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Deep structure of the Kumkol basin in the northern Tibetan Plateau and its resource environmental implications

Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第11期67卷 3421-3435页

作者： Wenhui LI Zhanwu LU Rui GAO Xiaofan DENG Jingyuan LI Guangwen WANG Zhanxuan SUN Sinoprobe Laboratory of Ministry of Natural Resources Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences school of Earth Sciences and engineering Sun Yat-sen University South Branch of Sinopec petroleum engineering Geophysics Co. Ltd

The Kumkol basin is located in the northern Tibetan Plateau and is a closed plateau basin with an average altitude of>4000 m and an area of nearly 20000 km2. Its boundaries are limited by the Altyn Tagh fault, East Kunlun orogen and Qimantag orogen. Studying the deep structure of the Kumkol basin reveals 2 significant implications:（1） the basin has developed a large thickness of >7000 m Cenozoic continental sediments, recording the uplift history of the northern Tibetan Plateau, and（2）preliminary work indicates that the basin is likely to have oil and gas prospects. However, owing to the adverse natural conditions of the area and the strong tectonic activity in the Cenozoic, the latter of which was not conducive to hydrocarbon preservation,only regional geological mapping and petroleum exploration route surveys have been carried out, and there is no consensus on strata, structure and tectonic evolution. From 2021 to 2022, a deep seismic reflection profile implemented by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research（STEP） project was the first high-resolution geophysical survey across the Kumkol basin. This study uses seismic reflection migration profiles, first-arrival wave tomographic imaging and previous research results to analyze the deep structure of the basin. The final merged model contains many features of tectonic and resource significance:（1） The Kumkol basin is ～90 km wide from north to south, with a basement depth of >9000 m. The main component is the Cenozoic continental deposits, which are divided into two major parts: the southern composite basin and the northern faulted basin. Owing to the later compression, the southern composite basin experienced significant deformation, but most parts still preserved their original sedimentary formations.（2） The structural deformation characteristics of the basin reveal a two-stage tectonic evolution process of the northern Tibetan Plateau in the Cenozoic: from the Oligocene to the Pliocene, the ma

关键词： Kumkol basin Seismic reflection Tomography Northern Tibetan Plateau Oil and gas prospect

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Assessment and optimization of fracture-karst cave connectivity in horizontal well hydraulic fracturing of carbonate reservoirs

Rock Mechanics Bulletin

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Rock Mechanics Bulletin 2024年第2期3卷 96-110页

作者： Tiankui Guo Mingkun Lv Pandeng Luo Xin Yang Ming Chen Dingwei Weng Zhanqing Qu Yiwen Liu school of petroleum engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580China National Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580China petroleum engineering Technology Research Institute Northwest Oilfield Branch of SinopecWulumuqi830011China PetroChina Research Institute of petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing100083China school of Information and Control engineering Qingdao University of TechnologyQingdao273400China

The karst cave serves as the primary storage space in carbonate *** connecting multiple karst caves through hydraulic fracturing is key to the efficient development of carbonate ***,there is lack of systematic research on the mechanisms and influencing factors of fracture propagation in car-bonate *** paper established models including karst cave models,single natural fracture-cave models,and multiple natural fracture-cave models based on the discrete lattice *** thoroughly studied how geological and operational factors affect the fracture propagation and the connectivity of karst *** final step involved establishing a prototype well model and optimizing operation *** research indicates that an increase in the Young's modulus and pore pressure of karst cave could facilitate hydraulic fracture connecting with *** the pore pressure is lower than that in the matrix,it will generate a repulsive effect on hydraulic *** natural fracture along the hydraulic fracture path significantly facilitates the connection with *** the wellbore azimuth is less than 60℃,the fracture's diversion radius is small,and hydraulic fractures primarily connect with karst cave through natural *** the wellbore azimuth exceeds 60℃,the fracture's diversion radius *** the combined action of hydraulic fractures and natural fractures,the stimulated volume of the karst cave noticeably *** the same liquid volume,increasing the injection rate could enhance the cave stimulated *** the findings from numerical simulation studies resulted in the development of a diagram that depicts the connectivity of karst caves,providing valuable insight for hydraulic fracturing operations in carbonate reservoirs.

关键词： Fracture propagation Hydraulic fracturing Carbonate reservoir Karst cave Three-dimensional discrete lattice method Numerical simulation

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Recent techniques on analyses and characterizations of shale gas and oil reservoir

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Energy Reviews 2024年第2期3卷 31-62页

作者： Yamin Wang Zhenlin Wang Zhengchen Zhang Shanshan Yao Hong Zhang Guoqing Zheng Feifei Luo Lele Feng Kouqi Liu Liangliang Jiang Institute of Energy Peking UniversityBeijing100871China Petro China Xinjiang Oilfield Company Karamay834000China school of Mining and petroleum engineering University of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada College of Construction engineering Jilin UniversityChangchun130061China school of Safety engineering China University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhouChina Department of Chemical and petroleum engineering University of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada

This article offers a comprehensive review focused on the analysis and characterization of shale reservoirs,unconventional hydrocarbon resources that uniquely serve as both the source reservoir for gas and oil,and the *** analyze and characterize shale reservoirs,pore structure,rock components and rock mechanical properties are three main factors to *** three main factors are necessary for successful field operations in shale *** now,there are various techniques utilized to characterize these three ***,this study delves into the intricacies of shale reservoir's pore structure,rock components and mechanical properties under varying geological conditions,summarizing various techniques utilized to characterize these properties in previous *** study also discusses the role of analytical techniques in understanding the complex interactions between kerogen and the surrounding mineral *** providing a summary of various techniques operated on the mentioned three main factors,this paper supplies the effective and optimal technique on analyzing different properties of shale ***,the paper aims to contribute to more effective resource assessment and production optimization in shale reservoirs,offering insights that have significant implications for the future of unconventional hydrocarbon extraction.

关键词： Shale reservoir Pore structure Rock components Mechanical test Kerogen

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Quantitative prediction model for the depth limit of oil accumulation in the deep carbonate rocks:A case study of Lower Ordovician in Tazhong area of Tarim Basin

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petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 115-124页

作者： Wen-Yang Wang Xiong-Qi Pang Ya-Ping Wang Zhang-Xin Chen Fu-Jie Jiang Ying Chen State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China College of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China Research Institute of Exploration and Development PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyChengdu610041SichuanChina Chemical and petroleum engineering Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryT2N 1N4Canada

With continuous hydrocarbon exploration extending to deeper basins,the deepest industrial oil accumulation was discovered below 8,200 m,revealing a new exploration ***,the extent to which oil exploration can be extended,and the prediction of the depth limit of oil accumulation(DLOA),are issues that have attracted significant attention in petroleum *** it is difficult to characterize the evolution of the physical properties of the marine carbonate reservoir with burial depth,and the deepest drilling still cannot reach the ***,the DLOA cannot be predicted by directly establishing the relationship between the ratio of drilling to the dry layer and the *** this study,by establishing the relationships between the porosity and the depth and dry layer ratio of the carbonate reservoir,the relationships between the depth and dry layer ratio were obtained *** depth corresponding to a dry layer ratio of 100%is the *** on this,a quantitative prediction model for the DLOA was finally *** results indicate that the porosity of the carbonate reservoir,Lower Ordovician in Tazhong area of Tarim Basin,tends to decrease with burial depth,and manifests as an overall low porosity reservoir in deep *** critical porosity of the DLOA was 1.8%,which is the critical geological condition corresponding to a 100%dry layer ratio encountered in the *** depth of the DLOA was 9,000 *** study provides a new method for DLOA prediction that is beneficial for a deeper understanding of oil accumulation,and is of great importance for scientific guidance on deep oil drilling.

关键词： Deep layer Tarim Basin Hydrocarbon accumulation Depth limit of oil accumulation Prediction model

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Geochemical Characteristics and Development Significances of Constant and Trace Elements from Coalbed Methane Co-Produced Water:A Case Study of the Shizhuangnan Block,the Southern Qinshui Basin

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第1期35卷 51-61页

作者： Yang Li Shuheng Tang Jian Chen Songhang Zhang Zhaodong Xi Key Laboratory of Universities in Anhui Province for Prevention of Mine geological Disasters Anhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainan 232001China school of Earth and Environment Anhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainan 232001China National Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and engineering China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China school of Energy Resource China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Marine Reservoir Evolution and Hydrocarbon Enrichment Mechanism Ministry of EducationBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Strategy Evaluation for Shale Gas Ministry of Land and ResourcesBeijing 100083China

As an unconventional natural gas resource,coalbed methane(CBM)development releases a large amount of CBM wells co-produced *** characteristics of the co-produced water provide an essential foundation for the production dynamics of CBM reservoirs if the impacts of fracturing fluids and other aquifers can be *** the Shizhuangnan Block of the southern Qinshui Basin,constant and trace elements in CBM co-produced water from the wellheads were collected and determined,which is applied to assess water source,fracturing fluid effect,and CBM *** on principle component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis,the water samples are divided into four *** suggests that different characteristics affected by water-rock interaction,reservoir environment,aquifer recharge,and hydraulic fracturing result in the various ratios of Na^(+)/Cl^(-),alkalinity(HCO_(3)^(-)+CO_(3)^(2-))/Cl^(-)and other specific ***,Cl^(-)is selected as a dividing line for complete fracturing fluid flow back,associated with organic-bound chlorine complexes in the original coal seam *** to constant elements,there is a significant correlation between Li and Sr concentrations and CBM productivity,so templates regarding trace elements can be used to distinguish various sources of the co-produced water.

关键词： coalbad methane CBM co-produced water hydraulic fracturing Qinshui Basin

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Analyzing thermal maturity effect on shale organic matter via PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping

Rock Mechanics Bulletin

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Rock Mechanics Bulletin 2024年第3期3卷 38-52页

作者： Chioma Onwumelu Oladoyin Kolawole Stephan Nordeng Olufemi Olorode Harold Hamm school of Geology and geological engineering University of North DakotaGrand ForksND58202USA John A.Reif Jr.Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJ07102USA Craft and Hawkins Department of petroleum engineering Louisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLA70803USA

Organic-rich shales have gained significant attention in recent years due to their pivotal role in unconventional hydrocarbon *** shale rocks undergo thermal maturation processes that alter their mechanical properties,making their study essential for subsurface ***,characterizing the mechanical properties of organic-rich shale is often challenging due to its multiscale nature and complex *** work aims to bridge that knowledge gap to fully understand the nanomechanical properties of Shale organic matter at various thermal maturation *** study employs PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Map-ping(PF-QNM)using Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM)to investigate how changes at the immature,early mature,and peak mature stages impact the mechanical properties of the Bakken Shale organic ***-QNM provides reliable mechanical measurements,allowing for the quantification and qualification of shale constituents'elastic modulus(E).We also accounted for the effect of probe type and further analyzed the impact of probe wear on the nanomechanical properties of shale organic *** immature shale,the average elastic modulus of organic matter is approximately 6 GPa,whereas in early mature and peak mature shale,it decreases to 5.5 GPa and 3.8 GPa,*** reveal a mechanical degradation with increasing thermal maturation,as evidenced by a reduction in Young's modulus(E).Specifically,the immature shale exhibits an 8%reduction in E,while the early mature and peak mature shales experience more substantial reductions of 31%and 37%,*** phenomenon could be attributed to the surface probing of low-modulus materials like bitumen generated during *** findings underscore the potential of AFM PF-QNM for assessing the nanomechanical characteristics of complex and heterogeneous rocks like ***,it also highlights the need for standardized mea-surement practices,considering the diverse components in these

关键词： Rock mechanics Nanomechanics Shale Organic matter Atomic force microscopy Nanomechanical mapping

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Stratigraphic framework and sedimentary evolution during the Cryogenian-Ediacaran transition in northeastern Sichuan Basin,South China

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petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 823-835页

作者： Yi Zhang Hong-Wei Kuang Yong-Qing Liu Qiang Shi Dong-Ge Wang Ke-Ning Qi Yu-Chong Wang Da-Wei Qiao Xiao-Shuai Chen Li-Zhi Wu Meng Tian Long Chen Yi Wei Liao-Yuan Song Jian Li Zi-Gang Wu Yun-Qian Liu Xuan-Chun Liu An-Qing Chen Zhi-Wei Liao Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing100037China State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control School of Resources and Safety EngineeringChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China No.205 geological Team Chongqing Bureau of Geology and Minerals ExplorationChongqing401121China Chongqing Institute of geological Survey Chongqing401122China Key Laboratory of Deep-time Geography and Environment Reconstruction and Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu610059SichuanChina

The northeastern Sichuan area in the northern Yangtze margin has unique Ediacaran geological records,especially the Doushantuo Formation(DST),and become a hot research area in recent ***,the Cryogenian-Ediacaran(C-E)boundary has not been precisely identified,which restricts the in-depth study of geological information during this crucial transitional period and is unfavorable for a systematic and complete understanding of the Yangtze Block and even the global paleogeographic *** study conducted stratigraphy,sedimentology,and chronostratigraphy to establish the stratigraphic framework and sedimentary evolution of the C-E transition strata in northeastern *** results showed that the Ediacaran sediments,without the cap dolomite,unconformably overlaid the Cryogenian sediments in the studied *** Member II of the DST,characterized by 50-160 m of red-green sandstone(approximately equivalent to the original Chengkou“Guanyinya Formation”),directly overlaid the Cryogenian sediments and displayed a 623±2.3 Ma maximum depositional age from the detrital zircon U-Pb *** stratigraphic correlations indicate that the C-E transition strata in northeastern Sichuan had a consistent lithological association and sedimentary sequence characteristics but differed from the Three ***,the upper Nantuo massive glacial diamictites transition to the icebergs rafted lonestone-bearing mudstones at the top,then change upward to DST barrier coast *** proposed DST of the northeastern Sichuan Basin was divided into three lithostratigraphic members without the regional Member I cap dolomite:(i)Member II purple-red,gray-green sandstone strata,(ii)MemberⅢblack mudstone strata,and(iii)Member IV P-Mn bearing *** the C-E transition,the study area experienced(i)the global deglaciation stage in the terminal Marinoan glaciation and(ii)the filling-leveling up stage with clastic rocks in the early ***,the early Ediacaran

关键词： Marinoan glaciation Doushantuo formation Cap dolomite Deglacial and coastal deposits Detrital zircon U-Pb dating

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Formation,evolution,reconstruction of black shales and their influence on shale oil and gas resource

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China Geology 2024年第3期7卷 551-585页

作者： Shi-zhen Li Qiu-chen Xu Mu Liu Guo-heng Liu Yi-fan Li Wen-yang Wang Xiao-guang Yang Wei-bin Liu Yan-fei An Peng Sun Tao Liu Jiang-hui Ding Qian-chao Li Chao-gang Fang State Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Oil Beijing 100083China The Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil and Gas Geology China Geological SurveyBeijing 100083China Oil and Gas Survey China Geological SurveyMinistry of Natural ResourcesBeijing 100083China State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China school of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China school of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources Research Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China school of Resource and Environment engineering Anhui UniversityHefei 230601China Yangtze University Wuhan 430100China Nanjing Center China Geological SurveyNanjing 210016China National Elite Institute of engineering CNPCBeijing 100096China

Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and *** are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human *** also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the *** review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and *** terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional *** formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom *** a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological *** enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation *** terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore *** terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore *** activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black *** resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales wou

关键词： Black shales Shale oil and gas Resource effects Sedimentary environment Sedimentary process Organic matter accumulation Diagenetic evolution Thermal evolution Organic matter and inorganic minerals Tectonic reconstruction Oil and gas exploration engineering Veins Fluid activity

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3D geomechanical modeling of the response of the Wilzetta Fault to saltwater disposal

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2021年第6期5卷 559-580页

作者： Behzad Hemami Shahla Feizi Masouleh Ahmad Ghassemi mewbourne school of petroleum and geological engineering University of OklahomaNormanOKUSA

From 2009 to 2017,parts of Central America experienced marked increase in the number of small to moderate-sized *** example,three significant earthquakes(~Mw 5)occurred near Prague,Oklahoma,in the *** *** 6 Nov 2011,an Mw 5.7 earthquake occurred in Prague,central Oklahoma with a sequence of *** seismic activity has been attributed to slip on the Wilzetta fault *** study provides a 3 D fully coupled poroelastic analysis(using FLAC3 D)of the Wilzetta fault system and its response to saltwater injection in the underpressured subsurface layers,especially the Arbuckle group and the basement,to evaluate the conditions that might have led to the increased *** the data-limited nature of the problem,we have considered multiple plausible scenarios,and use the available data to evaluate the hydromechanical response of the faults of interest in the study *** simulations show that the injection of large volumes of fluid into the Arbuckle group tends to bring the part of the Wilzetta faults in Arbuckle group and basement into near-critical conditions.

关键词： poroelasticity Oklahoma seismicity Arbuckle group saltwater injection Wilzetta fault 2011 Prague earthquake sequence

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A typical Riedel Shear Pattern of active faults in the Laolongwan Basin， Northeastern Tibetan Plateau

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年

作者： Kai-Xun WANG Xiao-Gang LI Wei SHI Xiang-You FENG Qian YANG Jie LI Zheng-Jian XU Zhou-Jun PENG Shao-Hua XU Yi-Xue XIONG Mao LIN school of petroleum engineering， Chongqing University of Science and Technology Chongqing Key Laboratory of Complex Oil and Gas Field Exploration and Development， Chongqing University of Science and Technology Geophysics Research Institute of Jiangsu Oilfield Company，SINOPEC SinoProbe Laboratory， Chinese Academy of geological Sciences Academy of Dazu Rock Carvings

Riedel shear system， consists of some different oriented faults and derivative structures， is an important pattern of tectonic activity and stress regulation， which has been widely applied to the interpretation of intracontinental deformation. The Laolongwan Basin， located in the western Haiyuan fault zone at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau， is a key area to study the Cenozoic intracontinental deformation in the northeastern plateau， which formed a complex active fault system during the Cenozoic. However， the activity of these faults and their kinematic mechanism remain unclear. In this contribution， based on detailed structural interpretation of remote sensing image， field observations and OSL dating analysis， we propose a Riedel Shear model of active fault system in the Laolongwan basin. Our observations show that this active fault system is consist of four major faults， including the left strike-slip Hasi Shan Fault and Zihong Shan Fault with thrusting characteristics， the Southern Zihong Shan thrust fault and the Mijia Shan normal fault. The fault offset and OSL dating analyses suggest that the left-lateral slip rate of the Hasi Shan Fault is ～ 2.60-3.01 mm/a since ca. 15 ka， whereas the Zihong Shan Fault is ～ 1.10-1.13 mm/a since ca. 14 ka. Fault-slip vectors analyses indicate that the active fault system related to the Riedel Shear in the Laolongwan Basin was controlled by the regional ENE-WSW compressive stress. This compression also caused the significant left-lateral strike-slip movement along the Haiyuan Fault zone at the same time， which might result from the northeastward continuous expanding of the Tibetan Plateau during the late Cenozoic.

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