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Closing the Cybersecurity Skill Gap in Kenya: Curriculum Interventions in Higher Education

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Journal of Information Security 2023年第2期14卷 136-151页

作者： Raphael M. Kaibiru Simon M. Karume Faith Kibas Martin Luther Bwangah Onga’nyo machakos university Machakos Kenya Kabarak university Nakuru Kenya Unites States International university-Africa Nairobi Kenya

In the wake of increased cybercrime against insufficient cybersecurity professionals, there is an urgent need to bridge the skill-gap. The demand for skilled and experienced (approximately 40,000 to 50,000) cybersecurity professionals in Kenya is soaring all-time high. This demand is against the available 1700 certified professionals. Therefore, this paper seeks to bring to fore interventions put in place to address the skill gap through curriculum interventions. In order to get a clear understanding, the paper sought to determine the status of cybersecurity skill gap in Kenya and what universities are doing to address the gap. The paper also sought to propose the way forward to close the skill gap. This is a seminal review paper in the field of cybersecurity in Kenya focusing on institutions of higher learning and the interventions to address the cybersecurity skill gap. This research is significant to the general institutions of higher learning in both private and public universities. Results show that the cybersecurity skill gap is very high in Kenya. Interventions being offered by universities include partnerships with private cybersecurity organizations, offering cybersecurity certification training hackathons, and degree programs. However, it was established that only 13.2% of registered universities that offer cybersecurity degree programs in Kenya. The paper therefore strongly recommends launch of cybersecurity programs at the levels of undergraduate and graduate in many universities. This can therefore be augmented with other interventions such as certifications, hackathons and partnerships. Further research can be conducted to establish factors affecting the launch of cybersecurity programs in institutions of higher learning in Kenya. A further research can also be conducted to determine the effect of supplementary cybersecurity trainings such as hackathons and certifications.

关键词： Cybersecurity Cybersecurity Skill Gap Cybersecurity Curriculum Institutions of Higher Learning

Application of Central Composite Design to Optimize Spawns Propagation

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Open Journal of Optimization 2020年第3期9卷 47-70页

作者： Martin M. Kasina Koske Joseph Mutiso John Department of Mathematics and Statistics Machakos University Machakos Kenya Department of Mathematics Physics and Computing Moi University Eldoret Kenya

Despite the increased recognition of the nutritional value of the Oyster mushroom, coupled with its ability to tolerate a wide range of climatic conditions, its production is still at infancy stage with low adoption rate in Kenya. The low uptake could be attributed to the cost of spawns or lack of skills for spawns preparations coupled with poor knowledge on oyster mushroom consumption benefits. The objective of this study was to optimize Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) spawns production. To achieve the objective, the spawns propagation was optimized by varying the temperature level, sterilization time and culture media concentration in order to establish the feasible levels which minimized the days of mycelium full development using central composite designs. Based on the study findings, 26.29˚C, 17.36 minutes and 60.95 g/L of temperature level, sterilization time and culture media concentration levels respectively minimized the days to full coverage of mycelium in a petri dish. Central composite designs for controlling temperature, sterilization time and culture media concentration were recommended for spawns maximum production. A further research on multiple response optimizations aimed at achieving resistance to bacterial diseases and yield by varying the strain in the culture were recommended.

关键词： Spawns Mycelium Colonize Optimal Levels Second Order Model Response surface

Limit Distribution of the φ-Divergence Based Change Point Estimator

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Open Journal of Statistics 2021年第3期11卷 337-350页

作者： Mwelu Susan Anthony G. Waititu Peter N. Mwita Charity Wamwea Pan African university Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation Nairobi Kenya Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences JKUAT Nairobi Kenya Department of Mathematics Statistics and Actuarial Sciences Machakos University Machakos Kenya

The assumption of stationarity is too restrictive especially for long time series. This paper studies the change point problem through a change point estimator based on the φ-divergence which provides a rich set of distance like measures between pairs of distributions. The change point problem is considered in the following sub-fields: the problem of divergence estimation, testing for the homogeneity between two samples as well as estimating the time of change. The asymptotic distribution of the change point estimator is estimated by the limiting distribution of a stochastic process within given bounds through asymptotic theory surrounding the likelihood theory. The distribution is found to converge to that of a standardized Brownian bridge process.

关键词： Change Point φ-Divergence Estimator Test Statistic Distribution Wald

An Assessment of Groundwater Grab Syndrome in Langata Sub County, Nairobi City-Kenya

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第5期11卷 651-673页

作者： E. A. Ochungo G. O. Ouma J. P. O. Obiero N. A. Odero Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation (ICCA) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Meteorology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya School of Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Machakos University Machakos Kenya

Interest on the investigation of groundwater depletion threat is growing globally and Langata sub County in Nairobi, the capital city of the Republic of Kenya, is not an exception. Because of drought-induced water shortage, households in Langata do rely on borehole water to augment their intermittent municipal water supply system. Consequently, there is an upsurge of borehole developments as drought events unfold. Previous studies here have focused on impact of borehole depths and density yet little seems to have been done to compute the correlation coefficient between drought events data and historical borehole development records as an assessment for groundwater “grab” syndrome. This study used drought index computation method (SPI) alongside other statistical methods to seek the answer to the problem. Using 57 years of monthly rainfall data and 26 years of borehole development data, the study established that, there is a positive correlation coefficient. Similarly, a trend analysis of borehole drilling and struck water level depths indicated a positive parallel rising trend on both. Further, when the borehole distribution map and struck water level contour maps were plotted, a sign of a probable well interference during pumping was detected, which however, requires a new investigation to confirm the syndrome of groundwater depletion threat. The study has contributed to the groundwater depletion research by deploying statistical research methods for risk detection. Finally, the study has proposed for a new groundwater management policy that will encourage initiation of artificial recharge schemes for the study site and beyond.

关键词： Drought Groundwater Depletion and Sustainability

The Implication of Unreliable Urban Water Supply Service: The Case of Vendor Water Cost in Langata Sub County, Nairobi City, Kenya

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第7期11卷 896-935页

作者： E. A. Ochungo G. O. Ouma J. P. O. Obiero N. A. Odero Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation (ICCA) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Meteorology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Environmental and Biosystems Engineering School of Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Machakos University Machakos Kenya

Studies on urban water supply service improvements continue to draw interest across the world. The pressure on freshwater resources is increasing in every region in the face of an increasing demand and climate change dynamics. Langata sub County in Nairobi city, Kenya faces drought induced water shortage and households rely on water vending and bottled water purchases to augment the inadequate municipal water supplies. Little to our knowledge has been done to assess the cost implication of such a practice here. So the study used household survey method to collect monthly households’ water bills comprising;utility company, water tanker delivery and bottled water purchase from a randomly sampled 382 households spread within the five wards;Karen, South C, Mugumoini, Nairobi West and Nyayo Highrise. The gated communities identified are 57. Simple stochastic analysis of the data was done after data cleaning using MS Excel. It was found that the municipal water serves up to 91.15% of the total average household monthly water demand with a cost share of 27.91%. Water tanker delivery meets 8.61% of the household water demand with a cost share of 50.74%. The bottled water purchases serve 0.24% of a typical household water demand with a total cost share of 21.35%. The water supply deficit which is a mere 8.85% met by tanker deliveries and bottled water purchases has a total average cost share of 72.09%. The computed cost burden is 258%. This means that the households pay more than two and a half times extra above the utility bill per month. The study recommends a new water policy that will incorporate the role of water vendors operated on a cooperative model by the gated communities using standard guidelines.

关键词： Water Vending Cost and Burden

Consistency of the <i>φ</i>-Divergence Based Change Point Estimator

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Open Journal of Statistics 2020年第5期10卷 832-849页

作者： Mwelu Susan Anthony G. Waititu Peter N. Mwita Charity Wamwea Pan-African university Institute of Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation Nairobi Kenya Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences JKUAT Nairobi Kenya Department of Mathematics Statistics and Actuarial Sciences Machakos University Machakos Kenya

This paper utilizes a change-point estimator based on the φ-divergence. Since we seek a near perfect translation to reality, then locations of parameter change within a finite set of data have to be accounted for since the assumption of stationary model is too restrictive especially for long time series. The estimator is shown to be consistent through asymptotic theory and finally proven through simulations. The estimator is applied to the generalized Pareto distribution to estimate changes in the scale and shape parameters.

关键词： Change Point Consistency φ-Divergence Kullback-Leibler Generalized Pareto Distribution

Improved Response to Water Shortage: A Discrete Choice Experiment Study in Langata Sub County, Nairobi City-Kenya

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第9期11卷 1161-1187页

作者： E. A. Ochungo G. O. Ouma J. P. O. Obiero N. A. Odero Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation (ICCA) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Meteorology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Environmental and Biosytems Engineering School of Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Machakos University Machakos Kenya

This study aimed at identifying the most preferred water quality tracking system (WQTS) for adoption and the determining factors for the same among the Langata sub County households in Nairobi city, Kenya. Perrenial municipal water shortage in this neighborhood has forced the residents to depend on vended water supplication but whose quality is not possible to verify at the moment. Accordingly, a mobile phone quality tracing application running on blockchain technology platform was developed to fill the gap of provenance tracking. A non-market discrete choice experiments (DCEs) model was deployed in which four-option attribute bundles;with one being the “status quo” choice were presented to each of the 382 randomly sampled respondents from the five wards within the area. Results indicated that Option 2;the communally managed WQTS emerged as the most preferred choice at 53.9%. Secondly, the male factor was identified as the major determinant to this decision. In conclusion, the study proposes for the installation of this new WQTS which will trigger a 12% adjustment of the average household’s monthly water bill. In addition, this paper recommends for a city-wide assessment of residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) for this WQTS, which it deems as an improved response to water shortage problem. Finally, the study contributes to the application of DCEs model in technology adoption literature.

关键词： Water Alternatives Doubt Trust Quality Tracking System Communal Action

Marshall-Olkin Exponentiated Fréchet Distribution

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Journal of Data Analysis and Information Processing 2023年第3期11卷 262-292页

作者： Aurise Niyoyunguruza Leo Odiwuor Odongo Euna Nyarige Alexis Habineza Abdisalam Hassan Muse Department of Mathematics Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI) Nairobi Kenya Department of Mathematics and Actuarial Science Kenyatta University (KU) Nairobi Kenya Department of Mathematics and Statistics Machakos University Machakos Kenya

In this paper, a new distribution called Marshall-Olkin Exponentiated Fréchet distribution (MOEFr) is proposed. The goal is to increase the flexibility of the existing Exponentiated Fréchet distribution by including an extra shape parameter, resulting into a more flexible distribution that can provide a better fit to various data sets than the baseline distribution. A generator method introduced by Marshall and Olkin is used to develop the new distribution. Some properties of the new distribution such as hazard rate function, survival function, reversed hazard rate function, cumulative hazard function, odds function, quantile function, moments and order statistics are derived. The maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate the model parameters. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the behavior of the estimators through the average bias and root mean squared error. The new distribution is fitted and compared with some existing distributions such as the Exponentiated Fréchet (EFr), Marshall-Olkin Fréchet (MOFr), Beta Exponential Fréchet (BEFr), Beta Fréchet (BFr) and Fréchet (Fr) distributions, on three data sets, namely Bladder cancer, Carbone and Wheaton River data sets. Based on the goodness-of-fit statistics and information criteria values, it is demonstrated that the new distribution provides a better fit for the three data sets than the other distributions considered in the study.

关键词： Exponentiated Fréchet Distribution Maximum Likelihood Estimation Marshall-Olkin Family

Can One Drink Informal Water Alternatives Directly? Using Mobile Phone to Establish Trust in Quality

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2019年第10期11卷 1260-1277页

作者： Elisha Akech Ochungo Gilbert Ong’isa Ouma John Paul Odhiambo Obiero Nicodemus Abungu Odero Institute for Climate Change and Adaptation (ICCA) University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Meteorology University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Environmental and Biosytems Engineering School of Engineering University of Nairobi Nairobi Kenya Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Machakos University Machakos Kenya.

The informal water market in cities within the Global South is expanding, thanks to drought associated water shortage challenges and other socio-hydrological factors. A midst the growth is the inherent information signal asymmetry driven mainly by the vendors’ unwillingness to share the actual quality data of their source water with their customers. As a result a big mistrust environment has been created as currently;the customers have no mechanism to verify the water quality in real time. This paper aimed at developing an android application software system to fill the gap. The system is to operate the water vending business landscape as a trusted social network site (SNS) using handheld mobile phone devices. An Agile-Scrum methodology was utilized as it allows for quick changes to the system as necessary. An android platform was chosen as the initial Operating System (OS) to run the software system due to its faster global outreach capability. Specifically, Android Studio 3.4.2 IDE running on Windows 10 was deployed. And the primary languages used within the IDE were;Kotlin for the functionality and XML for the user interface (UI). Additionally, the Firebase SDK tools were used for cloud-based database functionality. The results of the prototype include;user side access and feedback exchanges, backend side supports and other added functionalities. The paper is of the strong view that since the system works on anytime-anywhere modality, then it is possible that one can drink the informal water directly. The system is recommended for full scale trial in the affected cities.

关键词： Signal Informal Water Quality Trust Android Application Drink