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How did Jawed vertebrates Originate and Rise?

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年第4期34卷 1299-1301页

作者： Min Zhu Youan Zhu Zhikun Gai Wenjin Zhao Tuo Qiao Jing Lu Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China

99.8% of extant vertebrate species on Earth, including humans, possess jaws(maxilla and mandible). The group which we belong to is accordingly referred to as jawed vertebrates or gnathostomes. The origin and rise of our group is undoubtedly one of the most critical evolutionary milestones in the history of vertebrates from fish to humans.

关键词： vertebrate fish doubt

Cretaceous basin evolution in northeast Asia:tectonic responses to the paleo-Pacific plate subduction

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National Science Review 2022年第1期9卷 144-161页

作者： Qing-Ren Meng Zhong-He Zhou Ri-Xiang Zhu Yi-Gang Xu Zheng-Tang Guo State key laboratory of Lithospheric evolution Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation academy for Earth Science Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth and Planetary sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences key laboratory of vertebrate evolution and human origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences State key laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences key laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences

Cretaceous rift basin evolution was an important part of the tectonic history of northeast Asia in the late Mesozoic.Three types of rift basins are identified—active,passive and wide rift basins—and they developed in different regions.Passive rift basins in the eastern North China craton are thought to be the consequence of crustal stretching and passive asthenospheric upwelling.Wide rift basins in the eastern Central Asian orogen are assumed to originate from gravitational collapse of the thickened and heated orogenic crust.Active rift basins in the northern North China craton are attributed to uprising of asthenospheric materials along a lithospheric-scale tear fault.Slab tearing of the sub ducting paleo-Pacific plate is postulated and well explains the spatial distribution of different types of rift basins and the eastward shifting of magmatism in the northern North China craton.The Late Cretaceous witnessed a period of mild deformation and weak magmatism,which was possibly due to kinematic variation of the paleo-Pacific plate.

关键词： NE Asia Cretaceous rift basin volcanism paleo-Pacific plate

A New Species of Jiangxialepis(Galeaspida)from the Lower Telychian(Silurian)of Jiangxi and its Biostratigraphic Significance

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2023年第2期97卷 393-403页

作者： SHAN Xianren ZHAO Wenjin GAI Zhikun Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China University of chinese academy of sciences Bejing 100049China

A new species of Shuyuidae(Eugaleaspiformes,Galeaspida),Jiangxialepis jiujiangensis sp.nov.,is described from the lower Telychian(Llandovery,Silurian)Qingshui Formation in Jiujiang,Jiangxi Province,China.The new species differs from the type species J.retrospina from Wuhan,Hubei Province in its sharp and posteriorly positioned median dorsal spine and narrow spine-shaped inner cornual processes.The Silurian strata in Xiushui–Wuning area has provided a standard framework for the correlation of Silurian shallow marine red beds in South China.Thus,the finding of J.jiujiangensis from the Silurian Lower Red Beds(LRBs)in Jiangxi Province bears very important biostratigraphic significance.It can directly compare to Jiangxialepis retrospina from the Fentou Formation in Wuhan,Hubei Province in the genus level.This indicates that the age of the fish-bearing strata in Wuhan is most likely to be the early Telychian rather than middle Telychian as previously assumed.

关键词： Galeaspids Qingshui Formation Lower Red Beds Silurian Jiangxi Province

The broad-spectrum adaptations of hominins in the later period of Late Pleistocene of China—Perspectives from the zooarchaeological studies

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中国科学：地球科学英文版 2016年第8期59卷 1529-1539页

作者： ZHANG ShuangQuan ZHANG Yue LI Jing Shu GAO Xing key laboratory of vertebrate evolution and human origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of Sciences

During the climatic fluctuations in the late Late Pleistocene, hominins in China had experienced some significant changes and adaptations in terms of subsistence strategies. Based on the zooarchaeological analyses of the faunal remains from the Shuidougou site of North China and the Ma'anshan site of South China, the present study demonstratively indicates that the broad-spectrum diet and its closely-related resource intensification for hominins were already at their places roughly at 33–35 cal ka BP. Compared to hominins of earlier period, who would have preferentially exploited large and medium-sized ungulates, hunter-gathers at later period had otherwise incorporated more small-sized animals(especially the quick ones, such as birds and hares) into their diet. Meanwhile, hominins of the later time had also greatly accelerated extractions and exploitations of the nutritional yields from the large and medium-sized animals. However, it seems clear from the current study that there was significant difference regarding the potential mechanisms for the broad-spectrum adaptations of hominins in the late Late Pleistocene of China.

关键词： Late Late Pleistocene Paleolithic Taphonomy Zooarchaeology Broad-spectrum revolution Resource intensification

evolution and distribution of medullary bone: evidence from a new Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird

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National Science Review 2020年第6期7卷 1068-1078页

作者： Min Wang Jingmai K.O'Connor Alida M.Bailleul Zhiheng Li key laboratory of vertebrate evolution and human origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment

Living birds are unique among vertebrates in the formation of a female-specific bone tissue called medullary bone(MB) that is strictly associated with reproductive activity. MB is a rapidly mobilized source of calcium and phosphorus for the production of eggshell. Among living taxa, its skeletal distribution can be highly extensive such that it even exists in the ribs of some species. Due to its ephemeral nature, MB is rarely fossilized and so little is understood with regard to the origin of MB and its skeletal distribution in early taxa.Here we describe a new Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird, Mirusavis parvus, gen. et. sp. nov., indicating that skeleton-wide distribution of MB appeared early in avian evolution. We suggest that this represents the plesiomorphic condition for the Aves and that the distribution of MB observed among extant neornithines is a product of increased pneumatization in this lineage and natural selection for more efficient distribution of MB.

关键词： Aves Cretaceous medullary bone phylogeny reproduction

A Middle Triassic stem-neopterygian fish from China sheds new light on the peltopleuriform phylogeny and internal fertilization

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Science Bulletin 2016年第22期61卷 1766-1774页

作者： Guang-Hui Xu Xin-Ying Ma Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences

Internal fertilization and viviparity are easily observed and well studied in living neopterygian fishes(14teleostean families), but they are difficult to identify in extinct taxa due to the limitation of the fossil record. The Peltopleuriformes from the Middle to Late Triassic of Europe and South China are a stem group of Neopterygii that may have first evolved internal fertilization and viviparity in this clade because they show a highly modified anal fin in presumed males resembling the intromittent organ in living viviparous teleosts. Until recently, Peltopleurus lissocephalus and P. rugosus from the Ladinian/Anisian boundary(*242 Ma) of Monte San Giorgio area in Switzerland and Italy represent the oldest record of Peltopleuriformes, and the phylogenetic interrelationships of this group remain controversial. Here, we report the discovery of a new peltopleuriform, Peltopleurus nitidus sp. nov., based on eleven well-preserved specimens from the early Middle Triassic(Pelsonian, Anisian, *244 Ma)of Luoping, eastern Yunnan, China. The discovery documents the oldest convincing peltopleuriform, extending the geological range of this clade by proximately two million years. Results of the phylogenetic analysis recover P.nitidus at the base of Peltopleuridae, and provide robust support for the sister-group relationships of Peltopleuridae with Thoracopteridae within the Peltopleuriformes. The male anal fin of P. nitidus shows a primitive condition unknown in other peltopleuriforms. Comparative studies of the male anal fin in P. nitidus and other peltopleuriforms shed new light on the internal fertilization in this group.

关键词：性同种二形胎生 Peltopleuridae Thoracopteridae 三叠纪

Wood use and forest management by Neolithic millet farmers at the Xinglong site,northern China

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Science China Earth sciences 2024年第6期67卷 1910-1921页

作者： Hui SHEN Zhenwei QIU Keliang ZHAO Xinying ZHOU Xiaoqiang LI key laboratory of vertebrate evolution and human origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100044China National Museum of China Beijing 100006China University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049China

The origin and development of agriculture and its relationship with climate change are hotly debated topics among environmental archaeologists.In this study,we analyzed wood charcoal materials from the Neolithic Xinglong site in northern China in order to understand the woody vegetation around the site and how early millet farmers shaped local woodlands.Our results suggest that the area around the Xinglong sites during 8700-7000 yr BP was primarily woodlands,including Prunus sibirica shrubs,Ulmus and Acer forests,and Populus stands near waterways.From 8000 to 7000 yr BP,the warm and humid climate probably contributed to the expansion of Acer,Rhamnus,and Juniperus,and may have facilitated the development of early millet agriculture.Among these ancient wood fragments that we studied,the high percent of Prunus charcoal appears to indicate an abundance of fruit trees,which might have constituted the main component of local vegetation.Meanwhile,the wood taxa illustrate the existence of a variety of ecological habitats,and it is logical to assume that people made full use of the locally available wood resources.Notably,Populus and Ulmus were the dominant sources of fuel.The results of tree-ring curvature analyses indicate that people mainly collected trunks or large branches of Ulmus,Populus,Acer,and Juniperus timbers.We interpret the increasing use of Prunus twigs and the declining percentage of Prunus charcoal in the period between 8000-7000 yr BP as indicating that people started to protect and manage wild fruit trees.They may have started pruning to acquire more food resources as part of the cultural responses and adaptation strategies employed by these early millet cultivators.

关键词： Xinglong site Wood charcoal Wood use Woodland management

The first ground tooth artifact in Upper Palaeolithic China

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Science China Earth sciences 2019年第2期62卷 403-411页

作者： Yue ZHANG Shuangquan ZHANG Xing GAO Fuyou CHEN key laboratory of vertebrate evolution and human origins Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment University of chinese academy of sciences

Scholars have long recognized the importance of organic artifacts to an improved understanding of the economic and social behavior of Palaeolithic hominins. However, in contrast to archaeological studies in other parts of the world, osseous industries from China have received only limited attention. As one of the first steps aiming at tipping this balance, the current paper examines, therefore, a shaped boar tusk—one particular element of hunter-gatherers’ tool kit at Shuidonggou Locality 12 (SDG12). Morphological and metrical comparisons of the tusk with both paleontological specimens and bone artifacts from the same site demonstrate that wear pattern on one of the dentin surfaces of the tooth is not significant different from occlusal attritions in living animals, while linear striations on the other dentin facet are most probably artificial grinding marks formed by prehistoric toolmakers in attempts to manufacture a scraper. The tusk specimen from SDG12 represents the first evidence of a ground tooth in Upper Palaeolithic China. The current study indicates that hominins in Shuidonggou area had achieved a deepened understanding of physical properties of osseous material available in environs and ultimately broadened their range of raw material selection by adding a particular element to the inventory of subsistence tools.

关键词： Upper Palaeolithic Osseous artifacts Boar tusk Grinding Splitting Shuidonggou

Fossils of Macaca mulatta from Tianyuan Cave, with Notes on Some Previously Unpublished Specimens of Macaca from Zhoukoudian Area

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第5期88卷 1397-1408页

作者： TONG Haowen Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Chinese Academy of Sciences

The recently discovered macaque fossils, including isolated teeth and mandible fragments, from Tianyuan Cave and the juvenile maxilla from Wanglaopu Cave near Zhoukoudian can be identified as Macaca mulatta; they represent the first recognized occurrence of fossil M. mulatta in the far north of China. Some previously unearthed but still unpublished Macaca specimens were also studied, including a cranium and the associated mandible from CKT Loc.13A, a maxilla and a mandible from Loc.1, a mandible from Loc.4, and a maxilla from Loc.20, as well as a mandible with complete toothrow from Zhoukoudian but without locality details, all of them can be referred to M. robusta. The study shows M. robusta is more closely related to M. mulatta than to M. anderssonL Zhoukoudian is the richest area of Macacina fossils in North China, totally 2 genera and 4 species were once recognized from 9 localities, namely, Procynocephalus wimani, M. cf. anderssoni, M. robusta and M. mulatta. The fossil records of Macacina in Zhoukoudian area were almost continuous through the Quaternary Period, and it＇s reasonable to assume that Zhoukoudian used to be an evolutionary center for macaques in North China. Therefore, the macaque population of M. mulatta once existed decades ago around Beijing probably originated from the Pleistocene ancestors in the local area, rather than being human-introduced as previously thought.

关键词： Macaca mulatta Macaca robusta Tianyuan Cave Zhoukoudian Pleistocene