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Contribution of Satellite Observations in the Optical and Microphysical Characterization of Aerosols in Burkina Faso, West Africa

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atmospheric and Climate sciences 2024年第1期14卷 154-171页

作者： Nébon Bado Serge Dimitri Bazyomo Germain Wende Pouiré Ouedraogo Bruno Korgo Mamadou Simina Dramé Florent P. Kieno Sié Kam laboratoire d’energies Thermiques renouvelables (l.E.T.re) Université Joseph KI ZERBO Ouaga Burkina Faso laboratoire de Physique de l’atmosphère et de l’océan Siméon-Fongang Université Cheikh Anta DIOP Dakar-Fann Sénégal Institute of mathematics and Physical sciences University of Abomey-Calavi Porto-Novo Benin

In this work, we proceed to an optical and microphysical analysis of the observations reversed by the MODIS, SeaWiFS, MISR and OMI sensors with the aim of proposing the best-adapted airborne sensor for better monitoring of aerosols in Burkina Faso. To this end, a comparison of AOD between satellite observations and in situ measurements at the Ouagadougou site reveals an underestimation of AERONet AOD except for OMI which overestimates them. Also, an inter-comparison done based on the linear regression line representation shows the correlation between the aerosol models incorporated in the airborne sensor inversion algorithms and the aerosol population probed. This can be seen through the correlation coefficients R which are 0.84, 0.64, 0.55 and 0.054 for MODIS, SeaWiFS, MISR and OMI respectively. Furthermore, an optical analysis of aerosols in Burkina Faso by the MODIS sensor from 2001 to 2016 indicates a large spatial and temporal variability of particles strongly dominated by desert dust. This is corroborated by the annual and seasonal cycles of the AOD at 550 nm and the Angström coefficient measured in the spectral range between 412 nm and 470 nm. A zoom on a few sites chosen according to the three climatic zones confirms the majority presence of mineral aerosols in Burkina Faso, whose maxima are observed in spring and summer.

关键词： AERONet Airborne Sensors Aerosol Optical and Microphysical Properties

life Cycle Assessment of Cashew Nutshell Briquettes Produced in Côte d’Ivoire

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Open Journal of Applied sciences 2024年第9期14卷 2411-2430页

作者： Bi Tra Désiré Zinla Ekoun Paul Magloire Koffi Kamenan Blaise Koua Kpeusseu Angeline Kouambla Epse Yeo Prosper Gbaha laboratoire des Procds Industriels de Synthse de lEnvironnement et des Energies Nouvelles Institut National Polytechnique Felix Houphout-Boigny Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire laboratoire des sciences de la matire de lEnvironnement et de lEnergie Solaire Unit de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences des Structures de la Matire et de Technologie Universit Felix Houphout-Boigny Abidjan Cte dIvoire

Now one of the main cash crops in Côte d’Ivoire, the cashew tree feeds an entire industrial sector based on the processing of its fruit. This processing generates a large volume of waste, consisting of cashew nutshells, the management of which poses environmental problems. With the aim of replacing charcoal and firewood with more environmentally friendly fuels, several studies are currently being carried out into the optimal use of cashew shells in fuel briquettes. To assess the environmental sustainability of these briquettes, this study calculates the environmental impacts associated with their life cycle, compares them with those of charcoal and firewood, and identifies the processes that contribute most to environmental pollution, with a view to improving them. Analysis of the results showed that cashew nutshell briquettes emit a range of pollutants over their life cycle that damage the environment and are responsible for the 7 impact categories considered: acidification, eutrophication, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, global warming, human toxicity, photochemical oxidation and terrestrial ecotoxicity potential. However, they are more environmentally friendly than charcoal and firewood for 5 impact categories: freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, global warming, human toxicity, photochemical oxidation and terrestrial ecotoxicity potential. The 3 elementary processes, i.e. transport of biomass raw materials, production, and combustion of briquettes, emit pollutants that contribute most to the creation of environmental impact categories. The most relevant pollutants are nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and particulate matter (PM).

关键词： lCA Briquettes Cashew Nutshell Biomass Environmental Impact

Photosynthetic response to a winter heatwave in leading and trailing edge populations of the intertidal red alga Corallina offi-cinalis(Rhodophyta)

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Acta oceanologica Sinica 2024年第7期43卷 70-77页

作者： regina Kolzenburg Federica Ragazzola laura Tamburello Katy R.Nicastro Christopher D.McQuaid Gerardo I.Zardi UmeåMarine sciences Centre UmeåUniversity90571 NorrbynSweden University of Portsmouth Institute of Marine SciencePortsmouth PO49LYUK Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Genova Marine CenterGenova 16126Italy Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Sicily Marine CenterPalermo 90149Italy department of Zoology and Entomology Rhodes UniversityMakhanda(Grahamstown)6139South Africa Centre of Marine sciences University of AlgarveFaro 8005-139Portugal laboratoire d’océanologie et de Géosciences Universitéde LilleLille 59000France Universitéde Caen Normandie Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et des Ecosystèmes AquatiquesCaen 14032France

Marine heatwaves(MHWs)caused by anthropogenic climate change are becoming a key driver of change at the ecosystem *** conditions experienced by marine organisms across their distribution,particularly towards the equator,are likely to approach their physiological limits,resulting in extensive mortality and subsequent changes at the population *** at the margins of their species’distribution are thought to be more sensitive to climate-induced environmental pressures than central populations,but our understanding of variability in fitness-related physiological traits in trailing versus leading-edge populations is *** a laboratory simulation study,we tested whether two leading(Iceland)and two trailing(Spain)peripheral populations of the intertidal macroalga Corallina officinalis display different levels of maximum potential quantum efficiency(Fv/Fm)resilience to current and future winter MHWs *** study revealed that ongoing and future local winter MHWs will not negatively affect leading-edge populations of ***,which exhibited stable photosynthetic efficiency throughout the *** edge populations showed a positive though non-significant trend in photosynthetic efficiency throughout winter MHWs *** and equatorward populations did not produce significantly different results,with winter MHWs having no negative affect on Fv/Fm of either ***,we found no long-term regional or population-level influence of a winter MHWs on this species’photosynthetic ***,we found no statistically significant difference in thermal stress responses between leading and trailing ***,*** showed a trend towards higher stress responses in southern than northern *** responses rest on a variety of local population traits,they are difficult to predict based solely on thermal pressures.

关键词： marginal population coralline algae climate change ecophysiology photophysiology macroalgae Fv/Fm

Identification of Aerosol Types and Their Optical Properties in the North China Plain Based on long-Term AERONet Data

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atmospheric and oceanic Science letters 2013年第4期6卷 216-222页

作者： SUN li XIA Xiang-Ao WANG Pu-Cai CHEN Hong-Bin Philippe GOlOUB ZHANG Wen-Xing Key laboratory of Middle atmosphere and Global Environment Observation(lAGEO) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of sciences laboratoire d'Optique atmospherique Universite des Sciences et Technologies de Lille

Characterization of aerosols is required to reduce uncertainties in satellite retrievals of global aerosols and for modeling the effects of these aerosols on *** in the North China Plain(NCP) are complex,which provides a good opportunity to study key aerosol optical properties for various aerosol types.A cluster analysis of key optical properties obtained from Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONet) data in Beijing and Xianghe during 2001-11 was performed to identify dominant aerosol types and their associated optical *** dominant aerosol types were *** results show that the urban/industrial aerosol of moderate absorption was dominant in the region and that this type varied little with ***/industrial aerosol of weak absorption was the next most common type and mainly occurs in summer,followed by that strong aerosols occurring mainly in *** were predominantly fine mode *** dust(MD) and polluted dust(PD) occurred mainly in spring,followed by winter,and their absorption decreased with *** addition,aerosol dynamics and optical parameters such as refractive index and asymmetry factor were *** show that the size of coarse mode particles decreased with AOD indicating the domination of external mixing between aerosols.

关键词： aerosol classification aerosol types aerosol optical properties

Experimental Study of a Solar Thermal Incubator Using a Phase-Change material for Off-Grid Use

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Open Journal of Applied sciences 2024年第9期14卷 2471-2481页

作者： Yéouélé Thio Bati Ernest Boya Bi Ekoun Paul Magloire Koffi Prosper Gbaha laboratoire des Procds Industriels de Synthse de lEnvironnement et des Energies Nouvelles Institut National Polytechnique Flix Houphout-Boigny Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire

The aim of this study was to provide a simple, easy-to-use incubation system for small-scale rural poultry farmers far from the electricity grid. To this end, a naturally ventilated solar thermal incubator was built and experimentally tested. A U-shaped evacuated tube collector and a wooden crate holding 50 eggs were used to build the solar thermal incubator. Water was used as the heat transfer fluid, and an EPCM was integrated into the incubation chamber for operation at night or when the sun was hidden. The heat generated by the solar collector and stored in the heat transfer fluid is transported to the incubation chamber by thermosiphon to heat the chamber. Temperature and humidity probes powered by a solar panel were placed at various locations to monitor the thermo-hygrometric efficiency of the incubation system. The incubator, heated by natural convection, proved to function normally, and the incubation chamber was maintained throughout the incubation period within a temperature range of 35.53˚C to 39.53˚C and relative humidity averaging 49.4% to 68.5%. The experiment was carried out by introducing 30 eggs and the results of the experimental study showed that the incubator’s efficiency was 87%. The performance tests gave a fertility rate of 93% and a hatching rate of 93%, i.e. 28 fertile eggs and 26 hatched eggs, respectively.

关键词： Solar Incubator Vacuum Tube Collector Encapsulated PCM Poultry Eggs

Experimental Assessment of the Thermal Performance of Two Corrugated Metal Roofs

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Open Journal of Applied sciences 2024年第9期14卷 2374-2392页

作者： Kouamé Jean-louis Kouakou Ekoun Paul Magloire Koffi Bi Tra Désiré Zinla Prosper Gbaha laboratoire des Procds Industriels de Synthse de lEnvironnement et des Energies Nouvelles Institut National Polytechnique Felix Houphout-Boigny Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire

This experimental study is a contribution to the search for solutions to reduce indoor heat gain through sheet metal roofing in hot weather. It has evaluated the thermal impact of two different sheet metal roofs inside of two identical test buildings in sunny weather and cloudy weather conditions. Test building 1 has a single sheet corrugated roof and the building 2 is covered with roof made from top to bottom with corrugated sheet metal, a 12 mm thick serpentine copper tube in which water is circulated, a sheet of aluminium foil acting as a heat reflector, a 4 cm thick polystyrene panel and a 1.5 cm thick plywood. A maximum reduction of 15.1˚C in the temperature of the inner face of the test Building 2 roof was obtained comparatively to the temperature of the inner face of the test Building 1 roof consisting of a single sheet of metal at the warmest hours. In addition, the simple corrugated sheet metal roof of the test building generates high and varied temperatures inside the building. Whereas the proposed heat recovery roof favours low and relatively uniform temperatures inside the building. The proposed sheet metal roof construction technique is very effective in reducing the heat gain through the roof considerably;thus improving the thermal comfort inside sheet metal roofed dwellings. Hot water has been produced by recovering heat from the metal sheet of the roof of test building 2. The temperature of the hot water produced reached of 39˚C. This study could be also an alternative for the reduction of energy consumption due to the use of mechanical means for cooling of sheet metal roofed houses and the reduction of the use of fossil fuels for domestic hot water production.

关键词： Metal Roof Corrugated Time lag decrement Factor

Study of the Optimal Conditions for Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Dung in Households in Cote d’Ivoire

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Open Journal of Applied sciences 2024年第9期14卷 2679-2696页

作者： Sahi louh Theophile Roch Ori Kamenan Blaise Koua Prosper Gbaha laboratoire de Technologie Unit de Formation et Recherche Sciences des Structures de la Matire et de Technologie (UFR SSMT) Universit Flix Houphout Boigny Abidjan Cte dIvoire laboratoire des sciences de la matire de lEnvironnement et de lEnergie Solaire Unit de Formation et Recherche Sciences des Structures de la Matire et de Technologie (UFR SSMT) Universit Flix Houphout Boigny Abidjan Cte dIvoire laboratoire des Procds Industriels de Synthse de lEnvironnement et des Energies Nouvelles Institut National Polytechnique Flix Houphout Boigny Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire

This paper investigates the optimal conditions for methanisation applied to cow dung. Four experimental 25 liters digesters were used in this work. The best biogas yield is obtained when the digester is installed in a metal box and exposed to sunlight. The temperature in this digester varied between 25˚C and 37˚C. The dry matter content of the collected cow dung was 15.5%. The digester was fed with 9 kg of cow dung mixed with 8.5 litres of water, one litre of cassava effluent and 200 ml of human urine. After a retention period of 22 days, the biogas obtained was 67% methane and 21% carbon dioxide. The use of human urine and cassava effluent improved the quality of the biogas.

关键词： Methanisation Cassava Effluent Human Urine Cow Dung Biogas

Climatological Analysis of Aerosols Optical Properties by Airborne Sensors and in Situ Measurements in West Africa: Case of the Sahelian Zone

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Open Journal of Air Pollution 2019年第4期8卷 118-135页

作者： Nébon Bado Adama Ouédraogo Hassime Guengané Thierry Sikoudouin Maurice Ky Serge Dimitri Bazyomo Bruno Korgo Mamadou Simina Dramé Saidou Moustapha Sall Florent P. Kieno Dieudonné Joseph Bathiebo laboratoire d’energies Thermiques renouvelables (l.E.T.re) Université Joseph Ki Zerbo Ouaga Burkina Faso laboratoire de Physique de l’atmosphère et de l’océan Siméon Fongang Université Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar-Fann Sénégal Centre Universitaire Polytechnique de Kaya (CUP-K) Kaya Burkina Faso Institute of mathematics and Physical sciences University of Abomey-Calavi Porto-Novo Benin

This paper deals with the climatology of aerosols in West Africa based on satellite and in situ measurements between 2001 and 2016 and covers four sites in the Sahelian zone. There are indeed Banizoumbou (13.541°N, 02.665°E), Cinzana (13.278°N, 05.934°W), Dakar (14.394°N, 16.959°W) and Ouagadougou (12.20°N, 1.40°W) located respectively in Niger, Mali, Senegal and Burkina Faso. Thus, an intercomparison between the satellite observations and the in situ measurements shows a good correlation between MODIS and AERONet with a correlation coefficient R = 0.86 at Cinzana, R = 0.85 at Banizounbou, R = 0.84 at Ouagadougou and a low correlation coefficient R = 0.66 calculated on the Dakar site. like MODIS, SeaWiFS shows a very good correspondence with measurements of the ground photometer especially for Banizoumbou (R = 0.89), Cinzana (R = 0.88) and Dakar (R = 0.75) followed by a low correlation coefficient calculated on the Ouagadougou site (R = 0.64). The performance of these airborne sensors is also corroborated by the calculation of root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE). Following this validation, a climatological analysis based on aerosol optical depth (AOD) shows the seasonality of aerosols in West Africa strongly influenced by the climate dynamics illustrated by the MERRA model reanalysis. This seasonal spatial distribution of aerosols justifies the temporal variability of the particles observed at the different sites in the Sahel. In addition, a combined analysis of AOD and Angstrom coefficient indicates the aerosol period in the Sahel in spring (March-April-May) and summer (June-July-August). However, these aerosols are strongly dominated by desert dust whose main sources are located north in the Sahara and Sahel.

关键词： West-Africa Aerosols Airborne Sensors Aeronet MERRA Model

Application of a Geomatics Approach for the Diachronic Study of the Meditterannean Coastline Case of Tangier Bay

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International Journal of Geosciences 2018年第6期9卷 320-336页

作者： Fatima Zahra Salim Mohammed Yassine El Habti lech-Hab Khadija Ben Hamman Ahmed Raissouni Abdelkrim El Arrim laboratoire "Environnement Océanologie et Ressources Naturelles" Dpt. des Sciences dela Terre FST de Tanger Km 9 Route de Ziatine Maroc

The coastline is one of the country’s most important environmental and economic resources. However, it is a delicate and highly coveted environ-ment on which many factors of evolution interact, both anthropogenic and natural. This work is concerned with the diachronic study of the coastline of the Mediterranean coast, particularly the coastal fringe at the level of Tangier Bay. In order to experimentally confirm the numerical models used and to take part in the development of an accurate, reliable and rapid decision support system for the assessment and remediation of the risks of accretion and coastal erosion, the methodology followed consists of the application of automatic analytical techniques, based on a geomatics approach, using a multi-temporal photo-interpretation, a Geographical Information System (GIS) and a computerized data analysis system (DSAS: Digital Shoreline Analysis System). The change rate will be calculated from the multi-date maps (1981-96 and 2017) using the End Point Rate (EPR). To achieve our objective, the study area was divided into three sectors from East to West: El Ghandouri Beach, Malabata Beach and the municipal square adjacent to the port. The GIS analysis of the data obtained shows that the coastline is present by location and for the three periods of comparison of the remarkable zones of erosion and sedimentation.

关键词： Mediterranean Coastline (SIG) Geographic Information System (DSAS) Digital Shoreline Analysis System Accretion Erosion