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Origins and Differences in Condensate Gas Reservoirs between East and West of Tazhong Uplift in the Ordovician Tarim Basin, NW China

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Journal of Earth Science 2017年第2期28卷 367-380页

作者： Yinglu Pan Bingsong Yu Baotao Zhang Guangyou Zhu State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Geological exploration Institute of Shandong Zhengyuan China Metallurgical Geology Bureau Research Institute of petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina

The Ordovician of the Tazhong area in the Tarim Basin has suffered multi-cyclic hydrocarbon charging, making Tazhong a typical condensate gas district. In this paper, production and test data were gathered and a detailed comparison was conducted on the geology and the fluid distribution and characteristics between the eastern and western Tazhong area. Eastern and western regions exhibit significant differences in tectonic structure, fluid distribution, and physical-chemical properties of oil and gas. Compared with the eastern region, the western part has a greater development of discordogenic gas associated with strike-slip faults which, combined with the Tazhong No. 1 fault zone, control the fluid distribution. The eastern region is mainly controlled by the Tazhong No. 1 fault zone. Fluid have markedly homogeneous properties in the east, but are heterogeneous in the west. The origins of oil and gas are different between the east and the west. In the east, hydrocarbons are mainly from Ordovician source rocks and natural gas is mostly derived from kerogen pyrolysis. In the west, the hydrocarbons mainly originated from Cambrian source rocks, and the gas was mostly generated by crude oil cracking. In sum, the east region is dominated by primary condensate gas reservoirs, and the western region is dominated by secondary condensate gas reservoirs. Because of the different geological settings and fluid physical properties, differences in the condensate gas reservoirs in the eastern and the western Tazhong area have been analyzed, and appropriate formation mechanisms for condensate gas origins are established.

关键词： condensate gas reservoir origin Ordovician carbonate Tazhong area

Hydrocarbon migration characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous in the Erlian Basin

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2007年第1期26卷 1-7页

作者：赵文智方杰 Research Institute of petroleum exploration and Development

The paper systematically analyzes the hydrocarbon migration characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous in the Erlian Basin, based on the geochemical data of mudstone and sandstone in the main hydrocarbon-generating sags. (1) The source rocks in K1ba and K1bt1 are estimated to be the mature ones, their hydrocarbon expulsion ratio can reach 32%-72%. The Type-I sags in oil windows possess good hydrocarbon generation and expulsion conditions, where commercial reservoirs can be formed. (2) According to the curves of the mudstone compaction and evolution of clay minerals, the rapid compaction stage of mudstones is the right time of hydrocarbon expulsion, i.e., primary migration. (3) The timing between hydrocarbon generation and expulsion is mainly related to the accordance of the oil window and the rapid compaction stage of mudstones in the hydrocarbon generation sags of Type-I. That forms the most matching relation between hydrocarbon generation and migration. (4) The faults and unconformities are the important paths for the secondary hydrocarbon migration. Especially, the unconformity between K1ba and K1bt1 has a favorable condition for oil accumulation, where the traps of all types are the main exploration targets. (5) Hydrocarbon migration effect, in the Uliastai sag, is most significant; that in the Saihan Tal and Anan sags comes next, and that in the Bayandanan and Jargalangt sags is worst.

关键词：下白垩纪二连盆地碳氢化合物迁移特性油气运移

An efficient hybrid model for fractured reservoirs

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2016年第10期59卷 1609-1616页

作者： YAN Xia HUANG ZhaoQin YAO Jun LI Yang FAN DongYan SONG WenHui School of petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Department of Oilfield exploration & Development Sinopec

In this study, an efficient hybrid model is proposed to simulate the fluid flow in the reservoirs with multi-scale fractures, which cannot be easily modeled by neither the continuum models nor the discrete fracture models. In the proposed method, the small fractures are modeled by using an improved Multiple Sub-Region method, which can capture the strongly anisotropy of fracture elements and the effects of border region on the transmissibility and provide more accurate results, on the other hand, the large fractures are modeled explicitly as major fluid conduits by the Embedded Discrete Fracture Model. Then, an efficient numerical algorithm based on the Mimetic Finite Difference method is developed to solve the hybrid method. At the end, several numerical examples are carried out to verify the accuracy and applicability of the proposed numerical model.

关键词： fractured reservoirs hybrid model oversampling approach multiple sub-region method mimetic finite difference

Experimental Simulation of Dolomite Dissolution Under Burial Diagenesis Conditions and Thermodynamic Interpretation

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2000年第1期19卷 58-64页

作者：黄思静肖林萍杨俊杰张文正黄月明刘桂霞 Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu China Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China Changqing petroleum exploration bureau Xi’an China

Simulating experiments on dolomite dissolution by acetic acid were made under burial diagenesis conditions, at temperatures ranging from 75℃ to 130℃ and pressures from 20 MPa to 30 MPa. The results show that the dissolution rate of dolomite increased rapidly with increasing temperature and pressure. From 75℃/20 MPa to 130℃/30 MPa, the total amount of released Ca and Mg increased from 32.98 mg/L to 337.9 mg/L, over one order of magnitude in difference. Thermodynamic calculation indicates that the increment of Gibbs free energy (△G) of the chemical reaction decreases with increasing temperature and pressure. This thermodynamic result is consistent with the experimental result. Based on the experimental results, it is suggested that secondary porosities formed by dolomite dissolution under conditions of deep burial diagenesis should be more common than those under epigenesis and shallow burial conditions, and therefore dolomite reservoirs in the formations that have been deeply buried should be more abundant than in the formations that have only been shallowly buried.

关键词：模拟实验成岩作用白云石分解 Gibbs自由能多孔性

Geological characteristics and ‘‘sweet area'' evaluation for tight oil

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petroleum Science 2015年第4期12卷 606-617页

作者： Cai-Neng Zou Zhi Yang Lian-Hua Hou Ru-Kai Zhu Jing-Wei Cui Song-Tao Wu Sen-Hu Lin Qiu-Lin Guo She-Jiao Wang Deng-Hua Li Petro China Research Institute of petroleum exploration and Development

Tight oil has become the focus in exploration and development of unconventional oil in the world, especially in North America and China. In North America, there has been intensive exploration for tight oil in marine. In China, commercial exploration for tight oil in conti- nental sediments is now steadily underway. With the dis- covery of China＇s first tight oil field--Xin＇anbian Oilfield in the Ordos Basin, tight oil has been integrated officially into the category for reserves evaluation. Geologically, tight oil is characterized by distribution in depressions and slopes of basins, extensive, mature, and high-quality source rocks, large-scale reservoir space with micro- and nanopore throat systems, source rocks and reservoirs in close contact and with continuous distribution, and local ＂sweet area.＂ The evaluation of the distribution of tight oil ＂sweet area＂ should focus on relationships between ＂six features.＂ These are source properties, lithology, physical properties, brittleness, hydrocarbon potential, and stress anisotropy. In North America, tight oil prospects are distributed in lamellar shale or marl, where natural fractures are fre- quently present, with TOC 〉 4 %, porosity 〉 7 %, brittle mineral content 〉 50 %, oil saturation of 50 %-80 %, API 〉 35~, and pressure coefficient 〉 1.30. In China, tight oil prospects are distributed in lamellar shale, tight sand- stone, or tight carbonate rocks, with TOC 〉 2 %, poros- ity 〉 8 %, brittle mineral content 〉 40 %, oil saturation of 60 %-90 %, low crude oil viscosity, or high formation pressure. Continental tight oil is pervasive in China and its preliminary estimated technically recoverable resources are about （20-25） × lO8^ t.

关键词： Tight oil Geological features "Sweet area"evaluation Tight reservoirs Unconventional oil and gas Shale oil

Effect of volcanism on maturation of sedimentary organic matter and its significance for hydrocarbon generation, a case:the East Sag of liaohe Basin

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1995年第17期40卷 1446-1450页

作者：孙永革傅家谟刘德汉盛国英陈振岩吴铁生 Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry. Chinese Academy of Sciences. Guangzhou 510610. China) liaohe Institute of petroleum exploration & Development. Panjin 124010 China)

It has been widely noticed that anomalous heating of volcanic eruption and magmaticintrusion have certain influence on the maturation of sedimentary organic matter. Thesecases are most favorable for studying the changes of organic molecule structures caused bythermal alteration. The results. in turns. are helpfull in investigating the evolutions of pe-troleum and coal. It is shown that the dominant effect of anomalous heating

关键词： volcanism organic matter maturation hydrocarbon.

Methods for seismic sedimentology research on continental basins

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petroleum Science 2015年第1期12卷 67-80页

作者： Ping-Sheng Wei Ming-Jun Su Petrochina Research Institute of petroleum exploration & Development-Northwest

In contrast to marine deposits, continental deposits in China are characterized by diverse sedimentary types, rapid changes in sedimentary facies, complex lithology, and thin, small sand bodies. In seismic sedimentology studies on continental lacustrine basins, new thinking and more detailed and effective technical means are needed to generate lithological data cubes and conduct seismic geo- morphologic analyses. Based on a series of tests and studies, this paper presents the concepts of time-equivalent seismic attributes and seismic sedimentary bodies and a ＂four-step approach＂ for the seismic sedimentologic study of conti- nental basins： Step 1, build a time-equivalent stratigraphic framework based on vertical analysis and horizontal corre- lation of lithofacies, electrofacies, seismic facies, and pale- ontological combinations; Step 2, further build a sedimentary facies model based on the analysis of single- well facies with outcrop, coring, and lab test data; Step 3, convert the seismic data into a lithological data cube reflecting different lithologies by means of seismic tech- niques; and Step 4, perform a time-equivalent attribute analysis and convert the planar attribute into a sedimentary facies map under the guidance of the sedimentary facies model. The whole process, highlighting the verification and calibration of geological data, is an iteration and feedback procedure of geoseismic data. The key technologies include the following：（1） a seismic data-lithology conversion technique applicable to complex lithology, which can convert the seismic reflection from interface types to rock layers; and （2） time-equivalent seismic unit analysis and a time- equivalent seismic attribute extraction technique. Finally, this paper demonstrates the validity of the approach with an example from the Qikou Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin and subsequent drilling results.

关键词： Continental basin Seismic sedimentology Four-step approach Time-equivalent seismic attribute Seismic sedimentary body Lithology conversion processing

Identification and geochemical significance of polarized macromolecular compounds in lacustrine and marine oils

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2014年第4期33卷 431-438页

作者： CUI Jingwei ZHU Rukai HU Jian Research Institute of petroleum exploration & Development Petro China

Polarized macromolecular compounds in typical lacustrine and marine shale oils collected from the Ordos Basin and Tarim Basin of China were analyzed by FT-ICR-MS. Maturity was taken into consideration by diagenesis physical simulation experiments on shale oils, which had been collected at various temperature and pressure stages. The results showed that similar components existed in non-hydrocarbon and asphaltenes and the main peak compound classes of N1 and O2 were potential parameters for identifying typical marine oil and lacustrine oil in China. Nitrogen compounds/(nitrogen compounds and oxygen compounds), such as N1/(O2+N1), N1/(O3+N1), N1/(N1O1+N1O2) are the maturity indicators, which are related with C-N and C-O bond energy. Differences in molecular components and weights between marine and lacustrine oils are the effective index to identify source maturity and sedimentary environment.

关键词：高分子化合物地球化学意义大分子海洋湖泊识别极化鄂尔多斯盆地

“Exploring petroleum inside source kitchen”: Shale oil and gas in Sichuan Basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2020年第7期63卷 934-953页

作者： Caineng ZOU Zhi YANG Shasha SUN Qun ZHAO Wenhua BAI Honglin LIU Songqi PAN Songtao WU Yilin YUAN PetroChina Research Institute of petroleum exploration and Development Beijing 100083China

The Sichuan Basin is rich in shale oil and gas resources,with favorable geological conditions that the other shale reservoirs in China cannot ***,the basin is an ideal option for fully"exploring petroleum inside source kitchen"with respect to onshore shale oil and gas in *** paper analyzes the characteristics of shale oil and gas resources in the United States and China,and points out that maturity plays an important role in controlling shale oil and gas *** shale oil and gas exhibit high proportions of light hydrocarbon and wet gas,whereas Chinese marine and transitional shale gas is mainly dry gas and continental shale oil is generally heavy.A comprehensive geological study of shale oil and gas in the Sichuan Basin reveals findings with respect to the following three ***,there are multiple sets of organic-rich shale reservoirs of three types in the basin,such as the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation and Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation marine shale,Permian Longtan Formation transitional shale,Triassic Xujiahe Formation lake-swamp shale,and Jurassic lacustrine *** shale gas enrichment is mainly controlled by four elements:Deep-water shelf facies,moderate thermal evolution,calcium-rich and silicon-rich rock association,and closed roof/***,the"sweet section"is generally characterized by high total organic carbon,high gas content,large porosity,high brittle minerals content,high formation pressure,and the presence of lamellation/bedding and natural ***,the"sweet area"is generally characterized by very thick organic-rich shale,moderate thermal evolution,good preservation conditions,and shallow burial depth,which are exemplified by the shale oil and gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation,Longtan Formation,and Daanzhai Member of the Ziliujing ***,the marine,transitional,and continental shale oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin account for 50%,25%,and 30%of the res

关键词： Shale oil Shale gas Marine facies Continental facies Transitional facies Resource potential Sweet area Sweet section Source rock oil and gas Shale oil and gas revolution "Sichuan-Chongqing Daqing-Gas"