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Photovoltaic waste management in sub-Saharan Africa:current practices in Burkina Faso

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2024年第2期6卷 271-282页

作者： Kodami Badza Yrebegnan Moussa Soro Marie Sawadogo laboratoire Energies Renouvelables et EfficacitéEnergétique Institut International d'Ingenierie de I'Eau et de I'Environnement(2iE)01 BP 594 OuagadougouBurkina Faso

Sub-Saharan Africa is witnessing a proliferation of photovoltaic(PV)waste due to the increasing number of solar PV power *** waste(panels,batteries,electrical cables,mounting structures,and inverters)consists of elements such as mercury,cadmium,chromium,lead,copper,aluminum,fluorinated compounds,and plastics that are toxic to human health and the environment if a proper management system is not *** many studies worldwide have focused on PV waste management,very few have been conducted in sub-Saharan *** study aims to investigate the current PV waste management system in Burkina Faso,determine stakeholder profiles,and propose strategies to enhance the existing *** research,interviews,questionnaires,and field visits were used in the *** survey showed that young people,mainly under 30 years of age and with a primary education,dominate(70%)in terms of PV waste collection and repair activities,while the more technical recycling and export activities are carried out mainly(88%)by stakeholders older than 40 years and with a secondary education(60%).Among the older stakeholders,100%are aware of the hazardous nature of PV waste,whereas 36%are young *** an environmental perspective,the main source of contamination observed is the release of lead-rich sulfuric acids into water and soil during the collection and repair *** the recycling of batteries and electrical cables,toxic fumes are emitted into the air,and recycling residues rich in toxic substances are *** reduce risks to human health and the environment when managing PV waste,the introduction of legislation,the multiplication of collection points and appropriate infrastructures,the training and awareness-raising of stakeholders,and the extended responsibility of manufacturers are *** on the economic feasibility of setting up formal management structures are needed to complete this work.

关键词： Photovoltaic waste Sub-Saharan Africa Waste management Recycling Batteries Incineration

A study on wildfire impacts on greenhouse gas emissions and regional air quality in South of Orléans,France

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2024年第1期135卷 521-533页

作者： Chaoyang Xue gisèle Krysztofiak Yangang Ren Min Cai Patrick Mercier Frédéric Le Fur Corinne Robin Benoit grosselin Véronique Daele Max RMcgillen Yujing Mu Valéry Catoire Abdelwahid Mellouki laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’environnement et de l’Espace(LPC2E) CNRS–UniversitéOrléans–CNES(UMR 7328)Orléans Cedex 245071France Institut de Combustion AérothermiqueRéactivitéEnvironnement(ICARE)CNRSOrléans Cedex 245071France Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Lig’Air-Association de surveillance de la qualitéde l’air en région Centre-Val de Loire Saint-Cyr-en-Val 45590France Mohammed V University RabatMorocco

Wildfire events are increasing globally which may be partly associated with climate change,resulting in significant adverse impacts on local,regional air quality and global *** September 2020,a small wildfire(burned area:36.3 ha)event occurred in Souesmes(Loiret-Cher,Sologne,France),and its plume spread out over 200 km on the following day as observed by the MODIS *** on measurements at a suburban site(~50 km northwest of the fire location)in Orléans and backward trajectory analysis,young wildfire plumes were *** increases in gaseous pollutants(CO,CH_(4),N_(2)O,VOCs,etc.)and particles(including black carbon)were found within the wildfire plumes,leading to a reduced air *** factors,defined as EF(X)=ΔX/ΔCO(where,X represents the target species),of various trace gases and black carbon within the young wildfire plumes were determined accordingly and compared with previous *** in the ambient ions(such as ammonium,sulfate,nitrate,chloride,and nitrite in the particle-and gasphase)and aerosol properties(e.g.,aerosol water content,aerosol p H)were also quantified and ***,we estimated the total carbon and climate-related species(e.g.,CO_(2),CH_(4),N_(2)O,and BC)emissions and compared them with fire emission *** biomass burning emission inventories have uncertainties in estimating small fire burned areas and *** instance,we found that the global Fire Assimilation System(gFAS)may underestimate emissions(e.g.,CO)of this small wildfire while other inventories(gFED and FINN)showed significant *** that it is the first time to record wildfire plumes in this region,related atmospheric implications are presented and discussed.

关键词： Wildfire Air quality Emission factor Emission inventory VOLTAIRE supersite

Combining Thermochronology and geochronology to Constrains Orogenic Processes in the Alps and Tibet

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Acta geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2024年第S1期 41-43页

作者： Philippe Hervé LELOUP Antoine MERCIER gE Chenglong laboratoire de géologie de Lyon: Terre Planètes et Environnement CNRS Key Laboratory of deep-Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

deciphering the kinematics of deformation is key to understand the crustal evolution. In the last decades several techniques have been developed to help constraining the timing of deformation. On one side geochronology techniques allow the dating of a wider range of minerals with higher spatial resolution. On the other side thermochronology, with the help of numerical simulations(PeCube, QTQt …), help to constrain the rock exhumation history that is often linked to the vertical component of deformation. In both cases the deformation timing can accurately be discussed only together with a serious structural analysis.

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Understanding the Recovery of the Intervertebral Disc:A Comprehensive Review of In Vivo and In Vitro Studies

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2024年第4期21卷 1919-1948页

作者： Faten Feki Fahmi Zaïri Abderrahman Tamoud Melissa Moulart Rym Taktak Nader Haddar Fahed Zaïri Sfax University ENISMaterials Engineering and Environment Laboratory3038SfaxTunisia University of Lille IMT Nord EuropeJUNIAUniversity of ArtoisULR 4515-LGCgELaboratoire de Génie Civil et geo-Environnement59000LilleFrance PrediTwins Lab 59000LilleFrance Japet Medical device 59000LilleFrance Sfax University ENISLaboratory of Advanced Materials3038SfaxTunisia Ramsay générale de Santé Hôpital PrivéLe Bois59000LilleFrance

Within the consistent daily rhythm of human life,intervertebral discs endure a variety of complex loads beyond the influences of gravity and muscle forces,leading to significant morphological changes(in terms of volume,area,and height)as well as biomechanical alterations,including an increase in disc stiffness and a decrease in intradiscal ***,the discs demonstrate an ability to regain their original morphological and biomechanical characteristics after a period of nocturnal *** preservation of normal disc function is critically dependent on this recovery phase,which serves to forestall premature disc *** phenomenon of disc recovery has been extensively documented through numerous in vivo studies employing advanced clinical techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI),stadiometry,and intradiscal pressure ***,the findings from in vitro studies present a more complex picture,with reports varying between full recovery and only partial recuperation of the disc ***,research focusing on degenerated discs in vitro has shed light on the quantifiable impact of degeneration on the disc ability to *** dynamics within the disc are considered a primary factor in recovery,yet the disc intricate multiscale structure and its viscoelastic properties also play key *** elements interact in complex ways to influence the recovery mechanism,particularly in relation to the overall health of the *** objective of this review is to collate,analyze,and critically evaluate the existing body of in vivo and in vitro research on this topic,providing a comprehensive understanding of disc recovery *** understanding offers a blueprint for future advancements in medical treatments and bionic engineering solutions designed to mimic,support,and enhance the natural recovery processes of intervertebral discs.

关键词： Intervertebral disc Recovery In vivo vs.in vitro studies degeneration Viscoelastic effects Fluid dynamics

Estimation of groundwater Recharge Using Water Table Fluctuation Method in Bamako and Surrounding Areas, Mali

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Journal of geoscience and Environment Protection 2024年第9期12卷 230-245页

作者： Ibrahima Konotio Hamadoun Bokar Adama Touré Dpartement de gologie et Mines Laboratoire Eau et Environnement Ecole Nationale dIngnieurs Abderrahmane Baba TOURE ENI-ABT Bamako Mali

Bamako’s geographic and demographic expansion is sure to increase the need for water, and the slow development of the water supply network seems unable to meet this need. The knowledge of the approximate quantity of water reaching the groundwater is crucial, given the high dependence of this city and its surrounding area on groundwater. The aim of this study is to estimate the average groundwater recharge on a monthly scale, based on measurements taken over a 24-month period by using Water Table Fluctuation (WTF). The monthly recharge values obtained from the 15 piezometers in the study area by using WTF method vary from 1.04 to 38.81 mm with an average value of 9.74 mm. As part of the precipitations, these values represent respectively 1.29%, 48.52% and 12.17% of monthly average precipitation. It appears in this study that despite the piezometers belonging to the same climatic zone, the recharge rate can be different because of many factors such as the thickness of the aquifers, the soil and geology type, the local land cover and land use activities.

关键词： groundwater Recharge Specific Yield Hydrograph Precipitation

Physical Transformations on Organic Product during Its Convective Drying: Case of Sweet Potato

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Journal of Biophysical Chemistry 2024年第2期15卷 25-34页

作者： Ouoba Kondia Honoré ganamé Abdou-Salam Compaoré Aboubakar Ibrango Abdoul Salam Bama Désiré Zougmoré Francois desmorieux Hélène laboratoire de Matriaux de lHliophysique et environnement (La.M.H.E.) Unit de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Appliques (UFR/SEA) Universit Nazi BONI Bobo Dioulasso Burkina Faso laboratoire des Matriaux et environnement (LA.M.E.) Unit de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Applique (UFR/SEA) Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de lenvironnement (LPCE) Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie (ED-ST) Universit Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso laboratoire dAutomatique et de gnie des Procds(LAgEP) Universit Claude Bernard Lyon France

This study highlighted the physical transformation that agri-food products undergo during their drying. This transformation enormously affects the customer’s choice and the profit margin of the dried product promoter. The example of the experimental study of the potato reveals that the product continually changes its dimensions during its drying. The more the product loses its water, the more the dimensions decrease. The results initially showed that the water parameters such as mass or water content decrease according to the drying principle. The dimensions length L., width l and thickness e. decrease following a linear trend whose mathematical equations which describe them are determined using the office tool, excel. This trend has repercussions on the surface and volume parameters which in turn decreases almost linearly with the product’s water content. Note that the coefficient R2 is not always acceptable, confirming the complex nature of the behavior of organic products.

关键词： Dimensions Reduction Shrinkage Index I

Analysis of the Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Reliability of a Photovoltaic Module

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Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 2024年第8期14卷 165-177页

作者： Abdoulaye Kabré Dominique Bonkoungou Zacharie Koalaga Dpartement de Physique Laboratoire de Matriaux et Environnement (LA.M.E)-UFR/SEA Universit Joseph Ki-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Photovoltaic energy occupies a significant place in the renewable energy market, with photovoltaic (PV) modules playing a vital role in converting solar energy into electricity. However, their effectiveness is likely to be affected by variations in environmental conditions, including temperature and relative humidity. The study examines the impact of these major climatic factors on the reliability of PV modules, aiming to provide crucial information for optimizing and managing these systems under varying conditions. Inspired by Weibull’s law to model the lifespan of components, we proposed a mathematical model integrating a correction factor linked to temperature and relative humidity. Using this approach, simulations in Matlab Simulink reveal that increasing temperature and relative humidity have an adverse impact on the reliability and lifespan of PV modules, with a more pronounced impact on temperature. The results highlight the importance of considering these environmental parameters in the management and optimization of photovoltaic systems to ensure their long-term efficiency.

关键词： Solar Energy PV Module Lifespan Reliability Efficiency

Evaluation of Water Losses by Evaporation in the Nakanbe Basin

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2024年第1期14卷 29-41页

作者： Bayala Alfred Kabre Sayouba Yonli Hamma Fabien Chesneau Xavier Thierry Sikoudouin Maurice Ky Zeghmati Belkacem Kieno P. Florent Kam Sié Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (UFR/SEA) Laboratoire d’Energies Thermiques Renouvelables (LETRE) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Unité de Formation et de recherche en Science Exactes et Appliquées Centre Universitaire de Kaya (CU-K) Perpignan France laboratoire de Modélisation Pluridisciplinaire et Simulation Université de Perpignan Via Domitia Perpignan France Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (UFR/SEA) Laboratoire de Matériaux et Environnement Uni-versité Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’ environnement (LPCE) Université Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

A numerical approach to heat and mass transfer in a large water reservoir is presented. This water reservoir is likened to a parallelepiped reservoir whose vertical and lower walls are adiabatic and impermeable. The equations that govern natural convection in water are solved by the finite volume method and Thomas’salgorithm. The adequacy between the velocity and pressure fields is ensured by the SIMPLE algorithm. We are going to evaluate the water losses by evaporation from three dams in the Nakanbé basin in Burkina Faso for a period of thirty years, that is to say from January 1, 1991, to March 15, 2020. The three dams have a rate of evaporation greater than 40% of the volume of water stored. Indeed the rate of evaporation in each dam increases with the water filling rate in the reservoir: we have observed the following results for each dam in the Nakanbé basin;for the date of 02/27/1988 to 03/13/2020., the Loumbila dam received a total volume of stored water of 22.02 Mm3 and 10.57 Mm3 as the total volume of water evaporated at the same date. At the Ouaga dam (2 + 3), it stored a water volume of 4.06 Mm3 and evaporated 2.03 Mm3 of its storage volume from 01/01/1988 to 05/07/2016. Finally, with regard to the Bagré dam, it stored 745.16 Mm3 of water and 365.13 Mm3 as the volume of water evaporated from 01/01/1993 to 03/31/2020.

关键词： Numerical Study Evaporation Meteorological Data Natural Convection Basins Dams

Effect of Size and Initial Water Content on the Effective Diffusion Coefficient during Convective Drying of Sweet Potato Cut into Cubic and Cylindrical Shapes

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Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 2024年第6期12卷 71-82页

作者： Ibrango Abdoul Salam Ouoba Kondia Honoré Bama Désiré Traoré Yssa Zongo Karim Ouedraogo Salifou laboratoire de Matriaux de lHliophysique et environnement (La.M.H.E.) Unit de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences. Exactes et Appliques (UFR/SEA) Universit Nazi BONI de Bobo-Dioulasso Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso

In this article, we investigated the influence of size and initial water content on the effective diffusion coefficient of sweet potatoes samples cut into cubic and cylindrical shapes. The sizes of the cubic samples are 0.5, 1, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5 and 3 cm edge with a respective initial water content of 2.7, 3.76, 3.48, 2.68, 3.28, 2.17 and 2.29 kg/kgms. For cylindrical samples, the radius is set at 0.5 cm and sample heights are 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 cm with respective water contents of 2.2, 3.19, 2.85, 2.1, 2.17, 2.39 and 2.03 kg/kgms. The effective diffusion coefficients of cubic samples are of the order of 10−10 and 10−9 m2∙s−1 grew with sample edge. As for the cylindrical samples, the effective diffusion coefficients were of the order of 10−9 m2∙s−1 and there was no linear correlation between cylinder height and their effective diffusion coefficient. As for the examination of the initial water content on the effective diffusion coefficient, it turned out that the initial water content had no influence on the effective diffusion coefficient of the sweet potato samples.

关键词： Effective Diffusion Coefficient Initial Water Content Sweet Potato Cubic Cylindrical