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Population viability analysis: using a modeling tool to assess the viability of tapir populations in fragmented landscapes

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Integrative Zoology 2012年第4期7卷 356-372页

作者： Emília Patrícia MEDICI Arnaud Leonard Jean DESBIEZ lowland tapir conservation initiative IPÊ-Institute for Ecological ResearchNazaréPaulistaSão PauloBrazil IUCN/SSC tapir Specialist Group(TSG) GlandSwitzerland Escola Superior de Conservação Ambiental e Sustentabilidade(ESCAS/IPÊ) NazaréPaulistaSão PauloBrazil IUCN/SSC conservation Breeding Specialist Group(CBSG) Brazil NetworkCampo GrandeMSBrazil Royal Zoological Society of Scotland EdinburghScotland

A population viability analysis(PVA)was conducted of the lowland tapir populations in the Atlantic Forest of the Pontal do Paranapanema region,Brazil,including Morro do Diabo State Park(MDSP)and surrounding forest *** from the model projected that the population of 126 tapirs in MDSP is likely to per-sist over the next 100 years;however,200 tapirs would be required to maintain a viable ***-ity analysis showed that sub-adult mortality and adult mortality have the strongest influence on the dynamics of lowland tapir *** road-kill has a major impact on the MDSP tapir population and can lead to population *** modeling showed that dispersal of tapirs from MDSP to the surrounding fragments can be detrimental to the overall metapopulation,as fragments act as ***,the model showed that under certain conditions the maintenance of the metapopulation dynamics might be determinant for the persistence of tapirs in the region,particularly in the smaller *** establishment of corridors con-necting MDSP to the forest fragments models resulted in an increase in the stochastic growth rate,making ta-pirs more resilient to threats and catastrophes,but only if rates of mortality were not increased when using *** PVA showed that the conservation of tapirs in the Pontal region depends on:the effective protection of MDSP;maintenance and,whenever possible,enhancement of the functional connectivity of the landscape,reducing mortality during dispersal and threats in the unprotected forest fragments;and neutralization of all threats affecting tapirs in the smaller forest fragments.

关键词： Atlantic Forest fragmentation lowland tapir minimum viable population population viability analysis

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tapir health and conservation medicine

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Integrative Zoology 2012年第4期7卷 331-345页

作者： Paulo Rogerio MANGINI Emilia Patrícia MEDICI Renata Carolina FERNANDES-SANTOS lowland tapir conservation initiative IPÊ-Institute for Ecological ResearchNazaréPaulistaSão PauloBrazil Brazilian Institute for conservation Medicine-TRÍADE RecifePernambucoBrazil IUCN/SSC tapir Specialist Group(TSG) GlandSwitzerland IUCN/SSC Wildlife Health Specialist Group(WHSG) New YorkNYUSA IUCN/SSC Peccary Specialist Group(PSG) GlandSwitzerland Escola Superior de Conservação Ambiental e Sustentabilidade(ESCAS/IPÊ) NazaréPaulistaSão PauloBrazil IUCN/SSC conservation Breeding Specialist Group(CBSG) Brazil NetworkCampo GrandeBrazil

tapirs have unique nutritional needs,as well as anatomical,physiological,behavioral and ecological adapta-tions that must be considered when managing their health,both in the wild and in *** about how tapirs live in their natural habitats can provide crucial knowledge to prevent many of the health problems found in captivity such as infectious and parasitic diseases,reproductive issues and nutritional and behavior-al ***,proper management in captivity can significantly contribute to in situ conservation *** medicine is a science created to address the global health crisis that jeopardizes biodiver-sity causing imbalances among ecosystem,human,animal and vegetal *** this context,common threats to tapir health and conservation,such as isolated and small populations surrounded by human activity,chemical pollution,domestic animals and their pathogenic agents,need to be better *** manuscript provides information about the health of tapirs both in captivity and in the wild and aims to encourage tapir conservation-ists worldwide to gather information about pathogen and disease dynamics and manifestation,as well as impli-cations for tapir conservation.

关键词： captive management conservation medicine tapirs wildlife health

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The coexistence of Baird’s tapir (tapirus bairdii) and indigenous hunters in northeastern Honduras

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Integrative Zoology 2012年第4期7卷 429-438页

作者： Marc DUNN Nereyda ESTRADA Derek A.SMITH Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Carleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada International Union for conservation of Nature(IUCN)Honduras tapir Specialist Group TegucigalpaHonduras

The Baird’s tapir(tapirus bairdii)is a popular game species throughout Central America,particularly among in-digenous populations,and is currently *** on Miskitu hunting was conducted over 4 months in a remote region in northeastern Honduras that overlaps with the Río Plátano Biosphere *** hunting zone was mapped together with hunters and interviews were conducted with elders and other community mem-bers about tapir *** show that tapir harvesting is targeted toward specific habitats at specific times of *** rates for one year suggest that tapir hunting in the area exceeds estimates of maximum sustain-able ***,field surveys reveal the presence of tapir within 1 km of the community,and its harvest tends to be nearby,in both forested and agricultural landscapes,suggesting that the animal has not been depleted in the *** appears that the existence of forest areas adjacent to the hunting zone that do not experi-ence hunting,together with the anthropogenic habitats created through shifting cultivation,are factors that help explain the presence of tapirs in the *** article concludes with a discussion regarding the potential posi-tive role of indigenous hunters in tapir conservation throughout its distribution range.

关键词： Baird’s tapir Honduras indigenous hunting Miskitu Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve

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Comparative sensitivity to environmental variation and human disturbance of Asian tapirs (tapirus indicus) and other wild ungulates in Thailand

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Integrative Zoology 2012年第4期7卷 389-399页

作者： Antony J.LYNAM Naruemon TANTIPISANUH Wanlop CHUTIPONG Dusit NGOPRASERT Megan C.BAKER Passanan CUTTER George GALE Shumpei KITAMURA Robert STEINMETZ Ronglarp SUKMASUANG Somying THUNHIKORN Global conservation Program Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS)BronxNYUSA IUCN/SSC tapir Specialist Group BangkokThailand conservation Ecology Program King Mongkut’s University of Technology ThonburiBangkokThailand Center for Species Survival Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA conservation Biology Program University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMinnesotaUSA Museum of Nature and Human Activities SandaJapan WWF Thailand BangkokThailand Department of Forest Biology Kasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand Wildlife Research Division Department of National ParksWildlife and Plants ConservationBangkokThailand

Southeast Asia’s tropical forests suffer the highest rates of deforestation and disturbance of any on Earth,with poorly understood impacts on native *** tapirs(tapirus indicus)are among the least studied of the large mammals in these *** records from 9 camera trap surveys in 7 of the largest(>1000 km2)pro-tected area complexes,we assessed the influence of environmental variation and human-induced disturbance on tapir *** were detected at 13%of locations sampled,significantly associated with evergreen for-est(Ptapir presence 87%of the *** to this model,tapir occurrence was positively influenced by annual rainfall and proximity to the forest ***-er,tapirs may not avoid edges but instead prefer wetter evergreen forest,a habitat type that tended to occur fur-ther from the forest edge at higher elevations in our particular study sites(Ptapirs showed a range of differing *** are expect-ed to be less sensitive to disturbance because they are not targets for hunting and trade,and are almost entire-ly active at night,so avoid peak traffic periods in *** populations in Thailand may be more stable than in other parts of their global range because rates of forest loss have decreased>40%over the past 20 *** recommend surveys to fill gaps in the understanding of the status in lesser-known protected areas,research to better understand the fine-scale environmental influences on behavior and habitats of tapirs,and other forest un-gulates,and continued legal status for tapirs in the highest category of protection.

关键词： Asian tapir camera traps conservation logistic regression ungulates

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Density and carrying capacity in the forgotten tigerland:Tigers in the understudied Nepalese Churia

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Integrative Zoology 2017年第3期12卷 211-227页

作者： Kanchan THAPA Marcella J.KELLY Department of Fish and Wildlife conservation Virginia TechBlacksburgVirginiaUSA conservation Science Unit WWF NepalBaluwatarKathmanduNepal

While there are numerous wildlife ecology studies in lowland areas of Nepal,there are no in-depth studies of the hilly Churia habitat even though it comprises 7642 km2 of potential wildlife habitat across the Terai *** investigated tiger,leopard and prey densities across this understudied *** camera trapping survey covered 536 km2 of Churia and surrounding areas within Chitwan National Park(CNP).We used 161 trapping locations and accumulated 2097 trap-nights in a 60-day survey period during the winter season of *** addition,we walked 136 km over 81 different line transects using distance sampling to estimate prey *** photographed 31 individual tigers,28 individual leopards and 25 other mammalian *** capture-recapture methods resulted in lower density estimates for tigers,ranging from 2.3 to 2.9 tigers per 100 km2,than for leopards,which ranged from 3.3 to 5.1 leopards per 100 *** addition,leopard densities were higher in the core of the Churia compared to surrounding *** estimated 62.7 prey animals per 100 km2 with forest ungulate prey(sambar,chital,barking deer and wild pig),accounting for 47%of the *** on prey availability,Churia habitat within CNP could potentially support 5.86 tigers per 100 km2 but our density estimates were lower,perhaps indicating that the tiger population is below carrying *** results demonstrate that Churia habitat should not be ignored in conservation initiatives,but rather management efforts should focus on reducing human disturbance to support higher predator numbers.

关键词： camera trapping carrying capacity churia habitat Panthera tigris tigris spatially explicit capture recapture

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Flooding Tolerance in Rice:Focus on Mechanisms and Approaches

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Rice science 2021年第1期28卷 43-57页

作者： Debabrata Panda Jijnasa Barik Department of Biodiversity and conservation of Natural Resources Central University of OdishaKoraput 764021OdishaIndia

Flooding is one of the most hazardous natural disasters and a major stress constraint to rice production throughout the world,which results in huge economic *** one-fourth of the global rice crops(approximately 40 million hectares)are grown in rainfed lowland plots that are prone to seasonal flooding.A great progress has been made during last two decades in our understanding of the mechanisms involved in adaptation and tolerance to flooding/submergence in *** this review,we summarized the physiological and molecular mechanisms that contribute to tolerance of flooding/submergence in *** also covered various features of flooding stress with special reference to rice plants,*** types of flooding stress,environmental characterisation of flood water,impact of flooding stress on rice plant and their morphological,physiological and metabolic responses under flooding.A brief discussion on the tolerance mechanism in rice exhibited to different types of flooding will be focused for the future crop improvement programme for development of flooding tolerant rice variety.

关键词： flooding stress submergence tolerance Sub1 rice

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Plant diversity in a changing world: status,trends,and conservation needs

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植物分类与资源学报 2016年第1期38卷 11-18页

作者： Richard T.Corlett Center for Integrative conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of Sciences

The conservation of plants has not generated the sense of urgency—or the funding—that drives the conservation of animals,although plants are far more important for us. There are an estimated 500,000 species of land plants( angiosperms,gymnosperms,ferns,lycophytes,and bryophytes),with diversity strongly concentrated in the humid tropics. Many species are still unknown to science. Perhaps a third of all land plants are at risk of extinction,including many that are undescribed,or are described but otherwise data deficient. There have been few known global extinctions so far,but many additional species have not been recorded recently and may be extinct. Although only a minority of plant species have a specific human use,many more play important roles in natural ecosystems and the services they provide,and rare species are more likely to have unusual traits that could be useful in the future. The major threats to plant diversity include habitat loss,fragmentation,and degradation,overexploitation,invasive species,pollution,and anthropogenic climate change. conservation of plant diversity is a massive task if viewed globally,but the combination of a well-designed and well-managed protected area system and ex situ gap-filling and back-up should work anywhere. The most urgent needs are for the completion of the global botanical inventory and an assessment of the conservation status of the 94% of plant species not yet evaluated,so that both in and ex situ conservation can be targeted ***,the biggest conservation gap is in the hyperdiverse lowland tropics and this is where attention needs to be focused.

关键词：植物学植物分类植物生态学植物演化

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lowland tapir (tapirus terrestris) distribution, activity patterns and relative abundance in the Greater Madidi-Tambopata Landscape

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Integrative Zoology 2012年第4期7卷 407-419页

作者： Robert WALLACE Guido AYALA Maria VISCARRA Wildlife conservation Society(WCS) Greater Madidi-Tambopata LandscapeLa PazBolivia WCS New YorkUSA

lowland tapir distribution is described in northwestern Bolivia and southeastern Peru within the Greater Madidi-Tambopata Landscape,a priority tapir conservation Unit,using 1255 distribution points derived from cam-era trapping efforts,field research and interviews with park guards from 5 national protected areas and hunt-ers from 19 local communities.A total of 392 independent camera trapping events from 14 camera trap surveys at 11 sites demonstrated the nocturnal and crepuscular activity patterns(86%)of the lowland tapir and provide 3 indices of relative abundance for spatial and temporal *** rates for lowland tapirs were not significantly different between camera trapping stations placed on river beaches versus those placed in the *** tapir capture rates were significantly higher in the national protected areas of the region versus in-digenous territories and unprotected portions of the *** rates through time suggested that low-land tapir populations are recovering within the Tuichi Valley,an area currently dedicated towards ecotourism activities,following the creation(1995)and subsequent implementation(1997)of the Madidi National Park in *** on our distributional data and published conservative estimates of population density,we calcu-lated that this transboundary landscape holds an overall lowland tapir population of between 14540 and 36351 individuals,of which at least 24.3%are under protection from national and municipal *** such,the Great-er Madidi-Tambopata Landscape should be considered a lowland tapir population stronghold and priority con-servation efforts are discussed in order to maintain this population.

关键词： Amazon Bolivia camera trapping Peru population stronghold

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Genetic differentiation in functional traits among wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) half-sib lines

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Journal of Forestry Research 2022年第3期33卷 991-1003页

作者： Srđan Stojnić Branislav Kovačević Marko Kebert Verica Vasić Vanja Vuksanović Branislav Trudić Saša Orlović Institute of lowland Forestry and Environment University of Novi SadAntonaČehova 13dNovi Sad21000Serbia Faculty of Agriculture University of Novi SadTrg Dositeja Obradovića 8Novi Sad21000Serbia Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla00153RomeItaly

Understanding intra-specific variation in leaf functional traits is one of the key requirements for the evaluation of species adaptive capacity to ongoing climate change, as well as for designing long-term breeding and conservation strategies. Hence, data of 19 functional traits describing plant physiology, antioxidant properties, anatomy and morphology were determined on 1-year-old seedlings of wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) half-sib lines. The variability within and among half-sib lines, as well as the estimation of multi-trait association, were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference test and multivariate analyses: principal component analysis (PCA), canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate linear correlation between the study parameters. The results of the ANOVA showed the presence of statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) among half-sib lines for all study traits. The differences within half-sib lines, observed through the contribution of the examined sources of variation to the total variance (%), had higher impact on total variation in the majority of the examined traits. Pearson’s correlation analysis and PCA showed strong relationships between gas exchange in plants and leaf size and stomatal density, as well as between leaf biomass accumulation, intercellular CO_(2) concentration and parameters related to antioxidant capacity of plants. Likewise, the results of SDA indicate that transpiration and stomatal conductance contributed to the largest extent, to the discrimination of the wild cherry half-sib lines. In addition, PCA and CDA showed separation of the wild cherry half-sib lines along the first principal component and first canonical variable with regards to humidity of their original sites. Multiple adaptive differences between the wild cherry half-sib lines indicate high potential of the specie

关键词： Wild cherry Common garden experiment Variability Multivariate statistics Leaf functional traits

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Identifying the most important spatially distributed variables for explaining land use patterns in a rural lowland catchment in Germany

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2019年第11期29卷 1788-1806页

作者： Chaogui LEI Paul D.WAGNER Nicola FOHRER Institute for Natural Resource conservation Kiel University

Land use patterns arise from interactive processes between the physical environment and anthropogenic activities. While land use patterns and the associated explanatory variables have often been analyzed on the large scale, this study aims to determine the most important variables for explaining land use patterns in the 50 km2 catchment of the Kielstau, Germany, which is dominated by agricultural land use. A set of spatially distributed variables including topography, soil properties, socioeconomic variables, and landscape indices are exploited to set up logistic regression models for the land use map of 2017 with detailed agricultural classes. Spatial validation indicates a reasonable performance as the relative operating characteristic (ROC) ranges between 0.73 and 0.97 for all land use classes except for corn (ROC = 0.68). The robustness of the models in time is confirmed by the temporal validation for which the ROC values are on the same level (maximum deviation 0.1). Non-agricultural land use is generally better explained than agricultural land use. The most important variables are the share of drained area, distance to protected areas, population density, and patch fractal dimension. These variables can either be linked to agriculture or the river course of the Kielstau.

关键词： land use pattern logistic regression model rural lowland catchment Germany

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