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Protective and defensive roles of non-glandular trichomes against multiple stresses:structure-function coordination

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Journal of Forestry Research 2020年第1期31卷 1-12页

作者： George Karabourniotis Georgios Liakopoulos Dimosthenis Nikolopoulos Panagiota Bresta laboratory of Plant physiology Department of Crop ScienceAgricultural University of Athens

As superficial structures,non-glandular trichomes,protect plant organs against multiple biotic and abiotic *** protective and defensive roles of these epidermal appendages are crucial to developing organs and can be attributed to the excellent combination of suitable structural traits and chemical reinforcement in the form of phenolic compounds,primarily fl *** the formation of trichomes and the accumulation of phenolics are interrelated at the molecular *** the early stages of development,non-glandular trichomes show strong morphological similarities to glandular ones such as the balloon-like apical cells with numerous *** later developmental stages,and during secondary wall thickening,phenolics are transferred to the cell walls of the *** to the diff use deposition of phenolics in the cell walls,trichomes provide protection against UV-B radiation by behaving as optical fi lters,screening out wavelengths that could damage sensitive *** from strong visible radiation is also aff orded by increased surface light refl ***,the mixtures of trichome phenolics represent a superfi-cial chemical barrier that provides protection against biotic stress factors such as herbivores and *** the cells of some trichomes die at maturity,they can modulate their quantitative and qualitative characteristics during development,depending on the prevailing conditions of the external biotic or abiotic *** fact,the structure and chemical constituents of trichomes may change due to the particular light regime,herbivore damage,wounding,water stress,salinity and the presence of heavy ***,trichomes represent dynamic protective structures that may greatly aff ect the outcome of many plant–environment interactions.

关键词： Non-glandular trichomes Phenolics Flavonoids Protection Defence Biotic stress Abiotic stress

The effect of integrative crop management on root growth and methane emission of paddy rice

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The crop Journal 2019年第4期7卷 444-457页

作者： Hao Zhang Hailang Liu Danping Hou Yilei Zhou Mengzhu Liu Zhiqin Wang Lijun Liu Junfei Gu Jianchang Yang Jiangsu Key laboratory of crop Genetics and physiology Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops Yangzhou University

In previous studies, integrative crop management (ICM) improved shoot growth and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, little is known about the effect of ICM on root growth and methane (CH4) emission of paddy rice. In this study, two rice varieties, Wuyunjing 24 and Yongyou 2640, were grown. A field experiment was conducted with three crop management treatments including zero nitrogen fertilization (0N), local farmer practice (LFP), and ICM. Root morphophysiological traits and CH4 emission from the paddy field were investigated. ICM significantly increased mean grain yield by 29.9%, with the effect attributed mainly to an increase in mean total number of spikelets by 26.4% compared to LFP. ICM increased root and shoot biomass, root length, number of roots, root oxidation activity (ROA), root bleeding rate, and root total and active absorbing surface area by respectively 24.4%, 25.7%, 17.1%, 9.3%, 18.7%, 29.5%, 12.1%, and 24.7%. The concentrations of malic, succinic, and acetic acids in root exudates were respectively 5.8%, 6.0%, and 10.5% higher in ICM than in LFP. Compared to LFP, ICM significantly decreased the rate of CH4 emission during emission peak stages and reduced total CH4 emission by 17.1%. The root morphophysiological traits were positively and significantly correlated with grain yield, whereas root length, specific root length, ROA, and root total and active absorbing surface area were negatively and significantly correlated with total CH4 emission. These results suggest that ICM could achieve the dual goals of increasing grain yield and reducing the greenhouse gas effect by improving the root morphology and physiological traits of paddy rice.

关键词： Rice Root traits Methane emission Integrative crop management

Effects of zinc fertilizer and short-term high temperature stress on wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2018年第9期17卷 1979-1990页

作者： TAO Zhi-qiang WANG De-mei CHANG Xu-hong WANG Yan-jie YANG Yu-shuang ZHAO Guang-cai Institute of crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture

Content of wheat flour proteins affects the quality of wheat flour. Zinc nutrition in wheat can change the protein content of the flour. The inconsistency and instability of wheat grain quality during grain filling while under high temperature stress （HTS） are major problems in the production of high quality wheat. At present, there is a lack of studies on zinc fertilizer and HTS effects on wheat flour protein and the content of its components. For this study, treatment combinations of four levels of zinc fertilizers and exposure to a short-term HTS, at 20 d after flowering （D20）, were tested on two wheat cultivars with different gluten levels. Individuals of a strong gluten wheat, Gaoyou 2018 （GY2018）, and a medium gluten wheat, Zhongmai 8 （ZM8）, were grown in pots at the Institute of crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing in 2015-2017. We measured grain yield and weight and the activities of two enzymes （nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase） from the flag leaves, collected at D10 and D20. Total protein content, protein yield, and content of four protein components （albumin, gliadin, glutenin, and globulin） were measured from flour produced from the pot-grown plants. HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin in wheat grains, and reduced the grain yield, grain weight, protein yield, globulin content, and flag leaf nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamine synthetase （GS） activities. The results showed that HTS and zinc fertilizer had greater impacts on the strong gluten cultivar compared to the medium gluten cultivar. Under HTS, grain yield decreased by 13 and 8% in GY2018 and ZM8, respectively; protein yield decreased by 7 and 8% in GY2018 and ZM8, respectively. Zinc fertilizer increased： grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, and glutenin contents; protein yield; and NR and GS activities. In contrast, zinc fertilizer reduced the content of globulin. The add

关键词： Triticum aestivum L. zinc fertilizer strong gluten climate warming

Effects of sulfur fertilization and short-term high temperature on wheat grain production and wheat flour proteins

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The crop Journal 2018年第4期6卷 413-425页

作者： Zhiqiang Tao Xuhong Chang Demei Wang Yanjie Wang Shaokang Ma Yushuang Yang Guangcai Zhao Institute of crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key laboratory of crop physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture

The content of wheat flour proteins affects the quality of wheat flour. Sulfur nutrition in wheat can change the protein content of the flour. The inconsistency and instability of wheat grain quality during grain filling under high temperature stress(HTS) are a major challenge to the production of high-quality wheat. The effects of sulfur fertilization and HTS on wheat flour protein and its components are unknown. In this study, treatments varying two factors: sulfur fertilization and exposure to short-term HTS, at 20 days postanthesis, were applied to two wheat cultivars with differing gluten types. Plants of a stronggluten wheat(Gaoyou 2018) and a medium-gluten wheat(Zhongmai 8) were grown in pots in Beijing in 2015–2017. HTS significantly increased the contents of total protein, albumin,gliadin, glutenin, Cys, and Met in wheat kernels, but reduced grain yield, grain weight,protein yield, globulin content, and total starch accumulation. The HTS-induced increase in total protein amount was closely associated with nitrate reductase(NR) and glutamine synthetase(GS) activities in flag leaves. Sulfur fertilization increased grain and protein yields; grain weight; total protein, albumin, gliadin, glutenin, and globulin contents; protein yield; total starch; Cys, Met; and NR and GS activities. HTS and sulfur fertilization had larger effects on the strong-than on the medium-gluten cultivar. Sulfur fertilization also alleviated the negative effects of HTS on grain yield, protein yield, and starch ***, growing wheat with additional soil sulfur can improve the quality of the flour.

关键词： Triticum aestivum L. Sulfur fertilization Strong gluten Climate warming

Tillage and straw mulching impacts on grain yield and water use efficiency of spring maize in Northern Huang–Huai–Hai Valley

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The crop Journal 2015年第5期3卷 445-450页

作者： Zhiqiang Tao Congfeng Li Jingjing Li Zaisong Ding Jie Xu Xuefang Sun Peilu Zhou Ming Zhao Institute of crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture

A two-year field experiment(2012–2013) was conducted to investigate the effects of two tillage methods and five maize straw mulching patterns on the yield, water consumption,and water use efficiency(WUE) of spring maize(Zea mays L.) in the northern Huang–Huai–Hai valley of China. Compared to rotary tillage, subsoil tillage resulted in decreases in water consumption by 6.3–7.8% and increases in maize yield by 644.5–673.9 kg ha-1, soil water content by 2.9–3.0%, and WUE by 12.7–15.2%. Chopped straw mulching led to higher yield,soil water content, and WUE as well as lower water consumption than prostrate whole straw mulching. Mulching with 50% chopped straw had the largest positive effects on maize yield, soil water content, and WUE among the five mulching treatments. Tillage had greater influence on maize yield than straw mulching, whereas straw mulching had greater influence on soil water content, water consumption, and WUE than tillage. These results suggest that 50% chopped straw mulching with subsoil tillage is beneficial in spring maize production aiming at high yield and high WUE in the Huang–Huai–Hai valley.

关键词： Northern Huang–Huai–Hai valley Spring maize croppi

Effect of Shading During Grain Filling on the Physicochemical Properties of Fresh Waxy Maize

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013年第9期12卷 1560-1567页

作者： LU Da-lei SUN Xu-li WANG Xin YAN Fa-bao LU Wei-ping Key laboratory of crop Genetics and physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key laboratory of crop physiology Ecology and Cultivation in Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse RiverMinistry of Agriculture/College of AgricultureYangzhou University

Grain physicochemical properties determine the table quality of fresh waxy maize. Two waxy maize varieties, Suyunuo 5 （shading tolerant） and FHN003 （shading sensitive）, were used to estimate the effect of shading （plants received 30% less radiation than control） during grain filling （from 0 d to 23 d after pollination） on physicochemical properties of fresh waxy maize grain. Shading decreased the grain fresh weight of Suyunuo 5 and FHN003 by 8.4 and 19.1%, respectively. Shading increased the grain water content of FHN003, whereas that of Suyunuo 5 was not affected. In both varieties for shading treatment, soluble sugar, starch and protein contents were decreased, whereas zein content was increased. The changes in globulin, albumin and glutenin contents under shading were variety dependent. In both varieties, shading decreased λmax, iodine binding capacity and the percentage of large starch granules （diameter 〉17 μm） but increased crystallinity. The results of rapid visco analysis showed that the viscosity characteristics （except for pasting temperature） of both varieties were decreased by shading; however, FHN003 was more severely affected than Suyunuo 5. Under shading, Antet and %R were decreased in both varieties, whereas the changes in △Hgol and transition temperatures were variety dependent. Hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness were decreased in both varieties. Significant differences in physicochemical characteristics were observed between the two varieties.

关键词： fresh waxy maize shading grain quality physicochemical property

A proteomic analysis of rice seedlings responding to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene stress

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2008年第3期20卷 309-319页

作者： GE Cailin WAN Dingzhen WANG Zegang DING Yan WANG Yulong SHANG Qi MA Fai LUO Shishi Jiangsu Provencial Key laboratory of crop Genetics and physiology Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China

The proteomic analysis of rice （Oryza sativa L.） roots and leaves responding tol,2,4-trichlorobenzene （TCB） stress was carded out by two dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometric （MS）, and protein database analysis. The results showed that 5 mg/L TCB stress had a significant effect on global proteome in rice roots and leaves. The analysis of the category and function of TCB stress inducible proteins showed that different kinds of responses were produced in rice roots and leaves, when rice seedlings were exposed to 5 mg/L TCB stress. Most responses are essential for rice defending the damage of TCB stress. These responses include detoxication of toxic substances, expression of pathogenesis-related proteins, synthesis of cell wall substances and secondary compounds, regulation of protein and amino acid metabolism, activation of methionine salvage pathway, and also include osmotic regulation and phytohormone metabolism. Comparing the TCB stress inducible proteins between the two cultivars, the β-glucosidase and pathogenesis-related protein family 10 proteins were particularly induced by TCB stress in the roots of rice cultivar （Oryza sativa L.） Aizaizhan, and the glutathione S-transferase and aci-reductone dioxygenase 4 were induced in the roots of rice cultivar Shanyou 63. This may be one of the important mechanisms for Shanyou 63 having higher tolerance to TCB stress than Aizaizhan.

关键词： Oryza sativa 1,2,4-tfichlorobenzene (TCB) proteome stress response

Effects of tridimensional uniform sowing on water consumption, nitrogen use, and yield in winter wheat

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The crop Journal 2019年第4期7卷 480-493页

作者： Zhiqiang Tao Shaokang Ma Xuhong Chang Demei Wang Yanjie Wang Yushuang Yang Guangcai Zhao Jiancang Yang Institute of crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs

Wheat is a staple crop worldwide, but yields may diminish as climate change causes increasingly unpredictable patterns of precipitation and soil nutrient availability. Farmers are thus challenged to maximize planting efficiency to increase yield, while also improving their resource use efficiency. In this study the effectiveness of tridimensional uniform sowing was tested across a range of planting densities for winter wheat crops on the North China Plain. Tridimensional uniform sowing was tested against conventional drilling at three planting densities (180 × 104, 270 × 104, and 360 × 104 plants ha 1) and assessed for water consumption, biomass, nitrogen uptake and allocation, and aspects of yield. The tridimensional uniform sowing treatment outperformed the conventional drilling treatment in most metrics and at most planting densities, while performing markedly better at higher planting densities. Water consumption decreased and nitrogen efficiency increased. Tiller number and percentage of productive tillers, leaf area index, dry weight, and yield increased without a significant decline in grain protein. Nitrogen allocation was more efficient under tridimensional uniform sowing than with conventional drilling, and also varied according to annual precipitation and planting density. Both yield and grain protein contents were significantly correlated with the amount of pre-anthesis accumu- lated nitrogen translocated from vegetative organs to kernels after anthesis. Overall, a density of 270 × 104 plants ha 1 provided the highest water use efficiency and grain yield. Tridimensional uniform sowing will benefit farmers by forming stronger overall crops, promoting the coordinated improvement of yield, nitrogen uptake and efficiency, and increasing grain protein content at higher planting densities.

关键词： Winter wheat Sowing pattern Nitrogen absorption and utilization Yield Grain protein content

Tolerance to low phosphorus in rice varieties is conferred by regulation of root growth

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The crop Journal 2020年第4期8卷 534-547页

作者： Yaping Deng Chuanbao Men Shengfeng Qiao Wenjie Wang Junfei Gu Lijun Liu Zujian Zhang Hao Zhang Zhiqin Wang Jianchang Yang Jiangsu Key laboratory of crop Genetics and physiology/Jiangsu Key laboratory of crop Cultivation and physiology Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsYangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009JiangsuChina

Phosphorus use efficiency(PUE)can be improved through cultivation techniques and ***,little is known about rice(Oryza sativa L.)agronomic and physiological traits associated with high *** characterized the agronomic and physiological traits of rice varieties with different tolerances to low phosphorus in nutrient *** varieties with strong tolerance to low phosphorus(STVs)and two with weak tolerance(WTVs)were grown at normal(NP,control)and low phosphorus(LP,1/20 of NP)*** grown at LP produced significantly lower grain yield than those grown at *** yields were lower than STVs *** to NP,LP significantly increased phosphorus translocation efficiency(PTE),internal phosphorus efficiency(IPE)and phosphorus harvest index(PHI).Under the LP condition,PTE and IPE were higher for STVs than for *** also reduced tiller number,shoot biomass,leaf area index(LAI),leaf photosynthetic rate,and mean root diameter of both kinds of varieties at the main growth stages,but to a lower extent in *** significantly increased the number of productive tillers,root biomass,root-shoot ratio,root bleeding rate,and root acid phosphatase(RAP)*** root length,root oxidation activity(ROA),and root total and active absorbing surface areas for STVs were significantly increased under LP,whereas the opposite responses were observed for *** root length,ROA,root bleeding rate,root active absorbing surface area,and RAP activity were positively and significantly correlated with grain yield,PTE,and *** results suggest that the tolerance of rice varieties to a low-phosphorus growth condition is closely associated with root growth with higher biomass and activity.

关键词： Rice(Oryza sativa L.) Tolerance Phosphorus use efficiency Root traits