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Lepidostromatales, a new order of lichenized fungi (Basidiomycota , Agaricomycetes), with two new genera, Ertzia and Sulzbacheromyces, and one new species, Lepidostroma winklerianum

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Fungal Diversity 2014年第1期64卷 165-179页

作者： Brendan P.Hodkinson Bibiana Moncada Robert Lücking Perelman School of Medicine University of PennsylvaniaBRB 1046A421 Curie BlvdPhiladelphiaPA 19104USA licenciatura en biología Universidad Distrital Francisco Joséde CaldasCra.4 No.26B-54Torre de LaboratoriosHerbarioBogotáColombia Science&Education Integrative Research Center&Collections CenterThe Field Museum1400 South Lake Shore DriveChicagoIL 60605USA

We present a revised molecular phylogeny of higher Basidiomycota focusing on Lepidostromataceae based on the large subunit(28S)of the nuclear ribosomal rDNA(nuLSU),with additionl data from the translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1(TEF1)and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit(RPB2)*** results suggest that Lepidostromataceae is best recognized in a separate order,Lepidostromatales ordo novum,within subclass ***,the internal topology of Lepidostromataceae,correlating with thallus features,indicates that three genera,instead of a single genus,should be *** therefore introduce the genera Ertzia genus novum and Sulzbacheromyces genus novum for Lepidostroma akagerae and ***,*** addition,the new species *** *** is described for Mexican material previously identified as *** photobionts of Sulzbacheromyces and Lepidostroma were identified using molecular data of the large subunit of the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(rbcL)gene,revealing a possibly undescribed genus in Trebouxiophyceae and the first report of lichenization for the genus Bracteacoccus in Chlorophyceae.

关键词： Agaricales Amylocorticiales Atheliales Auriculariales BLAST Boletales Dictyonema Diplosphaera Gloeophyllales Lichenomphalia Marchandiomphalina Multiclavula

Dismantling Marchandiomphalina into Agonimia(Verrucariaceae)and Lawreymyces ***.(Corticiaceae):setting a precedent to the formal recognition of thousands of voucherless fungi based on type sequences

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Fungal Diversity 2017年第3期84卷 119-138页

作者： Robert Lücking Bibiana Moncada Botanischer Garden und Botanisches Museum Freie Universitat BerlinKonigin-Luise-Straße 6-814195 BerlinGermany licenciatura en biologia Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de CaldasCra.4 No.26D-54Torre de LaboratoriosHerbarioBogotaD.C.Colombia

Based on an unexpected result of obtaining molecular sequence data from tropical representatives of the genus Normandina,we revised the biological concept of the neotropical taxon Marchandiomphalina *** obtained data let us conclude that *** is not a basidiomycete,as originally proposed,but belongs in Verrucariaceae,in the genus Agonimia,including its perithecia which had been identified with the lichenicolous Norrlinia *** ITS(and nuLSU)sequences previously obtained from ***,seemingly confirming its status as a basidiomycete,are from an unmanifested lichenicolous fungus,present also in numerous specimens of *** data suggest the presence of seven lineages that can be recognized at the species level,forming two clusters:one cluster of three lineages found in thalli of ***,and a second cluster of four lineages found in thalli of *** pattern is similar to what has recently been found in the basidiomycete genus Cyphobasidium occurring predominantly in Parmeliaceae *** propose the combination of Omphalina foliacea into the genus Agonimia,as Agonimia foliacea(P.M.Jørg.)Lucking&Moncada,***.,and place Marchandiomphalina in synonymy with *** formally recognize the unnamed lichenicolous basidiomycete present in Agonimia and Normandina thalli,we take advantage of provision ICN Art.40.5 in the Code and describe the unmanifested fungus as a new genus,with seven new species,even if no physical type specimens can be preserved(except for the corresponding host lichens which,however,do not show the features of the fungus):Lawreymyces Lucking&Moncada,***.(Type:***),with *** Lucking&Moncada,***.,*** Lucking&Moncada,***.,*** Lucking&Moncada,***.,L,foliaceae Lucking&Moncada,***.,*** Lucking&Moncada,***.,*** Lucking&Moncada,***.,and *** Lucking&Moncada,*** opens the door to the formal recognition of thousands of spec

关键词： Artwork International Code of Nomenclature for algae,fungi,and plants Illustration Sequences as types Typification Work of art

Mitochondrial phylogeography and molecular evolution of the rhodopsin visual pigment in troglobitic populations of Astyanax mexicanus(De Filippi,1853)

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Zoological Research 2023年第4期44卷 761-775页

作者： Marco A.A.Garduño-Sánchez Vladimir de Jesus-Bonilla Silvia Perea Ramses Miranda-Gamboa Andrea Herrera-García Mauricio de la Maza Benignos Claudia Patricia Ornelas-García Colección Nacional de Peces Departamento de ZoologíaInstituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoC.P.04510México Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas Colección Nacional de PecesDepartamento de ZoologíaInstituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoC.P.04510México licenciatura en Ciencias Forenses Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad UniversitariaCoyoacánMéxico CityC.P.04510México Instituto de energías Renovables Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoTemixcoMorelos C.P.62580Mexico Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónCiudad UniversitariaSan Nicolás de los GarzaNuevo LeónC.P.66450México

Cave-adapted animals provide a unique opportunity to study the evolutionary mechanisms underlying phenotypic,metabolic,behavioral,and genetic evolution in response to cave *** Mexican tetra(Astyanax mexicanus)is considered a unique model system as it shows both surface and cave-dwelling *** date,at least 33 different cave populations have been identified,with phylogenetic studies suggesting an origin from at least two independent surface lineages,thereby providing a unique opportunity to study parallel *** the present study,we carried out the most exhaustive phylogeographic study of *** to date,including cave and surface localities,using two mitochondrial markers(cytochrome b(cyt b)and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I(COI))and nuclear rhodopsin visual pigment(rho).Additionally,we inferred the molecular evolution of rho within the two contrasting environments(cave and surface)and across three geographic regions(Sierra de El Abra,Sierra de Guatemala,and Micos).In total,267 individuals were sequenced for the two mitochondrial fragments and 268 individuals were sequenced for the rho visual pigment from 22 cave and 46 surface *** results based on the mitochondrial data supported the two-lineage hypothesis,except for the Pachón and Chica caves,whose introgression has been largely *** Sierra de El Abra region depicted the largest genetic diversity,followed by the Sierra de Guatemala *** the phylogeographic patterns of rho,we recovered exclusive haplogroups for the Sierra de El Abra(Haplogroup I)and Sierra de Guatemala regions(Haplogroup IV).Moreover,a 544 bp deletion in the rho gene was observed in the Escondido cave population from Sierra de Guatemala,reducing the protein from seven to three intramembrane *** change may produce a loss-of-function(LOF)but requires further *** nonsynonymous(dN)and synonymous(dS)substitution rates(omega valuesω),our results revealed

关键词： Visual pigments Selection Cavefish Vision loss Loss of function

Textural and geochemical characteristics of late Pleistocene to Holocene fine-grained deep-sea sediment cores(GM6 and GM7),recovered from southwestern Gulf of Mexico

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2018年第3期7卷 253-271页

作者： Abigail Anaya-Gregorio John S.Armstrong-Altrin Marfa Luisa Machain-Castillo Patricia C.Montiel-Garcia Mayla A.Ramos-Vazquez licenciatura en Ingenieria en Geologia Ambiental Area Academica de Ciencias de la Tierra y MaterialesUniversidad Autonoma del Estado de HidalgoMineral de la ReformaHidalgoMexico. Instituto de Ciencias del Mary Limnologia Universidad Nacional Autenoma de MexicoUnidad de Procesos Oceanicos y CosterosCiudad Universitaria04510 Ciudad de MexicoMexico. Area Academica de Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales Universidad Autonoma del Estado de HidalgoCiudad UniversitariaCarretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5Col.CarbonerasC.P.42184 Mineral de la ReformaHidalgoMexico. Posgrado en Ciencias del Mary Limnologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoCiudad Universitaria3000CoyoacanC.P.04510 Ciudad de MexicoMexico.

Texture, mineralogy, geochemistry, and 14C ages of two deep-sea sediment cores （GM6 and GM7） recovered in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico were investigated to infer their provenance and depositional condition. The sediments are enriched in fine-grained silt and clay and poor in sand content. Mineralogically, the sediments consist of quartz, calcite, smectite, and kaolinite. Based on the ]4C data, the age of the GM6 and GM7 sediment cores were calculated as 23,615 cal yrs. BP and 19,007 cal yrs. BP, respectively. The weathering indices such as chemical index of alteration （CIA）, chemical index of weathering （CIW）, and plagioclase index of alteration （PIA） in GM6 （56-69, 60-74, and 6]-73, respectively） and GM7 （54-69, 57-76, and 55-74, respectively） cores revealed a moderate-to-high intensity of weathering. The rare earth element （REE） patterns suggested that the sediments were derived mostly by the weathering of intermediate rocks, exposed along the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico. The trace elemental ratios like V/Cr （〈2）, Ni/Co （〈2）, and Cu/Zn （〈1）, authigenic uranium content （〈1）, and Ce anomaly （Ce/Ce＊ ≤1） suggested that the sediments were deposited under an oxic condition, which was also revealed by the benthic foraminiferal assemblages throughout the GM6 and GM7 sediment cores.

关键词： Radiocarbon age Manganosite Weathering Palaeoredox condition Provenance Holocene Gulf of Mexico

Effect of Citric Acid, Phytase and Calcium Levels on the Calcium and Phosphorus Content in Egg: Yolk-Albumen and Shell, Yolk Color and Egg Quality in Diets of Laying Hens

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2016年第14期7卷 1364-1374页

作者： Lily M. Vargas-Rodríguez Jesús E. Morales-Barrera José G. Herrera-Haro Juan Antonio-Bautista Roberto López-Pozos David Hernández-Sánchez Instituto de Recursos Genéticos y Productividad (IREGEP) Colegio de Postgraduados Texcoco México Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco D.F. México México División de Ingeniería en Procesos Bioalimentarios Universidad Tecnológica de los Valles Centrales de Oaxaca Oaxaca México licenciatura en Zootecnia Universidad del Mar. Puerto Escondido Oaxaca México

To evaluate the effect of different levels of citric acid (CA) combined with phytase and calcium levels in the diets of laying hens on the calcium and phosphorus (P) contents of eggs: yolk-albumen and shell, yolk color and egg quality. A study was conducted with 24-week-old laying hens fed with a diet based on sorghum and soybean meal with 2.7 Mcal of EM/kg, 15% crude protein, 3.25% calcium and 0.25% available P. The levels of CA, phytase and calcium were 0%, 0.6% and 1.2%;0 and 300 units of phytase (PHYU)/kg;and 3.0% and 3.25%, respectively. Phytase was added as an ingredient into to the diets, contributing 0.1% P and 0.3% calcium. A completely randomized factorial experiment was performed with a 3 × 2 × 2 design and 4 replications. The CA increased (P entation;there were no differences in egg quality. It was concluded that adding CA to the diets of laying hens increases eggshell calcium content, and improves the phytase response. 1.2% CA × Phytase × 3.25% calcium significantly increases shell calcium by 0.56 g. Under the conditions of the present investigation, it would imply greater resistance of the eggs to be broken in the handling from the farm to the sales centers and consumer. Phytase interacts negatively with 0.6% CA at low calcium levels to degrade the yellow pigmentation of the yolk.

关键词： Citric Acid Phytase Calcium Laying Hens Eggshell

Turbo-taxonomy to assemble a megadiverse lichen genus:seventy new species of Cora(Basidiomycota:Agaricales:Hygrophoraceae),honouring David Leslie Hawksworth’s seventieth birthday

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Fungal Diversity 2017年第3期84卷 139-207页

作者： Robert Lücking Manuela Dal Forno Bibiana Moncada Luis Fernando Coca Leidy Yasmín Vargas-Mendoza André Aptroot Laura Juliana Arias Betty Besal Frank Bungartz Diego Mauricio Cabrera-Amaya Marcela E.S.Cáceres José Luis Chaves Sionara Eliasaro Martha Cecilia Gutiérrez Jesús E.Hernández Marin María de los Ángeles Herrera-Campos María E.Holgado-Rojas Harald Jonitz Martin Kukwa Fabiane Lucheta Santiago Madriñán Marcelo Pinto Marcelli Suzana Maria de Azevedo Martins Joel A.Mercado-Díaz Jorge Alberto Molina Eduardo A.Morales Peter R.Nelson Freddy Nugra Francisco Ortega Telma Paredes Ayda Lucía Patiño Rouchi Nadine Peláez-Pulido Rosa Emilia Pérez Pérez Gary B.Perlmutter Eimy Rivas-Plata Javier Robayo Camilo Rodríguez Diego Fernando Simijaca Edier Soto-Medina Adriano Afonso Spielmann Alejandra Suárez-Corredor Jean-Marc Torres Carlos Alberto Vargas Alba Yánez-Ayabaca Gothamie Weerakoon Karina Wilk Marcela Celis Pacheco Mauricio Diazgranados Grischa Brokamp Thomas Borsch Patrick M.Gillevet Masoumeh Sikaroodi James D.Lawrey Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin KöniginLuise-Straße 6-814195 BerlinGermany Science Education The Field Museum1400 South Lake ShoreChicagoIL 60605USA Department of Botany Smithsonian InstitutionNational Museum of Natural History10th St Constitution Ave NWWashingtonDC 20560USA Department of environmental Science and Policy George Mason UniversityFairfaxVA 22030-4444USA licenciatura en biologı´a Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose´de CaldasCra.4 No.26D-54Torre de LaboratoriosHerbarioBogota´D.C.Colombia Herbario Universidad de Caldas(FAUC) Edificio BicentenarioCalle 65No.26-10ManizalesA.A.275CaldasColombia ABL Herbarium G.v.d.Veenstraat 1073762 XK SoestThe Netherlands biologı´a Universidad del Quindı´oCarrera 15 Calle 12 NorteArmeniaQuindı´oColombia 120 Chavis Avenue LexingtonVA 24450USA Charles Darwin Foundation Puerto AyoraSanta Cruz IslandGala´pagosEcuador Schedestraße 8 53113 BonnGermany Jardı´n Bota´nico de Bogota´Jose´Celestino Mutis Avenida Calle 63 No.68-95Bogota´D.C.Colombia Departamento de Biocieˆncias Universidade Federal de SergipeAvenida Vereador Olı´mpio Grandes/n.ItabaianaCEP:49.500-000 SergipeBrazil Laboratorio de Hongos Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad(INBio)Apdo.22-3100Santo Domingo de HerediaCosta Rica Departamento de Botaˆnica Universidade Federal do Parana´Campus Polite´cnicoSetor de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicasAv.Cel.Francisco H.dos Santoss/nJardim das Ame´ricas81531-980 CuritibaPRBrazil Ingenierı´a Ambiental Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose´de CaldasCarrera 5 Este No.15-82Av.CircumvalarBogota´D.C.Colombia Instituto Experimental Jardı´n Bota´nico Dr.Tobı´as Lasser Centro de Investigacio´n y DesarrolloUniversidad Central de VenezuelaAve.Salvador AllendeJardı´n Bota´nico de CaracasApartado#2156Caracas 1010-AVenezuela Departamento de Bota´nica Instituto de Biologı´aUniversidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xicoApartado Postal 70-36704510 Ciudad De Me´xicoMexico Facultad de Ciencias Escuela Profesional de Biologı´aUniv

Following a large-scale phylogenetic study of the lichenized genus Cora(Basidiomycota:Agaricales:Hygrophoraceae),we formally describe 70 new species,honouring the seventieth birthday of David Leslie Hawksworth,one of the preeminent figures in mycology and lichenology in the past 50 *** on an updated phylogeny using the ITS fungal barcoding locus,we now recognize 189 taxa in a genus that until recently was considered to represent a single species;including this contribution,92 of these are formally recognized,including five taxa based on historical names or collections that have not been *** of Cora can be recognized by a combination of morphological(size,colour,lobe configuration,surface hairs,hymenophore size and shape),anatomical(thallus thickness,cortex structure,photobiont type,hyphal papillae),and ecogeographical features(substrate,habitat,distribution),and a keytable allowing the identification of all accepted taxa is *** new species are:Cora accipiter Moncada,Madrin˜a´n&Lücking ***.,*** Moncada,Soto-Medina&Lücking ***.,*** Moncada,Dal Forno&Lücking ***.,*** Dal Forno,Chaves&Lücking ***.,*** Moncada,***ı´guez&Lücking ***.,*** Lücking,Moncada&*** ***.,*** Moncada,Ya´nez-Ayabaca&Lücking ***.,*** Moncada,Patin˜o&Lücking ***.,*** Lücking,***&Dal Forno ***.,*** Holgado,Rivas Plata&Perlmutter ***.,*** Dal Forno,Eliasaro&Spielmann ***.,*** Nugra,Dal Forno&Lücking ***.,*** Lücking,Martins&Lucheta ***.,*** Moncada,R.-***´rez&Lücking ***.,*** Moncada,***.&Lücking ***.,*** Moncada,CabreraAmaya&Lücking ***.,*** Moncada,R.-***´rez&***.,*** Lücking,***&Dal Forno ***.,*** Moncada,***´rez-Corredor&Lücking ***.,*** Moncada,***&Lücking ***.,***

关键词： Bolivia Citizen science Chile Mexico Puerto Rico Sri Lanka

The Effect of Maize Grain Size on the Physicochemical Properties of Isolated Starch, Crude Maize Flour and Nixtamalized Maize Flours

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Agricultural Sciences 2016年第2期7卷 114-125页

作者： Lineth J. Vega-Rojas Margarita Contreras-Padilla Natalia Rincon-Londoño Alicia del Real López Rosa M. Lima-Garcia Natalia Palacios-Rojas Mario E. Rodriguez-Garcia Maestría en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas Facultad de Química Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro Querétaro México División de Investigación y Posgrado Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro Cerro de las Campanas s/n Las Campanas Santiago de Querétaro Querétaro México Departamento de Nanotecnología Centro de Física Aplica y Tecnología Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Juriquilla Querétaro México Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales Centro de Física Aplica y Tecnología Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Campus Juriquilla Querétaro México International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Km 45 Carretera México-Veracruz Texcoco México licenciatura en Ingeniería Física Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro Querétaro México

Usually, the maize cob is formed by grains of medium size. However, the extremes have larger or smaller size grains. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of grain size from the same hybrid on the physicochemical properties of isolated starch, crude maize flours and nixtamalized maize flours. Two hybrids, one from CIMMyT-Mexico called IMIC-254 and one commercial sample from Monsanto (Puma) were studied. The isolated starch granules from small, medium, and large grains exhibit the same size and distribution. The grain size has influence in the determination of cooking and steeping times;small grains reach these parameters faster than medium and large ones. The hardness of the grain size for both hybrids does not showed statistical differences between them. The starch from small, medium and large grains is mainly composed of amylopectin;this result is confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Megazine analysis. The apparent viscosity of the isolated starches of small grains showed statistically significant higher peak values. According to these results, it is possible to use small, medium, and large grains to obtain products with the same physicochemical properties, by adjusting the cooking and steeping times and Ca2+ content.

关键词： Maize Grain Size Nixtamalization Starch Rheological Properties

Population Dynamics of Colonizing Fauna and Its Effect on Growth Rates of the Farmed Red Alga Alsidium triquetrum (S. G. Gmelin) Trevisan

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Natural Science 2022年第2期14卷 42-55页

作者： Ruben Cabrera Arsenio J. Areces Jhoana Díaz-Larrea Sunil Kumar Sahu Juan Ricardo Cruz-Aviña Laura G. Nuñez García Gabinete de Arqueología Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad Habana Vieja Cuba Instituto de Geografía Tropical Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología y Medio Ambiente Municipio Playa Ciudad Habana Cuba Departamento de Hidrobiología Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa CBS Cd de México México State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Science Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou China Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia BUAP Laboratorio de Medicina de la Conservación Licenciatura en Medicina Veterinaria y Fauna Silvestre Km. 7.5 Carretera Ca&ntilde ada Morelos El Salado Tecamachalco Puebla Mexico

Herbivores can drastically alter the morphology of macroalgae by directly consuming tissue and by inflicting structural wounds. Macroalgae host abundant and diverse epibiont communities, the dynamics of which tend to be mostly unknown in space and time. As the cultivation of macroalgae gains momentum worldwide, it is key to measure how epibionts could affect algal performance. We examined the epibiont community associated with farmed Alsidium triquetrum, a red macroalga with growing pharmacological interest. Measurements were conducted over two independent 60-day periods, one in summer and one in winter. Epibionts showed different patterns of succession in both seasons. Crustaceans, mainly amphipods, showed the highest overall density, with deleterious effects on daily growth rates of A. triquetrum in winter. Adverse effects as a function of epibionts were not detected in summer. A. triquetrum is a perennial alga. However, its performance as a crop in the nearshore can be significantly affected by the epibiont community structure that persists in winter. Amphipods and ascoglossan molluscs were risk factors in the mariculture of this agarophyte. In winter, they can destroy plants when they reach more than five individuals per gram of fresh biomass. Results highlight that commercial farming of A. triquetrum would be successful if grown throughout the summer.

关键词： Cultivation Epifauna Macroalgae Macroinvertebrates Seaweed Mariculture

Theoretical and Experimental Exploration of Organic Synthesis Routes to Obtain Natural Rubber Analogues

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材料科学与工程（中英文A版） 2014年第9期4卷 290-296页

作者： David Ramirez-Sanchez Danilo Gonzalez Pablo Ramos Luis-Carlos Garcia Centro de Bioinform6tica y Simulacion Molecular Universidad de Talca Talca 346-0000 Chile Departamento de Quimica Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogota 11001 Colombia Theoretical Chemistry Rutgers University Newark 10032 United States of America Proyecto Curricular licenciatura en Quimica Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas Bogota 11001 Colombia

In the present work, synthesis routes and the reactions involved in the polymerization of two organic compounds similar to natural rubber were studied. To these routes and reactions, modifications related with the previously reported in the literature were performed in order to study them through theoretical tools and determine their prediction capability for the design of those analogs. The semi-empirical method Austin Model 1 (AM1) was used for the study of electronic configurations and it was shown that the synthesis of the polystyrene polymer (PS) and the poly copolymer (styrene-butadiene) (SBR) is possible through the use of free radicals from styrene and 1,3-butadiene monomers using benzoyl peroxide as the catalyst in both cases; going through the intermediates 1-phenyl-2-[(phenylcarbonyl)oxy]ethyl and (2E)-4(oxy (phenylcarbonyl))2-buten-1-yl. The results show that the higher electronic densities are found over the active atom in the radical compared to the electronic densities over the ions and the interest atoms in a possible condensation. Additionally, the study of the reaction mechanisms for the designed organic synthesis routes was performed by applying the frontier orbitals theory developed by R. B. Woodward, and R. Hoffmann and the respective correlation diagrams that showed thermal viability were built demonstrating the consistency between the characteristics of the orbital symmetry in the concerted reactions of the reactants and products; therefore it is seen that the free radical synthesis do not show symmetry restrictions, and it is possible to make it by a thermal route with low activation energy thresholds. The experimental yields of polymerizations were 90% and 75% for polystyrene (PS) and poly (styrene-butadiene) (SBR) respectively. Additionally mechanical tests were performed to the synthesized polymers and it was proved that the properties of the synthesized compounds are consistent with those reported in the literature. In the future it is ex

关键词：有机合成路线天然橡胶类似物实验苯乙烯聚合物有机化合物轨道对称性聚合反应