guiding significance to the field practice.

关键词： Horizontal well drillstring vibration friction torque fatigue life

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Synthesis of temperature and salt resistance silicon dots for effective enhanced oil recovery in tight reservoir

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petroleum Science 2024年第5期21卷 3390-3400页

作者： Cheng Liu Biao Zhou Bing-Shan Wang Huan Wang Qing You Guang Zhao Cai-Li Dai Beijing Key Laboratory of Unconventional Natural Gas geological Evaluation and Development engineering China University of GeosciencesBeijing100083China school of Energy Resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing100083China Chengdu Huayang Town Chengdu Natural Gas Chemical General Factory Chengdu610213SichuanChina school of petroleum engineering China University of PetroleumQingdao266580ShandongChina

The intensive development of tight reservoirs has positioned them as a strategic alternative to conventional oil and gas resources. Existing enhanced oil recovery(EOR) methods struggle to effectively exploring reservoir oil, resulting in low recovery rates. Novel and effective means of developing tight reservoirs are urgently needed. Nanomaterials have shown promising applications in improving water flooding efficiency, with in-depth research into mechanisms that lower injection pressure and increase water injection volumes. However, the extent of improvement remains limited. In this study, a silicon quantum dots(Si-QDs) material was synthesized via a hydrothermal synthesis method and used to prepare a nanofluid for the efficient recovery of tight reservoir. The Si-QDs, with an approximate diameter of 3 nm and a spherical structure, were surface functionalized with benzenesulfonic acid groups to enhance the performance. The developed nanofluid demonstrated stability without aggregation at 120℃ and a salinity of 60000 mg/L. Core flooding experiments have demonstrated the attractive EOR capabilities of Si-QDs, shedding light of the EOR mechanisms. Si-QDs effectively improve the wettability of rocks, enhancing the sweeping coefficient of injected fluids and expanding sweeping *** this sweeping region, Si-QDs efficiently stripping adsorbed oil from the matrix, thus increasing sweeping efficiency. Furthermore, Si-QDs could modify the state of pore-confined crude oil, breaking it down into smaller particles that are easier to displacement in subsequent stages. Si-QDs exhibit compelling EOR potential, positioning them as a promising approach for effectively developing tight oil reservoirs.

关键词： Silicon quantum dots Tight reservoir Microfluidic Micro-CT Enhanced oil recovery Temperature and salt resistance

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Forecasting oil production in unconventional reservoirs using long short term memory network coupled support vector regression method: A case study

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petroleum 2023年第4期9卷 647-657页

作者： Shuqin Wen Bing Wei Junyu You Yujiao He Jun Xin Mikhail A.Varfolomeev National Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China school of petroleum and Natural Gas engineering Chongqing University of Science and TechnologyChongqing401331China Research Institute of geological Exploration and Development CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Limited CompanyChengdu610051China Department of petroleum engineering Kazan Federal UniversityKremlevskaya Str.18Kazan420008Russia

Production prediction is crucial for the recovery of hydrocarbon ***,accurate and rapid production forecasting remains challenging for unconventional reservoirs due to the complexity of the percolation process and the scarcity of available *** address this problem,a novel model combining a long short-term memory network(LSTM)and support vector regression(SVR)was proposed to forecast tight oil *** variables,the tubing head pressure,nozzle size,and water rate were utilized as the inputs of the presented machine-learning workflow to account for the influence of operational *** time-series response of tight oil production was the output and was predicted by the optimized LSTM *** SVR-based residual correction model was constructed and embedded with LSTM to increase the prediction *** studies were carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed method using data from two wells in the Ma-18 block of the Xinjiang *** curve analysis(DCA)methods,LSTM and artificial neural network(ANN)models were also applied in this study and compared with the LSTM-SVR model to prove its *** was demonstrated that introducing residual correction with the newly proposed LSTM-SVR model can effectively improve prediction *** LSTM-SVR model of Well A produced the lowest prediction root mean square error(RMSE)of 5.42,while the RMSE of Arps,PLE Duong,ANN,and LSTM were 5.84,6.65,5.85,8.16,and 7.70,*** RMSE of Well B of LSTM-SVR model is 0.94,while the RMSE of ANN,and LSTM were 1.48,and 2.32.

关键词： Tight oil Production forecast LSTM-SVR Residual correction

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Influence of strong preformed particle gels on low permeable formations in mature reservoirs

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petroleum Science 2016年第1期13卷 77-90页

作者： Mahmoud O.Elsharafi Baojun Bai Mc Coy school of engineering Midwestern State University Department of geological Sciences & engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology

In mature reservoirs,the success of preformed particle gel（PPG） treatment rests primarily on the ability of the PPG to reduce and/or plug the high permeable formations,but not damage the low permeable *** test models（filtration test model and pressure test model）were used to determine the effect of PPG on low permeable *** work used a strong preformed particle gel,Daqing（DQ） gel made by a Chinese *** particle gel sizes were ranged from 30 to 120 mesh for this *** are sized in a millimeter or micrometer,which can absorb over a hundred times their weight in *** gel strength was approximately 6500 Pa for a completely swollen PPG with 1 %（weight percentage） NaCl solution（brine）.0.05 %,1 %,and 10 % NaCl solutions were used in *** core permeability was measured before and after PPG *** relationship between cumulative filtration volumes versus filtration times was *** results indicate that DQ gels of a particle size of 30–80 mesh did not damage the cores of a low permeability of 3–25 m *** DQ gels of a smaller particle size ranging from 100 to 120 mesh damaged the core and a cake was formed on the core *** results also indicate that more damage occurred when a high load pressure（400 psi） was applied on the high permeability cores（290–310 m D）.The penetration of the particle gelsinto the low permeable formations can be decreased by the best selection of gel types,particle sizes,and brine concentrations.

关键词： formations reservoirs mature permeability sandstone permeable filtration rock sizes porosity

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