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Silicon-photonics-enabled chip-based 3D printer

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第7期13卷 1320-1330页

作者： Sabrina Corsetti Milica Notaros Tal Sneh Alex Stafford Zachariah A.Page Jelena Notaros Research Laboratory of Electronics Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA Department of Chemistry The University of Texas at AustinAustinTX 78712USA

Imagine if it were possible to create 3D objects in the palm of your hand within seconds using only a single photonic *** 3D printing has revolutionized the way we create in nearly every aspect of modern society,current 3D printers rely on large and complex mechanical systems to enable layer-by-layer addition of *** limits print speed,resolution,portability,form factor,and material *** there have been recent efforts in developing novel photocuring-based 3D printers that utilize light to transform matter from liquid resins to solid objects using advanced methods,they remain reliant on bulky and complex mechanical *** address these limitations,we combine the fields of silicon photonics and photochemistry to propose the first chip-based 3D *** proposed system consists of only a single millimeter-scale photonic chip without any moving parts that emits reconfigurable visible-light holograms up into a simple stationary resin well to enable non-mechanical 3D ***,we experimentally demonstrate a stereolithography-inspired proof-of-concept version of the chip-based 3D printer using a visible-light beam-steering integrated optical phased array and visible-light-curable resin,showing 3D printing using a chip-based system for the first *** work demonstrates the first steps towards a highlycompact,portable,and low-cost solution for the next generation of 3D printers.

关键词： printer printing visible

Two-dimensional magnetic materials for spintronic applications

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Nano Research 2024年第2期17卷 743-762页

作者： Shivam N.Kajale Jad Hanna Kyuho Jang Deblina Sarkar MIT Media Lab Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA Department of Information technology and Electrical Engineering ETH ZürichZürich8092Switzerland

Spintronic devices are driving new paradigms of bio-inspired,energy efficient computation like neuromorphic stochastic computing and in-memory *** have also emerged as key candidates for non-volatile memories for embedded systems as well as alternatives to persistent *** meet the growing demands from such diverse applications,there is need for innovation in materials and device designs which can be scaled and adapted according to the ***-dimensional(2D)magnetic materials address challenges facing bulk magnet systems by offering scalability while maintaining device integrity and allowing efficient control of *** this review,we highlight the progress made in experimental studies on 2D magnetic materials towards their integration into spintronic *** provide an account of the various relevant material discoveries,demonstrations of current and voltage-based control of magnetism and reported device systems,while also discussing the challenges and opportunities towards integration of 2D magnetic materials in commercial spintronic devices.

关键词： spintronics van der Waals magnetic tunnel junction(MTJ) spin-orbit torque magnetism

Can ChatGPT be used to generate scientific hypotheses?

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Journal of Materiomics 2024年第3期10卷 578-584页

作者： Yang Jeong Park Daniel Kaplan Zhichu Ren Chia-Wei Hsu Changhao Li Haowei Xu Sipei Li Ju Li Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA institute of New Media and Communications Seoul National University1 Gwanak-roGwanak-guSeoul08826Republic of Korea Department of Condensed Matter Physics Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA Global technology Applied Research JPMorgan Chase237 Park AveNew YorkNY10017USA

We investigate whether large language models can perform the creative hypothesis generation that human researchers regularly *** the error rate is high,generative AI seems to be able to effectively structure vast amounts of scientific knowledge and provide interesting and testable *** future scientific enterprise may include synergistic efforts with a swarm of“hypothesis machines”,challenged by automated experimentation and adversarial peer reviews.

关键词： large language models scientific hypothesis generation generative AI GPT-4

Boron-10 stimulated helium production and accelerated radiation displacements for rapid development of fusion structural materials

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Journal of Materiomics 2024年第2期10卷 377-385页

作者： Yunsong Jung Ju Li Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA Korea institute of Fusion Energy Daejeon34133Republic of Korea

Boron doping,combined with neutron capture in fission reactors,has been used to simulate the helium effect on fusion structural ***,inhomogeneous helium bubble formation was often observed due to boron segregation to grain *** excess radiation displacements due to^(10)B(n,α)^(7)Li reaction,the high-energy lithium and helium ions,also were not accounted for,which can significantly accelerate the displacements-per-atom(dpa)accumulation alongside helium production(appm).Hereby an isotopically pure^(10)B doping approach is proposed to simulate the extreme envi-ronment inside fusion reactors with a high He appm-to-dpa ratio of about 10,which is about 10^(2)×larger than in fission *** modeling showed that~13%of total radiation displacement was induced by^(10)B(n,α)^(7)Li in the case of 1000 appm^(10)B doped Fe samples,which becomes even greater with increasing^(10)B *** homogenous radiation damage and helium generation are pre-dicted for grain sizes less than 1 mm,even if the boron partially formed precipitates or segregates on grain *** studies with various^(10)B doping(and^(235)U-codoping)levels in research reactors showed the estimated helium generation and radiation damage would significantly mimic fusion conditions and greatly expedite fusion materials testing,from many years down to months.

关键词： Fusion power reactor Helium transmutation He appm-to-dpa ratio Boron-10 doping Accelerated materials testing

Unraveling electrolyte solvation architectures for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2024年第3期67卷 958-964页

作者： YANG MengHao SHI Zhe HE ZhiYuan WANG Dan School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai 201804China Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMassachuseis 02139USA School of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081China

The design of advanced electrolytes hinges critically on a comprehensive comprehension of lithium-ion migration mechanisms within these electrochemical systems. Fluorination generally improves the stability and reduces the reactivity of organic compounds, making them potentially suitable for use in harsh conditions such as those found in a battery electrolyte. However,the specific properties, such as the solvation power, diffusivity, ion mobility, and so forth, would depend on the exact nature and extent of the fluorination. In this work, we introduce a theoretical framework designed to facilitate the autonomous creation of electrolyte molecular structures and craft methodologies to compute transport coefficients, providing a physical interpretation of fluoride systems. Taking fluorinated-1,2-diethoxyethanes as electrolyte solvents, we present and analyze the relationship between the electronic properties and atomic structures, and further correlate these properties to the transport coefficients, resulting in a good alignment with the experimental diffusion behaviors and Li-solvation structures. The insights derived from this research contribute to the methodological basis for high-throughput evaluation of prospective electrolyte systems, and consequently, propose strategic directions for the improvement of electrochemical cycle characteristics. This comprehensive exploration of the transport mechanisms enhances our understanding, offering avenues for further advancements in the field of lithium-ion battery technology.

关键词： Unraveling electrolyte solvation architectures for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Bolstering integrity in environmental data science and machine learning requires understanding socioecological inequity

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2024年第5期18卷 171-179页

作者： Joe F.Bozeman III School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA School of Public Policy Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA

Socioecological inequity in environmental data science—such as inequities deriving from data-driven approaches and machine learning(ML)—are current issues subject to debate and *** is growing consensus around embedding equity throughout all research and design domains—from inception to administration,while also addressing procedural,distributive,and recognitional ***,practically doing so may seem onerous or daunting to *** current perspective helps to alleviate these types of concerns by providing substantiation for the connection between environmental data science and socioecological inequity,using the Systemic Equity Framework,and provides the foundation for a paradigmatic shift toward normalizing the use of equity-centered approaches in environmental data science and ML *** the integrity of environmental data science and ML is just beginning from an equity-centered tool development and rigorous application *** this end,this perspective also provides relevant future directions and challenges by overviewing some meaningful tools and strategies—such as applying the Wells-Du Bois Protocol,employing fairness metrics,and systematically addressing irreproducibility;emerging needs and proposals—such as addressing data-proxy bias and supporting convergence research;and establishes a ten-step path ***,the work that environmental scientists and engineers do ultimately affect the well-being of us all.

关键词： Equity Bias Machine Learning Data Science Justice Systemic Equity

Vertical plane depth-resolved surface potential and carrier separation characteristics in flexible CZTSSe solar cells with over 12% efficiency

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Carbon Energy 2024年第3期6卷 36-52页

作者： Dae-Ho Son Ha Kyung Park Dae-Hwan Kim Jin-Kyu Kang Shi-Joon Sung Dae-Kue Hwang Jaebaek Lee Dong-Hwan Jeon Yunae Cho William Jo Taeseon Lee JunHo Kim Sang-Hoon Nam Kee-Jeong Yang Division of Energy technology DGISTDaeguRepublic of Korea Research Center for Thin Film Solar Cells DGISTDaeguRepublic of Korea Department of Physics Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea Department of Physics Incheon National UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA

Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4(CZTSSe)solar cells have resource distribution and economic *** main cause of their low efficiency is carrier loss resulting from recombination of photo-generated electron and *** overcome this,it is important to understand their electron-hole behavior *** determine the carrier separation characteristics,we measured the surface potential and the local current in terms of the absorber *** elemental variation in the intragrains(IGs)and at the grain boundaries(GBs)caused a band edge shift and bandgap(Eg)*** the absorber surface and subsurface,an upward Ec and Ev band bending structure was observed at the GBs,and the carrier separation was *** the absorber center,both upward Ec and Ev and downward Ec-upward Ev band bending structures were observed at the GBs,and the carrier separation was *** improve the carrier separation and suppress carrier recombination,an upward Ec and Ev band bending structure at the GBs is desirable.

关键词： carrier separation CZTSSe flexible solar cell local current surface potential

Deep Guided Attention Network for Joint Denoising and Demosaicing in Real Image

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2024年第1期33卷 303-312页

作者： Tao ZHANG Ying FU Jun ZHANG School of Computer Science and technology Beijing Institute of Technology Advanced Reasearch institute of Multidisciplinary Science Beijing Institute of Technology

Denoising(DN) and demosaicing(DM) are the first crucial stages in the image signal processing pipeline. Recently, researches pay more attention to solve DN and DM in a joint manner, which is an extremely undetermined inverse problem. Existing deep learning methods learn the desired prior on synthetic dataset, which limits the generalization of learned network to the real world data. Moreover, existing methods mainly focus on the raw data property of high green information sampling rate for DM, but occasionally exploit the high intensity and signalto-noise(SNR) of green channel. In this work, a deep guided attention network(DGAN) is presented for real image joint DN and DM(JDD), which considers both high SNR and high sampling rate of green information for DN and DM, respectively. To ease the training and fully exploit the data property of green channel, we first train DN and DM sub-networks sequentially and then learn them jointly, which can alleviate the error accumulation. Besides, in order to support the real image JDD, we collect paired raw clean RGB and noisy mosaic images to conduct a realistic dataset. The experimental results on real JDD dataset show the presented approach performs better than the state-of-the-art methods, in terms of both quantitative metrics and qualitative visualization.

关键词： Training Visualization Inverse problems Green products Noise reduction Pipelines Signal processing

Advances in Wireless,Batteryless,Implantable Electronics for Real‑Time,Continuous Physiological Monitoring

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Nano-Micro Letters 2024年第3期16卷 254-302页

作者： Hyeonseok Kim Bruno Rigo Gabriella Wong Yoon Jae Lee Woon‑Hong Yeo IEN Center for Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA George W.Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA Wallace H.Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Tech and Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaGA 30332USA Parker H.Petit institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences Institute for MaterialsInstitute for Robotics and Intelligent MachinesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA 30332USA

This review summarizes recent progress in developing wireless,batteryless,fully implantable biomedical devices for real-time continuous physiological signal monitoring,focusing on advancing human health *** considerations,such as biological constraints,energy sourcing,and wireless communication,are discussed in achieving the desired performance of the devices and enhanced interface with human *** addition,we review the recent achievements in materials used for developing implantable systems,emphasizing their importance in achieving multi-functionalities,biocompatibility,and *** wireless,batteryless devices offer minimally invasive device insertion to the body,enabling portable health monitoring and advanced disease ***,we summarize the most recent practical applications of advanced implantable devices for human health care,highlighting their potential for immediate commercialization and clinical uses.

关键词： Implantable electronics Biomedical systems Batteryless devices Wireless electronics Physiological signal monitoring