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PREDICTIVE MODELS AND GENERATIVE COMPLEXITY

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Journal of Systems Science & Complexity 2012年第1期25卷 30-45页

作者： Wolfgang LHR max planck institute for Mathematics in the Sciences Inselstraβe 22D-04103 LeipziqGermany

The causal states of computational mechanics define the minimal sufficient memory for a given discrete stationary stochastic process. Their entropy is an important complexity measure called statistical complexity （or true measure complexity）. They induce the s-machine, which is a hidden Markov model （HMM） generating the process. But it is not the minimal one, although generative HMMs also have a natural predictive interpretation. This paper gives a mathematical proof of the idea that the s-machine is the minimal HMM with an additional （partial） determinism condition. Minimal internal state entropy of a generative HMM is in analogy to statistical complexity called generative complexity. This paper also shows that generative complexity depends on the process in a nice way. It is, as a function of the process, lower semi-continuous （w.r.t. weak-, topology）, concave, and behaves nice under ergodic decomposition of the process.

关键词： Causal states complexity s-machine generative complexity HMM partially deterministicHMM predictive model statistical.

Osteoporosis and fractures in liver disease: Relevance, pathogenesis and therapeutic implications

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第28期20卷 9427-9438页

作者： Inaam A Nakchbandi Translational Medicine University of Heidelberg max-planck institute of Biochemistry

It is being increasingly recognized that patients with liver disease develop bone loss that can be severe enough to lead to atraumatic fractures and thus markedly diminish life quality and expectancy. The estimated prevalence for liver-related osteoporosis is between 20-420/100000 of the general population, and fractures between 60-880/100000. It should be kept in mind that up to 40% of patients with chronic liver disease may experience a fracture. The pathogenic mediators include fibronectin, insulin like growth factor-I, and various cytokines, but decreased vitamin D and/or treatment with corticosteroids contribute to worsening bone health. Despite the advances in bone biology that have shed some light on the pathogenesis of this bone loss, treatment options remain nonspecific and tightly linked to treatments of other forms of osteoporosis. Thus, treatment should include calcium and vitamin D supplementation in all patients with chronic liver disease. Therapy with bisphosphonates should be considered, especially in patients receiving corticosteroids. This review focuses on the prevalence of this entity as well as the evidence available with regard to the pathogenesis of bone loss in liver disease, the diagnostic steps required in all patients, and the therapeutic options available.

关键词： Osteoporosis Liver disease Fracture Prevalence Pathogenesis Fibronectin Insulin like growth factor-Ⅰ Therapy Vitamin D Calcium

The current status and future development of high-temperature conventional superconductivity

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National Science Review 2024年第7期11卷 18-20页

作者： Mikhail I.Eremets High Pressure Chemistry and Physics Group Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie

This survey highlights key advancements in high-temperature superconductivity in hydrogen-rich materials, emphasizing the robust evidence and reproducibility of superconductivity under challenging experimental conditions of megabar pressures. In the near future, achieving room-temperature superconductivity is highly probable, and the field is expected to transition towards near-ambient-pressure superconductivity.

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On the interaction of a donepezil-huprine hybrid with synthetic membrane models

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Neural Regeneration research 2023年第2期18卷 333-334页

作者： Pablo Zambrano max planck institute of Biochemistry Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMunichGermany

Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent type of dementia today,discovered and described by Alois Alzheimer in *** to the World Alzheimer Report 2021,75%of people with dementia worldwide are undiagnosed,equivalent to 41 million people(Gauthier et al.,2021).With each passing year,the number of people affected by these diseases is increasing,and the estimates of suffering from them in the future are growing.

关键词： Alzheimer diseases

Soft X-ray Properties of Ultraluminous IRAS Galaxies

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Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2001年第3期1卷 221-223页

作者： Yiao－YangXia Th.Boller 等 DepartmentofPhysics TianjinNormalUniversityTianjin300074 max－planck－institutfuerExtraterrestrischePh

We report on the results of cross-correlation of a sample of 903 Ultraluminous IRAS galaxies (ULIRGs) with the ROSAT-All Sky Survey Bright Source Catalogue and the ROSAT archived pointing observations. The sample of ULIRGs has been compiled from the recently released PSCz redshift survey. In total, 35 ULIRGs are securely detected by the ROSAT All-Sky Survey and pointing observations, five of which are blazars. The statistical properties of these sources in the soft X-ray band are determined and compared with their properties in other wavebands. We find that the ratio of the soft X-ray to the far-infrared flux spans about five orders of magnitude and reaches Values of about unity. This ratio is a good indicator of the main energy source of ULIRGs. Those with soft X-ray to far-infrared flux exceeding 0.01 are probably powered by accretion onto central supermassive black holes while those with ratios smaller than 0.001 are probably powered by starbursts or other heating processes, or are Compton thick sources. Some ULIRGs have energy contributions from both. This ratio is low for most ULIRGs and hyperluminous infrared galaxies, which explains their low detection rate by ROSAT and ASCA. We also find that some ULIRGs have a similar soft X-ray luminosity vs. temperature relation to that for groups of galaxies and elliptical galaxies, suggesting a common origin of these systems. Our study also reveals a tight correlation between the hardness ratio and the soft X-ray luminosity for Seyfert 1s/QSOs.

关键词： Infrared: galaxies - X-rays: galaxies - Galaxies: active - Galaxies: Seyfert - Galaxies: interactions

Identification of the Elusive Chloroplast Ascorbate Transporter Extends the Substrate Specificity of the PHT Family

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Molecular Plant 2015年第5期8卷 674-676页

作者： Fernie, Alisdair R. Toth, Szilvia Z. max planck inst Mol Plant Physiol D-14476 Potsdam Germany Hungarian Acad Sci Inst Plant Biol Biol Res Ctr H-6701 Szeged Hungary

Most of the enzymatic reactions of ascorbate biosynthesis occur in the cytosol, with the exception of the terminal step, catalyzed by L-galactono-l,4-1actone dehydrogenase, which is localized on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Given the location of L-galactono-l,4-1actone dehydrogenase, the rate of ascorbate biosynthesis is intimately associated with the rate of mitochon- drial respiration （Nunes-Nesi et al., 2005）. Ascorbate has legion roles in the plant cell including mitosis, cell division, expansion and cell wall hydroxylation, hormone biosynthesis, signal transduction, programmed cell death, as well as protection against environmental stresses via detoxification of reactive oxygen species and regeneration of other antioxidants. This list has recently expanded with the epigenetic role exerted as a cofactor for DNA and histone demethylases in the nucleus and ascorbate may also be implicated in iron uptake （Pick and Weber, 2014）.

关键词： CHLOROPLASTS VITAMIN C LACTONES DEHYDROGENASES GUARD cells (Plant anatomy)

Crystal structure evolution of complex metal aluminum hydrides upon hydrogen release

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020年第3期29卷 133-143页

作者： Claudia Weidenthaler max-planck-institut für Kohlenforschung 45470 Mülheim an der RuhrGermany

Complex aluminum hydrides have been widely studied as potential hydrogen storage materials but also,for some time now, for electrochemical applications. This review summarizes the crystal structures of alkali and alkaline earth aluminum hydrides and correlates structure properties with physical and chemical properties of the hydride compounds. The crystal structures of the alkali metal aluminum hydrides change significantly during the stepwise dehydrogenation. The general pathway follows a transformation of structures built of isolated [AlH4]- tetrahedra to structures built of isolated [Al H6]3- *** crystal structure relations in the group of alkaline earth metal aluminum hydrides are much more complicated than those of the alkali metal aluminum hydrides. The structures of the alkaline earth metal aluminum hydrides consist of isolated tetrahedra but the intermediate structures exhibit chains of cornershared octahedra. The coordination numbers within the alkali metal group increase with cation sizes which goes along with an increase of the decomposition temperatures of the primary hydrides. Alkaline earth metal hydrides have higher coordination numbers but decompose at slightly lower temperatures than their alkali metal counterparts. The decomposition pathways of alkaline metal aluminum hydrides have not been studied in all cases and require future research.

关键词： Complex aluminum hydrides Hydrogen storage Crystal structure

Excitation Dynamics in High-precision Two-photon Spectroscopy

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量子光学学报 2006年第B8期12卷 65-66页

作者： Martin Haas U. D. Jentschura C. H. Keitel N. Kolachevsky M. Herrmann P. Fendel S. Bergeson Th. Udem T. W. Haensch max-planck-lnstitute for Nuclear Physics Heidelberg Germany max-planck-lnstitute of Quantum Optics Garching Germany

Comparison between compression tested and simulated Mg-6.3Gd bone scaffolds produced by binder based additive manufacturing technique

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2023年第8期11卷 2750-2762页

作者： Martin Wolff Mohammad Marvi-Mashhadi Eshwara Nidadavolu Henrik Lüneburg Thomas Ebel Regine Willumeit-Römer institute of metallic Biomaterials at Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon Max-Planck Str.1D-21502 GeesthachtGermany institute of Material Systems Modeling Helmholtz-Zentrum HereonMax–Planck-Str.121502 GeesthachtGermany

In this study,a binder based 3D-printing technology *** Granular Fabrication(FGF)technique was used to produce interconnected and open porous Mg-6.3Gd bone scaffolds for compression test *** consolidation of the green parts(as printed scaffolds)was performed using solvent debinding in cyclohexane and subsequent conventional sintering in argon *** tests were performed on as sintered ***,a simulation strategy was developed for modeling the compression behavior of the sintered parts,utilizing the data from the experimental *** experimental compression test results and the simulation strategy for the compression behavior of the 3D-printed scaffolds demonstrated good agreement.

关键词： Magnesium Mg-6.3Gd Additive manufacturing Simulation FGF Biodegradable