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Effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in soils

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2009年第4期21卷 458-467页

作者： LANG Man, CAI Zucong State key laboratory of soil and sustainable agriculture, Institute of soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008, China State key laboratory of soil and sustainable agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China

The effects of chlorothalonil and carbendazim on nitrification and denitrification in six soils in upland and rice paddy environments were investigated. laboratory aerobic （60% water holding capacity） and anaerobic （flooded） conditions were studied at 25℃ and fungicide addition rates of 5.5 mg/kg A. I. （field rate, FR）, 20 times （20FR） and 40 times （40FR） field rate, respectively. The results indicated that chlorothalonil at the field rate had a slight inhibitory effect on one soil only, and that soil did not nitrify much in the first place. But chlorothalonil at higher rates inhibited nitrification significantly in all soils. For soils JXP and JXU with a pH of less than 5.0, chlorothalonil almost completely stopped their nitrification at 20FR and 40FR during the whole 14 d incubation period. For soils HNP and HNU with a pH of greater than 8.0, chlorothalonil also significantly inhibit nitrification at 20FR and 40FR （p 〈 0.05）. However, NH4＋ that was added to the soil was also almost completely nitrified by the end of the incubation period in these two soils. The effects of chlorothalonil at 20FR and 40FR on the nitrification of JSP and JSU soils, with a pH of 5.4 and 7.2, respectively, were intermediate between the other soil types. Chlorothalonil had no effect on denitrification at the field rate and had little effect at the higher rates of application in some soils. Carbendazim had essentially no effect on nitrification and denitrification in soils assessed.

关键词： fungicide nitrification denitrification chlorothalonil carbendazim

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Cell Wall Fixation,Translocation,and Vacuolar Detoxification of Cadmium Contribute to Differential Grain Cadmium Accumulation in Two Rice Cultivars

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Rice science 2024年第3期31卷 241-244,I0008-I0010页

作者： ZHU Xiaofang ZHAO Ling HUANG Jing HE Jiatong SONG Jiayin TENG Ying SHEN Renfang State key laboratory of soil and sustainable agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of ScienceNanjing 210008China State key laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture Zhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhou 311300China

Cadmium(Cd)toxicity in rice is a major concern for human health and the environment,as it can accumulate in rice grains when grown in Cd-contaminated soils.To mitigate the risk of Cd toxicity,it is crucial to cultivate rice varieties with low grain Cd accumulation.In the summers of 2021 and 2022,we conducted Cd analysis on two rice cultivars,Tianyouhuazhan(TYHZ)and Xiushui 14,grown in fields with varying Cd pollution levels.These cultivars were also subjected to hydroponic treatment with or without 1μmol/L Cd for 7 d to assess Cd accumulation,nitric oxide(NO)production。

关键词： cultivar soils pollution

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Nitrogen deposition mediates more stochastic processes in structuring plant community than soil microbial community in the Eurasian steppe

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2024年第4期67卷 778-788页

作者： Wei Yang Shuhan Zhang Ang Li Junjie Yang Shuang Pang Zonghao Hu Zhiping Wang Xingguo Han Ximei Zhang key laboratory of Dryland agriculture Ministry of AgricultureInstitute of Environment and Sustainable Development in AgricultureChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China State key laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China

Anthropogenic environmental changes may affect community assembly through mediating both deterministic(e.g.,competitive exclusion and environmental filtering)and stochastic processes(e.g.,birth/death and dispersal/colonization).It is traditionally thought that environmental changes have a larger mediation effect on stochastic processes in structuring soil microbial community than aboveground plant community;however,this hypothesis remains largely untested.Here we report an unexpected pattern that nitrogen(N)deposition has a larger mediation effect on stochastic processes in structuring plant community than soil microbial community(thosesoil microbial communities caused by each treatment into the deterministic and stochastic components with a recently-developed method.As nitrogen addition rate increased,the relative importance of stochastic component of plant community first increased and then decreased,while that of soil microbial community first decreased and then increased.On the whole,the relative importance of stochastic component was significantly larger in plant community(0.552±0.035;mean±standard error)than in microbial community(0.427±0.035).Consistently,the proportion of compositional variation explained by the deterministic soil and community indices was smaller for plant community(0.172–0.186)than microbial community(0.240–0.767).Meanwhile,as nitrogen addition rate increased,the linkage between plant and microbial community composition first became weaker and then became stronger.The larger stochasticity in plant community relative to microbial community assembly suggested that more stochasti

关键词： deterministic process environmental change grassland restoration nitrogen deposition stochastic process

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Potassium Fractions in soils as Affected by Monocalcium Phosphate,Ammonium Sulfate,and Potassium Chloride Application

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土壤圈：英文版 2010年第3期20卷 368-377页

作者： WANG Huo-Yan, ZHOU Jian-Min, DU Chang-Wen and CHEN Xiao-Qin State key laboratory of soil and sustainable agriculture, Institute of soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008 (China) State key laboratory of soil and sustainable agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 (China)

soil potassium (K) deficiency has been increasing over recent decades as a result of higher inputs of N and P fertilizers concomitant with lower inputs of K fertilizers in China; however, the effects of interactions between N, P, and K of fertilizers on K status in soils have not been thoroughly investigated for optimizing N, P, and K fertilizer use effciency. The influence of ammonium sulfate (AS), monocalcium phosphate (MCP), and potassium chloride application on K fractions in three typical soils of China was evaluated during 90-d laboratory soil incubation. The presence of AS significantly altered the distribution of native and added K in soils, while addition of MCP did not significantly affected K equilibrium in most cases. Addition of AS significantly increased water-soluble K (WSK), decreased exchangeable K (EK) in almost all the soils except the paddy soil that contained considerable amounts of 2:1 type clay minerals with K added, retarded the formation of fixed K in the soils with K added, and suppressed the release of fixed K in the three soils without K added. These interactions might be expected to influence the K availability to plants when the soil was fertilized with AS. To improve K fertilizer use effciency, whether combined application of AS and K was to be recommended or avoided should depend on K status of the soil, soil properties, and cropping systems.

关键词：磷酸二氢钙土壤钾氯化钾硫酸铵应用组分相互作用典型土壤

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Methane Emission from Natural Wetlands in China:Summary of Years 1995-2004 Studies

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Pedosphere 2007年第4期17卷 475-486页

作者： DING Wei-Xin CAI Zu-Cong State key laboratory of soil and sustainable agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 （China）.

From studies undertaken during 1995-2004,annual budgets of CH_4 emissions from natural wetlands and its temporal and spatial variations were examined throughout China,and various factors influencing CH_4 emissions were also evaluated. The seasonal variation in CH_4 emissions that increased with increasing plant growth reached its peak in August;decrease in the emissions was found in freshwater marshes but not in peatlands.Emissions were mainly controlled by temperature and depth of standing water.Low CH_4 emissions at the early plant growing stages were not because of deficiency of organic C for CH_4 production but because of low temperatures.Low temperatures not only reduced CH_4 production but also stimulated CH_4 oxidation by lowering the activity of other aerobic microbes which left more O_2 in the rhizosphere for methanotrophs.Low summer temperatures (below 20℃) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau lowered CH_4 production and CH_4 emission resulting in little or no seasonal variation of emissions.Diel and spatial variation in CH_4 emissions depended on plant species.For plants that transport CH4 using the pressure-driven convective through-flow mechanism, diel variation in CH_4 emissions was governed by diel variation of solar energy load (that produces temperature and vapor pressure differences within various plant tissues) and stomatal conductance.For plants that transport gases using the molecular diffusion mechanism only,the diel variation of CH4 emissions was because of differences in the magnitude of O_2 produced through photosynthesis and then delivered into the rhizomes and/or rhizosphere for CH_4 oxidation.Emergent plants could transport more CH_4 than submerged plants because the former transport CH_4 directly into the atmosphere rather than into water as do submerged plants where CH_4 can be further be oxidized during its diffusion from water to the atmosphere.Emergent plants with high gas transport capacity could not only transport more CH4 into the atmosphere but also live in deeper water,which in tur

关键词：沼气湿地季节变化中国

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Pore shrinkage capacity of Shajiang black soils(Vertisols)on the North China Plain and its influencing factors

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Pedosphere 2024年第3期34卷 620-630页

作者： Yueming CHEN Zhongbin ZHANG Lei GAO Zichun GUO Peng XIONG Fahui JIANG Xinhua PENG State key laboratory of soil and sustainable agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008(China) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049(China) Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanchang 330045(China)

Different pore sizes present different pore shrinkage capacities in a nonrigid soil.However,the shrinkage capacities of different pore sizes and their influencing factors are not clear.We aimed to quantify the shrinkage capacities of different pore sizes(large pores,>50μm;medium pores,0.2-50μm;fine pores,soil properties impact soil shrinkage capacity at the regional scale.Two sampling transects from west to east(360 km long,35 samples)and from north to south(190 km long,29 samples)were selected to investigate soil shrinkage capacity and physicochemical properties of at0-20 cm depth in the Vertisol(locally known as Shajiang black soil)region of the North China Plain.The results showed that soil total shrinkage capacity,indicated by the coefficient of linear extensibility(COLE),had a mean value of 0.041-0.051 in the west-east and north-south transects.Large pores had higher pore shrinkage index(PSI)values(0.103-0.109)than medium(0.077-0.096)and fine(0.087-0.091)pores.The PSI of fine pores showed a fluctuating increasing trend from northwest to southeast,and the fine pore shrinkage capacity determined the COLE(r^(2)=0.789,Psoil bulk density(r=0.281,Psoil clay content(r=0.381 and 0.687,respectively,Psoil properties with low stability,whereas those of medium and fine pores are related to pedogenic properties.The high variability in anthropogenic and pedogenic factors explains the spatial pattern of Vertisol shrinkage capacity on the North China Plain.

关键词： clay content coefficient of linear extensibility pore shrinkage index soil structure spatial distribution swelling

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Cross-Reference Benchmarks for Translating the Genetic soil Classification of China into the Chinese soil Taxonomy

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Pedosphere 2006年第2期16卷 147-153页

作者： SHI Xue-Zheng YU Dong-Sheng YANG Guo-Xiang WANG Hong-Jie SUN Wei-Xia DU Guo-Hua State key laboratory of soil and sustainable agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing210008 （China）.

soil classification is the foundation for exchange and extension of research findings in soil science and for modern management of soil resources. This study explained database and research methodology to create a cross-reference system for translating the Genetic soil Classification of China (GSCC) into the Chinese soil Taxonomy (CST). With the help of the CST keys, each of the 2 540 soil species in GSCC has been interpreted to its corresponding soil order, suborder, great group, and sub-group in CST. According to the methodology adopted, the assigned soil species have been linked one another to their corresponding polygons in the 1:1000000 digital soil map of China. Referencibility of each soil species between the GSCC and CST systems was determined statistically on the basis of distribution area of each soil species at a high taxon level of the two systems. The soils were then sorted according to their maximum referencibility and classified into three categories for discussion. There were 19 soil great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility > 90% and 22 great groups between 60%-90%. These soil great groups could serve as cross-reference benchmarks. There were 19 great groups in GSCC with maximum referencibility soils, if the translation was made at a lower soil taxon level or on a regional basis, it would improve their referencibility enabling them to serve as new cross-reference benchmarks.

关键词：中国土壤图基准地图编制土壤分级土壤调查

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Overexpression of a Foreign Bt Gene in Cotton Affects the Low-Molecular-Weight Components in Root Exudates

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Pedosphere 2007年第3期17卷 324-330页

作者： YAN Wei-Dong SHI Wei-Ming LI Bao-Hai ZHANG Min State key laboratory of soil and sustainable agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing210008 （China）

Most research in the past using genetically modified crops (GM crops) has focused on the ecological safety of foreign gene (i.e., the gene flow), gene products (for example, Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) protein), and the safety of transgenic food for humans. In this study, changes in both the species and amounts of low-molecular-weight components in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) root exudates after foreign Bt gene overexpression were investigated under different nutritional conditions. Transgenic cotton containing Bt (Bt-cotton), supplemented with all the mineral nutrients, secreted more organic acids than the wild-type cotton (WT). When nitrogen was removed from the full-nutrient solution, the amount of organic acids secretion of Bt-cotton was lesser than that of WT. The roots of the transgenic cotton secreted lesser amounts of amino acids and soluble sugars than the WT roots in the full-nutrient solution. Deficiencies of P and K caused a large increase in the total amino acid and soluble sugar secretions of both Bt-cotton and WT, with larger increases observed in Bt-cotton. Because transferring the foreign Bt gene into cotton can result in alterations in the components of the root exudates, with the effect varying depending on the nutritional status, the cultivation of genetically modified crops, such as Bt-cotton, in soil environments should be more carefully assessed, and the possible effects as a result of the alterations in the root exudate components should be considered.

关键词：棉花外源Bt基因过表达根系分泌液低分子量成分

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Residual Characteristics of Organochlorine Pesticides in Lou soils with Different Fertilization Modes

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Pedosphere 2006年第2期16卷 161-168页

作者： WANG Fang BIAN Yong-Rong JIANG Xin GAO Hong-Jian YU Gui-Fen DENG Jian-Cai State key laboratory of soil and sustainable agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing210008 （China）.

soil samples with three fertilization treatments (no fertilizer, corn straw and farm manure) collected from a Lou soil (Eum-orthic Anthrosol classfied using Chinese soil Taxonomy) in northwestern China were analysed for residual levels and their characteristics of organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, HCB, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE, p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD, a-endosulfan, dieldrin and endrin). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were detected in all soil samples except δ-HCH and their total concentrations ranged from 159.31 ± 9.00 to 179.77 ± 2.58 ng g-1 with an order of HCHs > DDTs > (dieldrin + endrin) > HCB > α-endosulfan. Among all the compounds, γ-HCH had the highest concentration followed by p, p'-DDE. The residual levels of HCH isomers and DDT as well as their metabolites in soil with different fertilization treatments were in the order of γ-HCH > β-HCH≈; α-HCH > δ-HCH and p, p'-DDE > p,p'-DDT > o,p'-DDT > p,p'-DDD ≈ o,p'-DDE, respectively. DDE/DDT ratios ranged from 1.59 ±0.13 to 3.35 ± 0.16 and endrin/dieldrin ratios from 1.40 ± 0.06 to 9.20 ± 4.05, both indicating no new occurrence of these pesticides in these soils, while α-HCH/γ-HCH ratios of 0.04 indicated a new input of lindane (almost pure γ-HCH) in the past several years. The farm manure treatments showed lower DDT residues than samples without fertilizer. Also addition of corn straw and farm manure increased soil organic matter content and decreased the soil pH which could retard the degradation of DDT in the soil.

关键词：土壤肥力有机氯杀虫剂农药残留

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Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizers on Movement and Transformation of Phosphorus in an Acid soil

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Pedosphere 2005年第4期15卷 424-431页

作者： DU Zhen-Yu ZHOU Jian-Min WANG Huo-Yan DU Chang-Wen CHEN Xiao-Qin State key laboratory of soil and sustainable agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing210008 （China）.

The effects of two different nitrogen fertilizers (urea and NH4Cl) with monocalcium phosphate (MCP) on the movement and transformation of fertilizer P in soil microsites along with soil pH changes at different distances from the fertilizer application site were studied in an incubation experiment. A highly acidic red soil (Ultisol, pH 4.57) from south China with MCP fertilizer alone or in combination with NH4Cl or urea was added to the surface of soil cylinders and packed in wax blocks. After 7 and 28 days, the extraction and analysis of each 2 mm layer from the interface of the soil and fertilizer showed that added NH4Cl or urea did not change the movement distance of fertilizer P. However, P transformation was significantly affected (P soil pH in fertilizer microsites, whereas the addition of NH4Cl significantly decreased soil pH.

关键词：氮肥磷酸性土壤迁移行为红土肥力

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