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Potential of roots and shoots of Napier grass for arresting soil erosion and runoff of mollisols soils of Himalayas

International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2023年第3期11卷 538-548页

作者： Sushma Tamta Akhilesh Kumar Daniel Prakash Kushwaha krishi vigyan kendra Khodawandpur848202BegusaraiBiharIndia Department of Soiland Water Conservation Engineering G.B.Pant University of Agriculture and TechnologyPantnagar263145India

In this study, a soil filled Hydraulic Tilting Flume (HTF) was used as a test plot under simulated rainfallconditions. This flume was flled with mollisols soils (sandy loam in texture) collected from tarai regionof Himalayas. The effects of root and shoot characteristics of Napier grass in terms of leaf area index (LAI),shoot length (SL), number of leaves (NL), number of tillers (NT), shoot biomass (SB), root density (RD),root length (RL), root biomass (RB), and total biomass (TB) were investigated on runoff and sedimentoutflow at 90, 120 and 150 days after planting (DAP). Four simulated rainfall intensities namely 4.0, 6.5,8.3 and 9.4 cm/h over three land slopes of 1, 2 and 3% were selected. Runoff samples collected fromwhole plant plot and only root plot were analyzed for runoff and sediment outflow. Findings revealedthat Napier grasses were very effective to reduce runoff and sediment outflow and its efficacy increasedwith the extended growth stages. The reduction in runoff and sediment outflow at 90, 120 and 150 DAPwas obtained as 56% and 85%, 68% and 90%, and 74% and 96%, respectively, as compared to bare plotconditions. It was observed that the comparative contribution of shoots in runoff rate reduction washigher than the roots. On the contrary, the root part of the plant showed more contribution in sedimentrate reduction as compared to the shoot part. Step wise regression was attempted for the selection ofeffective input parameters to establish authentic runoff and sediment outflow models. Power form ofmultiple non-linear regression (MNLR) showed very satisfactory results for predicting runoff and sedimentoutflow with coefficient of determination (R^(2)) as 97.4% and 99.0%, respectively, root mean squareerror (RMSE) as 38.8 cc/m^(2)/min and 0.126 g/m^(2)/min, respectively, and coefficient of efficiency (CE) as93.9% and 96.7%, respectively, during testing period.

关键词： Rootand shoot characteristics Runoff and sedimentreduction Simulated rainfall conditions Hydraulic tilting flume Step wise regression analysis

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Augmented growth of long pepper in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation

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Journal of Forestry Research 2012年第2期23卷 339-344页

作者： R.K.Singh P.Gogoi Department of Botany Rajiv Gandhi UniversityItanagar-791112India krishi vigyan kendra-sylvan Hengbung villageKangpokpi-795129India

Arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） technology is a soil-based fertilization practice for sustainable crop productivity. We evaluated six indigenous Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） strains for their symbiotic response with Piper longum （long pepper）, a non-timber forest product holding promise as a commercial crop for its medicinal fruits and roots. Piper saplings were raised in a 10 cm thick sand and soil mix inoculated with various AMF. Under field conditions, plants inoculated with AMF demonstrated better survival （〉80%） than non mycorrhizal plants （58%）. Almost all the studied AMF strains increased the plant growth, biomass and nutrient content （N and P） over the uninoculated control. Mycorrhizal inoculation with four AMF species, viz： Glomus fasciculatum, G. clarum, G. etunicatum and G. versiforme greatly enhanced long pepper growth both in the nursery and field conditions.

关键词： Piper longum Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Survival Growth non-timber forest product

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for salinity stress: Anti-stress role and mechanisms

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Pedosphere 2023年第1期33卷 212-224页

作者： Muzafar HDAR Syed MRAZVI Narender SINGH Ahmad MUSHTAQ Shahnawaz DAR Shabber HUSSAIN Department of Botany Kurukshetra UniversityKurukshetraHaryana 136119India Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics Sher-e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir(SKUAST-K)ShalimarSrinagar 190021India Research Center for Residue and Quality Analysis SKUAST-KShalimarSrinagar 190021India krishi vigyan kendra(KVK)Kargil 11(Zanskar) SKUAST-KShalimarSrinagar 190021India

Salinity stress is considered one of the most harmful environmental plant stresses,as it reduces irrigated land crop production by over 20%***,it is imperative to develop salt-tolerant crops in addition to understanding various mechanisms enabling plant growth under saline stress ***,a novel biological approach that aims to address salinity stress has gained momentum,which involves the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi in plant-microbe *** has been observed that most terrestrial plant root systems are colonized by AM fungi,which modulate plant growth in multiple *** such interactions,AM fungi obtain organic compounds from the host plant while providing mineral nutrients,including nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,and sulfur,to the host *** recent decades,our understanding of the multifunctional roles played by AM fungi has been broadened and advanced,particularly regarding the mediation of mineral nutrients and the alleviation of stress(especially salt stress)in most crop *** uptake of phosphorus and augmented tolerance to salinity result in enhanced plant growth and *** evident anti-stress role of AM fungi and related mechanisms have been described separately,though they need to be analyzed and discussed ***,the present review addresses the major role of AM fungi in mitigating salt stress and their beneficial effects on plant growth and *** mechanisms employed by AM fungi to amplify the salt tolerance of host plants by increased nutrient accession(e.g.,phosphorus,nitrogen,and calcium),physiological changes(e.g.,photosynthetic efficiency,cell membrane permeability,water status,and nitrogen fixation),and biochemical changes(e.g.,the accumulation of different osmolytes such as proline and soluble sugars)are also ***,this review highlights the role of AM fungi in the Na+/H+*** plants,AM fungi inoculation increases the activities of mul

关键词： biochemical and physiological changes osmolytes plant-microbe interaction salt stress sodium accumulation

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Improving Rice-Based Cropping Pattern Through Soil Moisture and Integrated Nutrient Management in Mid-Tropical Plain Zone of Tripura, India

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Rice science 2014年第5期21卷 299-304页

作者： A. K. SINGH M. CHAKRABORTI M. DATTA krishi vigyan kendra Indian Council of Agriculture Research Complex for North Eastern Hill RegionBirchandra ManuManpather South Tripura 799144 Tripura India

An experiment was conducted in three fallow paddy fields situated on the mid-tropical plain zone of a northeastern Indian state （Tripura） to provide rice fallow management options using leftover soil moisture and nutrients. The three experimental fields were managed by growing rice under the system of rice intensification as the rainy season crop and then groundnut, lentil, rapeseed and potato as the post-rainy season crops. Fertilization under the integrated nutrient management system and lifesaving irrigation at critical stages of each post-rainy season crop were provided. Results showed that the field water use efficiency values were 5.93, 2.39, 2.37 and 59.76 kg/（***） and that the yield of these crops increased by approximately 20%, 34%, 40% and 20% after applying two lifesaving irrigations in groundnut, lentil, rapeseed and potato, respectively. Therefore, fallow paddy field can provide possible profitable crops during the post-rainy season by utilizing the residual moisture and minimum supplemental irrigation under improved nutrient management practices.

关键词： rice water-use efficiency post-rainy season crop integrated nutrient management yield net return

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A GFP-based bacterial biosensor with chromosomally integrated sensing cassette for quantitative detection of Hg(Ⅱ) in environment

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2012年第5期24卷 963-968页

作者： Himanshu Priyadarshi Absar Alam Gireesh-Babu P Rekha Das Pankaj Kishore Shivendra Kumar Aparna Chaudhari College of Fisheries (CAU) Lembucherra Tripura 799210 India Department of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Central Institute of Fisheries Education Department of Fish Processing Technology Central Institute of Fisheries Education Department of Fish Nutrition and Biochemistry Central Institute of Fisheries Education krishi vigyan kendra Rajendra Agricultural University

A mercury biosensor was constructed by integrating biosensor genetic elements into E. coli JM109 chromosome in a single copy number, using the attP/attB recombination mechanism of λ phage. The genetic elements used include a regulatory protein gene （merR） along with operator/promoter （O/P） derived from the mercury resistance operon from pDU1358 plasmid of Serratia marcescens. The expression of reporter gene gfp is also controlled by merR/O/P. Integration of the construct into the chromosome was done to increase the stability and precision of the biosensor. This biosensor could detect Hg（Ⅱ） ions in the concentration range of 100–1700 nmol/L, and manifest the result as the expression of GFP. The GFP expression was significantly different （P 0.05） for each concentration of inducing Hg（Ⅱ） ions in the detection range, which reduces the chances of misinterpretation of results. A model using regression method was also derived for the quantification of the concentration of Hg（Ⅱ） in water samples.

关键词： attP/attB integration E. coli biosensor GFP mercury

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GIS-based assessment of non-equilibrium pattern between groundwater recharge and irrigation draft in a semi-arid region of Rajasthan, India

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Journal of Arid Land 2016年第2期8卷 184-196页

作者： Bidyut K BHADRA Sanjay KUMAR Rakesh PALIWAL Regional Remote Sensing Centre National Remote Sensing Centre Indian Space Research Organisation Department of Space Jodhpur Rajasthan 342003 India krishi vigyan kendra Central Arid Zone Research Institute Indian Council of Agricultural Research Bhuj Gujarat 370105 India

Over-exploitation of groundwater for irrigation can result in drastic reduction in groundwater level in Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan, India. In this study, we used the long-term trend analysis of seasonal groundwater level data to predict the future groundwater scenario in 33 villages of Jodhpur district, assessed the impact of water harvesting structures on groundwater recharge and explored the non-equilibrium between groundwater recharge and irrigation draft in the study area. Analysis of groundwater level data from 26 observation wells in 33 villages in the pre-monsoon period showed that groundwater level decreased continuously at the rate of 2.07 m/a. With this declining rate, most of the tube wells （including the well with the maximum depth of 193 m） are predicted to become completely dry by 2050. Behavior of temporal groundwater level data in the study period （from 2004 to 2012） can be explained by different geospatial maps, prepared using ArcGIS software. Statistical analysis of the interpolated maps showed that the area with the maximum positive groundwater recharge occupied 63.14% of the total area during 2010-2011 and the area with the maximum irrigation draft accounted for 56.21% of the total area during 2011-2012. Higher groundwater recharge is attributed to the increase in rainfall and the better aquifer condition. Spatial distribution for the changes of average groundwater recharge and draft （2008-2009 and 2011-2012） showed that 68.50% recharge area was in positive change and 45.75% draft area was in negative change. It was observed that the area of the irrigation draft exceeded that of the groundwater recharge in most of the years. In spite of the construction of several shallow water harvesting structures in 2009-2010, sandstone aquifer zones showed meager impact on groundwater recharge. The best-fit line for the deviation between average groundwater fluctuation due to recharge and irrigation draft with time can be represented by the polynom

关键词： geographic information system groundwater fluctuation water harvesting structures Jodhpur district

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Diversity of Sodium Transporter HKT1;5 in Genus Oryza

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Rice science 2022年第1期29卷 31-46,I0002-I0017页

作者： Shalini PULIPATI Suji SOMASUNDARAM Nitika RANA Kavitha KUMARESAN Mohamed SHAFI Peter CIVÁŇ Gothandapani SELLAMUTHU Deepa JAGANATHAN Prasanna Venkatesan RAMARAVI S.PUNITHA Kalaimani RAJU Shrikant S.MANTRI R.SOWDHAMINI Ajay PARIDA Gayatri VENKATARAMAN M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation Chennai 600113India National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute Punjab 140306India krishi vigyan kendra Kanyakumari 629901India National Centre for Biological Sciences/Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore 560065India National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment UniversityClermont-AuvergneClermont-Ferrand 63000France Forest Molecular Entomology Laboratory Faculty of Forestry and Wood SciencesCzech University of Life SciencesPraguePraha 16500Czech Republic Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore 641003India International Business Machines India Chennai 600125India Institute of Life Sciences Bhubaneswar 751023India

Asian cultivated rice shows allelic variation in sodium transporter,OsHKT1;5,correlating with shoot sodium exclusion(salinity tolerance).These changes map to intra/extracellularly-oriented loops that occur between four transmembrane-P loop-transmembrane(MPM)motifs in OsHKT1;***1;5 sequences from more recently evolved Oryza species(***/*** complex species)contain two expansions that involve two intracellularly oriented loops/helical regions between MPM domains,potentially governing transport characteristics,while more ancestral HKT1;5 sequences have shorter intracellular *** compared homology models for homoeologous OcHKT 1;5-K and OcHKT1;5-L from halophytic *** to identify complementary amino acid residues in OcHKT1;5-L that potentially enhance affinity for Na+.Using haplotyping,we showed that Asian cultivated rice accessions only have a fraction of HKT1;5 diversity available in progenitor wild rice species(*** and ***).Progenitor HKT1;5 haplotypes can thus be used as novel potential donors for enhancing cultivated rice salinity *** Asian rice accessions,10 non-synonymous HKT1;5 haplotypic groups *** HKT1;5 haplotypic diversities occur in cultivated indica gene pool compared to *** Haplotypes 2 and 10 occur in mutually exclusive japonica and indica groups,corresponding to haplotypes in *** salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant landraces,*** distinct haplotype partitioning may have originated in separate ancestral gene pools of indica and japonica,or from different haplotypes selected during *** of specific HKT1;5 haplotypes within the 3000 rice dataset may relate to eco-physiological fitness in specific geo-climatic and/or edaphic contexts.

关键词： HKT1 5 diversity single nucleotide polymorphism haplotype bacterial artificial chromosome salinity tolerance sodium transporter Oryza species

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Cytomorphology of Gentiana kurroo: an important endangered bitter plant of temperate Himalaya

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Journal of Forestry Research 2011年第4期22卷 621-626页

作者： M. C. Behera R. Raina krishi vigyan kendra At- Paljhor Po-Salunki District. Boudh Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology INDIA- 762014 Dept. of Forest Products Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture Forestry Nauni-Solan HIMACHAL PRADESH INDIA- 173 230

Gentiana kurroo, a potent bitter drug plant of Indian subcon- tinent, is under threat due to over exploitation and destruction of natural habitat. We studied the murphophenology and chromosomes of G. kurtoo on both wild and field grown plants, which is very important for proper identification, conservation and domestication. Results reveal that G. kurroo is a perennial herb, and its shoot is represented by flowering branches only. Stem is modified to rhizome. The older rhizomes split into four parts at collar region appearing to fuse together at the ends and is an important diagnostic feature for crude raw materials. Two types of leaves i.e. radical leaves at the base of the plant and canline leaves on flowering shoot are present. Flowering occurs during September to October with 1-9 inflorescences per plant. Inflorescence is terminal monoca- sial cysome type. Mowers are protrandus. Anthesis starts around 7.30 am and continued till 10.0 am. Ovary is bicarpillary syncarpous unilocular. Fruit is Capsule and takes 18-20 days to mature after fertilization. Seeds are very small elliptical and 1 000 seeds weigh to 0.1275 g. Chromosomal studies made by usual squash method reveals the species is a genomic allotetreploid with n = 13. The anaphase-I segregation was normal and in none of the cells at Anaphase-I or Telophase-I could any abnor- mality like laggards, bridges, micronuclei etc. be observed.

关键词： cytology morphology allotetzaploid Gentiana kurroo floral character

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Institutional performance and participatory paradigms: Comparing two groups of watersheds in semi-arid region of India

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2020年第2期8卷 164-172页

作者： Biswajit Mondal Nagarajan Loganandhan Sekhargowda L.Patil Anurag Raizada Suresh Kumar Gopal L.Bagdi ICAR-National Rice Research Institute(NRRI) CuttackIndia krishi vigyan kendra HirehalliICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural ResearchBangaloreIndia ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil&Water Conservation BellaryIndia National Research Centre on Integrated Farming Pipra KothiEast ChamparanIndia ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute AvikanagarIndia

Watershed development programmes carried out in different agroclimatic conditions in India resulted in beneficial impact in terms of productivity enhancement and natural resources conservation, but less attention paid to institutional and participatory aspects. This paper explored the performance of various institutions regarding execution of watershed development programmes in semi-arid region of India. Recorded observations from documents maintained at watershed level and information collected through primary survey as well as focus group discussion with different types of stakeholders were used for analysis. The results indicated lacunae in participatory aspects during programme implementation process like monitoring activities, management of common property resources and equity. Gap in linkages and differential level of performance of various watershed level functionaries indicates the necessity for corrections in the structures and linkages pattern for sustainability of the infrastructure and institutions. The study also showed unequal priorities by the implementing agencies towards in-stitutions, land and water resources development, production enhancement activities and fodder re-sources development as well as rationalities of technical, economic, financial, political and social aspects among the watersheds.

关键词： Participation paradigm index Participatory watershed development index Rationality analysis Semi-arid region Stakeholder analysis Watershed development programme

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Impact of Integrated Nutrient, Crop Residue and Tillage Management on Soil Aggregates and Organic Matter Fractions in Semiarid Subtropical Soil under Soybean-Wheat Rotation

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2013年第11期4卷 2148-2164页

作者： Milkha S. Aulakh Ashok K. Garg Shrvan Kumar Department of Soil Science Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana India krishi vigyan kendra Punjab Agricultural University Patiala India MSKJ University of Agriculture and Technology Banda India

Various physical, chemical and biological soil properties in surface (0-5 cm) and subsurface (5-15 cm) soil were determined in a 4-year field experiment conducted at Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana, India with sixteen treatments consisted of different combinations of fertilizer N (0, 20 and 25 kg N ha-1), P (0, 60 and 75 kg P2O5 ha-1), FYM (0 and 10 t·ha-1) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue (WR) (0 and 6 t·ha-1) applied to summer-grown soybean (Glycine max L.) and fertilizer N (0, 120 and 150 kg N ha-1), P (0, 60 and 75 kg P2O5 ha-1), and soybean residue (SR) (0 and 3 t·ha-1) applied to winter-grown wheat crop continuously in both conventional tillage (CT) and conservation agriculture (CA), arranged in a split-split plot design with tillage system in main blocks, under irrigated subtropical conditions. Application of fertilizer N, P, FYM and crop residue (CR) significantly increased water stable aggregates and had profound effects in increasing the mean weight diameter as well as the formation of macro-aggregates, which were the highest in both surface (85%) and subsurface (81%) soil layers with application of 20 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 10 t FYM + 6 t WR ha-1 applied to soybean and 120 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 3 t SR ha-1 applied to wheat crop in CA, respectively, and were 83% and 77% in CT treatments after 2 years. Hence, better aggregation was found with 100% NP + FYM + CR, where macro-aggregates were greater than 50% of total soil mass. The same treatment also enhanced total organic C (TOC) from 3.8 g·kg-1 in no-NP-FYM-CR control to 5.8 g·kg-1 in surface layer and from 2.7 to 3.6 g·kg-1 in subsurface layer after 2 years leading to the 41% and 39% higher TOC stocks over CT-Control in 0-15 cm soil layers of CT and CA, respectively. The changes in TOC stocks after 4 years were 52% and 59%.

关键词： Soybean Conservation Agriculture Water Stable Aggregates Organic Matter Fractions

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