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Journal of Integrative Medicine 2018年第5期16卷 335-341页

作者： Jeremiah Oshiomame Unuofin Gloria Aderonke Otunola Anthony Jide Afolayan medicinal plants and economic development research centre Department of BotanyUniversity of Fort Hare

Objective： This study investigated the acute and subacute toxicity of whole-plant aqueous extract of Vernonia mespilifolia Less. （AEVM） in rats for evaluating its safety profile. Methods： AEVM for the acute （2000 and 5000 mg/kg） and subacute （200, 400 and 600 mg/kg） toxicity studies was administered orally to rats according the guidelines 425 and 407 of Organization for economic Cooperation and development, respectively. Food and water intake as well as body and organ weight of animals were recorded. Signs of toxicity were assessed, and hematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses were performed. Results： In the acute toxicity study, a single dose of the aqueous extract at 2000 or 5000 mg/kg caused no mortality in the animals, suggesting that the median lethal dose is greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the subacute toxicity study, administration of the extract for 28 d, at all doses, caused no significant changes in the body weights or organ weights of rats in the treated groups when compared with the control group. In addition, hematological and biochemical parameters also revealed no toxic effects of the extract on rats. Histological sections of the heart, liver and kidney from test animals showed no signs of degen- eration. Conclusion： These results showed that AEVM at dosage levels up to 600 mg/kg is nontoxic and could also offer protection on some body tissues. AEVM could, therefore, be considered safe.

关键词： Vemonia mespilifolia Less Biochemical parameters Acute toxicity Hematological parameters Subacute toxicity

Diospyros lycioides Desf:Review of its botany, medicinal uses,pharmacological activities and phytochemistry

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2018年第2期8卷 130-136页

作者： Alfred Maroyi medicinal plants and economic development research centre Department of Botany University of Fort Hare

Diospyros lycioides Desf.(D. lycioides) is traditionally used as herbal medicine against various human and animal ailments in tropical Africa. The present paper reviewed information on botany, medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of D. lycioides. This review was compiled using scientific literature from electronic search engine such as PubMed,Scopus, ScienceDirect, Springerlink, BioMed Central, Scielo, Medline and Science *** literatures were obtained from book chapters, books, dissertations, websites and other scientific publications. D. lycioides is used as traditional medicine in 50% of the countries where the species is native in tropical Africa. This study recorded 22 medicinal uses of *** which included abdominal pains, infertility in women, sexually transmitted infections,and used as chewing sticks(or mouthwash), toothbrushes and ethnoveterinary medicine. *** extracts demonstrated anti-adhesive, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, antioxidant,antifungal, antiproliferative, mutagenicity and antibacterial activities. Future research should focus on the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, clinical trials and pharmacokinetics of D. lycioides which will enhance the therapeutic potential of the species.

关键词： Diospyros lycioides Ethnopharmacology Herbal medicine Traditional uses Tropical Africa

Phytochemical screening and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Kedrostis africana(L.)Cogn

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2017年第10期7卷 901-908页

作者： Jeremiah Oshiomame Unuofin Gloria Aderonke Otunola Anthony Jide Afolayan medicinal plants and economic development research centre Department of BotanyUniversity of Fort HareAlice 5700 South Africa

Objective: To investigate phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Kedrostis africana(K. africana).Methods: Dried tubers of K. africana were extracted in acetone, water and ethanol. The total phenol, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and tannin contents were determined spectrometrically. The antioxidant activity was examined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide assays. The antimicrobial activity was determined by agar dilution method using minimum inhibitory concentration against 3 g positive and three gram negative strains while four fungal strains were also ***: Total phenol, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin and tannin contents ranged from(5.32 ± 0.01) to(10.51 ± 0.01) mg GAE/g;(42.58 ± 0.02) to(529.23 ± 0.01) mg QE/g;(15.05 ± 0.00) to(585.64 ± 0.00) mg CE/g and(0.301 ± 0.010) to(0.937 ± 0.000) mg TAE/g, respectively. The IC_(50) values of the ethanol extract for 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and hydrogen peroxide were 0.054 and 0.057 mg/mL,respectively, aqueous extract had an IC_(50) value of 0.135 7 mg/mL for nitric oxide while the acetone extract had an IC_(50) value of 0.300 mg/mL for 2,*** ethanol extract demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogenic species with minimum inhibitory concentrations values ranging from 2.5–5.0 mg/mL for bacteria and(0.312 5–5.000 0) mg/mL for fungi, ***: The tuber of K. africana showed potent free radical scavenging property and antimicrobial activity.

关键词： Agar dilution Antimicrobial activity Radical scavenging activity Total phenolics Total flavonoid

Phytochemical and antioxidant activities of Rumex crispus L. in treatment of gastrointestinal helminths in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2017年第12期7卷 1071-1078页

作者： Oladayo Amed Idris Olubunmi Abosede Wintola Anthony Jide Afolayan medicinal plants and economic development research centre Department of BotanyUniversity of Fort HareAlice5700South Africa

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activities and phytochemical content of the leaf and root extracts of Rumex crispus using the solvents extraction; methanol extract,ethanol extract, acetone extract(ACE), and water ***: Total flavonoids content, total phenolic content, and total proanthocyanidin were evaluated using spectrophotometric equivalents of the standards, quercetin, gallic acid and catechin respectively. The antioxidant activities of the plant extracts were determined using ABTS, DPPH, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide scavenging ***: The flavonoids and phenols contents of the extracts were in the range of(19.39 ± 4.08) to(526.23 ± 17.52) mg QE/g and(16.95 ± 12.03) to(240.68 ± 3.50) mg GAE/g, respectively. ACE of the leaf has the highest value of total flavonoids content(526.23 ± 17.52) mg QE/g while ACE of the root has the highest value of total phenolic content(240.68 ± 3.50) mg GAE/g. The highest content of total proanthocyanidin(645.38 ± 1.33) mg CE/g was in ACE of the root. Significant amounts of saponin and alkaloid were also present in the root and leaf extracts. All solvent fractions showed significant antioxidant activities(P < 0.05) with ACE of the root having the highest scavenging value as shown in DPPH, ABTS, total antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide and ferric reducing antioxidant power(IC50= 0.014 mg/m L, <0.005 mg/m L, 0.048 mg/m L,0.067 mg/m L, and 0.075 mg/m L, respectively).Conclusions: In this study, the mean phytochemical content of the root of Rumex crispus is higher than that of the leaf and this may have contributed to its high antioxidant activities. This may also justify the frequent use of the root more than the leaves in traditional medicine for the cure of helminthic infections.

关键词： Antioxidant Phytochemical Rumex crispus Helminths Treatment Scavenge

Nutritional evaluation of Kedrostis africana (L.) Cogn:An edible wild plant of South Africa

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2017年第5期7卷 443-449页

作者： Jeremiah Oshiomame Unuofin Gloria Aderonke Otunola Anthony Jide Afolayan medicinal plants and economic development(MPED)research centre Department of BotanyUniversity of Fort HareAlice 5700South Africa

Objective:To evaluate the nutritional composition and elemental constituents of Kedrostis africana and their safety ***:Proximate parameters(moisture,ash,crude fibre,crude fat,proteins,and carbohydrate and energy) were evaluated using ALASA methods,and elemental analysis by ICP-OES ***:The results from nutritional analysis showed that the tuber used for this study had a low content of crude fat and high content of ash,crude protein,crude fibre,carbohydrate and energy having the recommended dietary *** tuber was rich in major minerals Na,K,Ca and Mg,there was sufficient amount of trace elements Fe,Cu,and Zn while the anti-nutrients oxalate,phytate,alkaloids,and saponins were detected in amounts that are not harmful according to Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health ***:The outcome of this study suggests that this wild plant has very good nutritional potentials to meet the recommended dietary allowance and it could be a cheap source of essential nutrients that may ameliorate most nutritional challenges and can contribute remarkably to the amount of nutrient intake in human and animal diet.

关键词： Kedrostis africana Proximate analysis Nutritional value ICP-OES Edible wild plant

Melissa officinalis and rosmarinic acid in management of memory functions and Alzheimer disease

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2019年第2期9卷 47-52页

作者： Mohaddese Mahboubi medicinal plants research Department Research and DevelopmentTabibDaru Pharmaceutical Company

Alzheimer disease(AD) as worldwide progressive neurodegenerative disease is prevalent disease among elderly population. Due to limitation in chemical drugs along with their adverse effects of these treatments, research for finding more effective natural drugs, is one of interesting subjects among the scientists. Melissa officinalis(M. officinalis) has a long history of use in treatment of nervous system diseases. This review article evaluates the potency of M. officinalis in treatment of AD by review of experimental and clinical documents on the efficacy, safety and its mechanisms of action in management of AD. The information is extracted from electronic resources(PubMed, Wiley, Springer and Science Direct), English and Persian scientific books. In spite of different scientific and non-scientific reports on the use of M. officinalis and its main component of rosmarinic acid in neurodegenerative diseases, there is only one clinical trial on the efficacy of M. officinalis ethanol extract in management of AD. Different mechanisms of action for M. officinalis, including inhibitory effects against amyloid beta, reactive oxygen species, and acetylcholine esterase, are involved. Larger clinical trials are recommended to confirm the efficacy and safety of M. officinalis extracts in treatment of AD patients.

关键词： Lemon balm Melissa officinalis Alzheimer Acetylcholine Rosmarinic acid

Euclea undulata Thunb.:Review of its botany,ethnomedicinal uses,phytochemistry and biological activities

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2017年第11期10卷 1030-1036页

作者： Alfred Maroyi medicinal plants and economic development(MPED)research centre Department of BotanyUniversity of Fort HarePrivate Bag X1314Alice 5700South Africa

Euclea undulata(E. undulata) is traditionally used for the treatment of body pains, chest complaints, cough, diabetes, diarrhoea, headaches, heart diseases and toothaches in southern Africa. This study was aimed at reviewing the botany, ethnopharmacology and biological activities of E. undulata in southern Africa. Results presented in this study are based on review of literature using search engines such as Science Direct, Springerlink,Scopus, Pub Med, Web of Science, Bio Med Central and Google Scholar. Herbal medicine is prepared from the decoctions of the roots, bark and leaves, and extracts of these plant parts have demonstrated anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, antiplasmodial, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities. Multiple classes of phytochemical compounds such alkaloids, diterpenes, fatty acids, flavonoids, glycosides, naphthoquinones, phenolics, phytosterols, reducing sugars, saponins and tannins have been isolated from the species. E. undulata has a lot of potential as herbal medicine in tropical Africa, and advanced research is required aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties.

关键词： Complementary and alternative medicine Euclea undulata Ethnopharmacology Southern Africa Traditional medicine

Hepatoprotection by dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and mechanisms

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2020年第1期10卷 1-10页

作者： Mohaddese Mahboubi Mona Mahboubi medicinal plants research Department Research and DevelopmentTabibDaru Pharmaceutical CompanyKashanIran

The protection of the liver as an essential organ in the body against oxidative stress and deleterious compounds has been the subject of recent *** different compounds,medicinal plants play an important role due to their hepatoprotective *** officinale or"common dandelion"is a popular plant that has been traditionally used for its hepatoprotective ***,there are limited clinical studies on its hepatoprotective *** aim of this review article is to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of dandelion and its mechanism of *** reviewed literature up to July 2019 on"Taraxacum officinale"or"dandelion"and *** available pharmacological studies indicate that dandelion extracts have hepatoprotective effects against chemical agents due to its antioxidant and antiinflammatory *** anti-inflammatory effects of dandelion,the prebiotic effects of its oligofructans,inhibitory effects against the release of lipopolysaccharides and fasting induced adipose factor,digestive enzymes,and enhancing effects of lipogenesis,reduce lipid accumulation and liver inflammation,which directly or indirectly improve the liver *** emerging evidence on hepatoprotective effects of dandelion,designing large human clinical studies is essential.

关键词： Dandelion Hepatoprotective effects Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory

Integrated Analysis of the Trees and Associated UnderCanopy Species in a Subalpine Forest of Western Himalaya,Uttarakhand, India

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Journal of Mountain Science 2015年第1期12卷 154-165页

作者： Vinod K.BISHT Chandra P.KUNIYAL Bhagwati P.NAUTIYAL Pratti Prasad Herbal research and development Institute Department of Horticulture Aromatic and Medicinal Plants School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources Management Mizoram University High Altitude plants Physiology research centre HNB Garhwal (Central) University

Subalpine forests are known as outstanding habitats due to co-existence of both temperate and alpine vegetation and are classic example of ecotonal zones. Limited but diverse physiognomy of trees inhabiting in subalpine forest results in variability within under-canopy habitat conditions. Studies were undertaken to assess population status, habitat preference and interferences to the trees and associated under-canopy herbs in a subalpine forest of western Himalaya. A total of lo woody and 23 under-canopy herbs were recorded in the selected subalpine forest area. At each stand, the number of tree species and under-canopy herbs ranged from 2 to 4 and 8 to lo respectively. Abies spectabilis, Acer caesium, Quercus floribunda, Q. semecarpifolia and Rhododendron arboreum were key tree species in this area. The density of main woody species was 280 to 119o individuals ha-1 at different stands. Herbaceous plants with rosette and clump growth habits were observed to have higher values for total basal cover and importance value index. Presence of some under- canopy herbs like; Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Malaxis muscifera, Picrorhiza kurrooa, Polygonatum cirrhifolium habitats also and Skimmia laureola showed that they are in the habitat specific specific. However, the presence of Frageria nubicola and Viola sp. was common in the selected stands. Felling of trees for timber, construction of temporary huts, fuel wood and lopping for fodder were main interferences for trees. On the other hand, trampling driven damage due to grazing, habitats degradation and overexploitation were observed key threats for under-canopy herbs. Integrated analysis including population studies, habitats preference and interferences to the trees and under-canopy herbs in this sensitive and important ecosystem will be useful for determining the conservation plans and ecosystem management.

关键词： Conservation Habitat preferences Interferences Management Population analysis

Traditional usage,phytochemistry and pharmacology of Croton sylvaticus *** ***

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2017年第5期10卷 401-407页

作者： Alfred Maroyi medicinal plants and economic development(MPED)research Center Department of BotanyUniversity of Fort HarePrivate Bag X1314Alice 5700South Africa

Croton sylvaticus(C. sylvaticus) is widely used as herbal medicine by the indigenous people of tropical Africa. The potential of C. sylvaticus as herbal medicine,the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of its parts used as herbal medicines are reviewed. The extensive literature survey revealed that C. sylvaticus is traditionally used to treat or manage at least 24 human and animal diseases and ailments. The species is used as herbal medicine for diseases and ailments such as abdominal pains,boils,fever,inflammation,malaria,rheumatism,swellings and tuberculosis and as ethnoveterinary medicine. Multiple classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids,anthraquinones,essential oils,flavonoids,lignan,phenolics,sterols,tannins and terpenoids have been isolated from the species. Scientific studies on C. sylvaticus indicate that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities which include antibacterial,antifungal,anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,larvicidal and effects on the central nervous system. Although studies have confirmed that C. sylvaticus has a wide range of bioactives,further research on the exact bioactive molecules and mechanisms of action are required.

关键词： Africa Croton sylvaticus Ethnopharmacology Euphorbiaceae Indigenous knowledge Traditional uses