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Calibration of the Solar X-ray Detector on-board the Macao science Satellite-1B for Soft X-ray Detection

science China Earth sciences 2025年第1期68卷 11-26页

作者： Man-Hei NG Xiaoping ZHANG Jianwu CHEN Yongqiang SHI Fuchang ZUO Wenxi PENG Weichun FU Liansheng LI Pengwei LUO Chi-Long TANG Guozheng ZHANG Zhiwu MEI Li WANG Cunhui LI Jiaming OU Yanyan XU State key laboratory of Lunar and Planetary sciences Macau University of Science and Technology China National space Administration (CNSA) Macau Center for Space Exploration and Science space optoelectronic measurement and Perception laboratory Beijing Institute of Control Engineering Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences science and technology on Vacuum technology and Physics laboratory Lanzhou Institute of Physics

The Solar X-ray Detector(SXD) on-board the Macao science Satellite-1B(MSS-1B) was successfully launched via the Chinese Long March-2C rocket on 21 May 2023, and commenced operations in early June of the same year. The MSS-1B/Soft X-ray Detection Units(SXDUs) employ two silicon drift detectors(SDDs), providing a wide range of energy spectra spanning from 0.7 to 24 keV. Notably, the SXDUs deliver a high-resolution capability of 0.14 keV@5.9 keV and operate with a time cadence of 1 second. Here, we perform thorough calibrations of the MSS-1B/SXDUs, employing a combination of ground experiments and simulations. In addition, quantitative analysis comparing the flux measurements obtained by the MSS-1B/SXDUs to the data collected by the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite(GOES), provides compelling evidence of their consistency. Furthermore, the preliminary spectral analysis results showcase the robustness and expected performance of the MSS-1B/SXDUs, unlocking their potential for facilitating the study of dynamic evolution of solar flares. Moreover, the innovative MSS-1B/Solar X-ray Detector facilitates concurrent observations of solar soft and hard X-rays, thereby making valuable contributions to the advancements in solar research.

关键词： Macao science Satellite-1B (MSS-1B) Calibration Solar X-Ray Detector Spectrometer Soft X-rays Solar flares Solar abundances

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Simulations of electron zebra stripes in the inner radiation belt using a composite empirical electric field model

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science China Earth sciences 2025年第1期68卷 27-38页

作者： Ziyang WANG Ying LIU Qiugang ZONG Hong ZOU Yuguang YE Xuzhi ZHOU Chao YUE Shan WANG Institute of space Physics and Applied technology Peking University State key laboratory of Lunar and Planetary science Macau University of Science and Technology

The phenomenon termed “zebra stripes” manifests as regular patterns in the energy-space(L shell) spectrum of energetic electrons(ranging from tens to hundreds ke V) within the inner radiation belt. These structures exhibit drift-periodic behavior and commonly arise from large-scale electric field perturbations near the substorm onsets. In this study, we introduce a composite electric field model and replicate the formation, structure, and evolution of zebra stripes using a bounce-averaged test particle code under this electric field model. High-resolution measurements of energetic electrons obtained from the Van Allen Probes and the recently launched Macao science Satellites-1 are used as initial conditions and served to validate our test particle simulations. Comparative analyses between observed data and simulations demonstrate our test particle method's efficacy in capturing zebra stripes' general behavior. Moreover, the composite model proves capable of reproducing realistic variations in the electric field within the inner radiation belt to a certain extent. Nevertheless, subtle differences emerge in the flux strength and the positions of stripes. These disparities primarily stem from limitations inherent in the electric field model and the initial conditions of the simulation. Acknowledging that the model represents an average case, it is conceivable that real-world scenarios may deviate from the average, thereby introducing variations in the observed phenomena.

关键词： Zebra stripes Inner radiation belt Large-scale electric fields Van Allen Probes Macao science Satellite

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Separation of the ionospheric and thermospheric contributions in the data from the Triple Ionosophere Photo Meter onboard the Feng-Yun 3E satellite

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science China Earth sciences 2025年第1期68卷 172-184页

作者： Fang JIANG Tian MAO Jin-Song WANG Xiu-Qing HU Xiao-Xin ZHANG Liping FU Nan JIA Tianfang WANG National space science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing key laboratory of space Environment Exploration key laboratory of Environmental space Situation Awareness technology National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological Administration

The Triple Ionosphere Photo Meter （TRIPM） is a far ultraviolet nadir-view photometer that is onboard the secondgeneration,polar-orbiting Chinese meteorological satellite Feng-Yun 3E （FY-3E）,which was launched on July 5,*** has three channels,and each is used to measure different types of emissions:（1） 135.6 nm airglow produced by the recombination of the O+ions and electrons in the absence of sunlight （nighttime channel）;（2） 135.6 nm airglow from the OI when sunlight is present （daytime/dusk-dawn 135.6 nm channel）;and （3） Airglow in the N2LBH of the TRIPM （daytime/dusk-dawn N2LBH channel）.FY-3E is a satellite operating in the early morning ***,the data are mostly distributed on the dawndusk side or at times when the solar zenith angle is relatively *** this study,combined with simulation calculations,the data are *** further explore the application value of the data products,a model is used to separate the ionospheric radiative recombination contribution from the thermosphere photoelectron impact excitation contribution in the data from the daytime/dusk-dawn 135.6 nm *** approach not only improves the accuracy of O/N2derived from the 135.6 nm channel and N2LBH channel but also provides the ionospheric 135.6 nm radiance at the same time as the *** results show that the 135.6 nm radiance originating from the combination of O+and electrons extracted from the measurement data exhibits similar equatorial anomaly peak structure characteristics and seasonal variations as the corresponding GPS total electron content （TEC） *** the other hand,the separated 135.6 nm radiance generated from the thermosphere photoelectron collision excitation does not contain radiative recombination contributions;thus,the ionosphere influence is greatly avoided when the O/N2is obtained.

关键词： Far ultraviolet 135.6 nm emission intensity Photoelectron impact excitation Radiative recombination excitation

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First observation results of Macao science Satellite-1 on lightning-induced electron precipitation

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science China Earth sciences 2025年第1期68卷 1-10页

作者： Yongping WANG Yixin SUN Qiugang ZONG Gaopeng LU Xudong GU Ze-Jun HU Bin LI key laboratory for Polar science Ministry of Natural Resources Polar Research Institute of China Institute of space Physics and Applied technology Peking University State key laboratory of Lunar and Planetary science Macau University of Science and Technology School of Earth and space sciences University of Science and Technology of China School of Electronic Information Wuhan University

The Medium-energy Electron Spectrometers(MES) is a space-borne instrument onboard Macao science Satellite-1(MSS-1) dedicated to monitoring the typical charged particle radiation characteristics in the satellite orbit and the process of their occurrence and development, including short bursts of lightning-induced electron precipitation(LEP).This paper presents the first results of the LEP measurements by the MSS-1.47 LEP events are identified with the routine operation for 3 months since satellite launch, all within the range of 1.5measurements at the Great Wall Station, Antarctica also have a good correspondence with LEP measurements of *** observations also imply that lightning activity has a modulation effect on the energetic electron energy-spatial structure.

关键词： Lightning-induced electron precipitation Inner radiation belts Energetic electrons Macao science Satellite-1

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Formation and evolution of supercritical geofluid

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science China Earth sciences 2025年第1期68卷 39-51页

作者： Huaiwei NI Yilin XIAO Xiaolin XIONG Xiandong LIU Chunxiao GAO Yi-Xiang CHEN Yunguo LI Wan-Cai LI Xuan GUO Yang-Yang WANG Dong-Bo TAN Li ZHANG State key laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution University of Science and Technology of China Deep space Exploration laboratory/School of Earth and space sciences University of Science and Technology of China Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Earth sciences and Engineering Nanjing University State key Lab of Superhard Materials Jilin University

In this work, we provide a comprehensive review on the formation, evolution, properties, and effects of supercritical geofluid. In Earth's interior, enhanced miscibility between H2O and silicate by the addition of special components or by the increase of pressure and temperature gives rise to supercritical geofluid with a significant amount of both H2O and silicate *** formation of supercritical geofluid in magmatic-hydrothermal systems, typified by pegmatite system, is governed by meltfluid critical curve. The formation of supercritical geofluid in metamorphic systems, typified by subducted slab, is governed by the second critical end point. Experimental results suggest that the presence of boron and fluorine in pegmatite system makes it possible to form supercritical geofluid at crustal depths, but the release of supercritical geofluid from subducted slab is withheld until almost 100 km depth. A major presence of both H2O and depolymerized structural units（monomers, dimers, etc.） endows supercritical geofluid with unique physical properties including low density, low elastic moduli, low viscosity, high diffusivity,and high electrical conductivity. Supercritical geofluid can effectively mobilize a variety of elements even including high field strength elements and heavy rare earth elements. The chemical signatures of supercritical geofluid can be inherited by metasomatized mantle and mantle-derived melts, and this could give an explanation of the oxidation of arc magmas. Phase separation of supercritical geofluid through the mechanism of spinodal decomposition leads to formation of a melt network. Multiphase fluid inclusions recovered from subduction zone rocks and pegmatites are possible relics of supercritical geofluid. Supercritical geofluid can cause electrical anomaly and low seismic velocity near the top of subducted slab, and can be linked with intermediate-focus earthquakes. Supercritical geofluid may have played a crucial role in the formation of pe

关键词： Supercritical geofluid Miscibility Subduction zone Pegmatite

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Sequence-activated chemiluminescence probes: programmable illumination for high-contrast in vivo sensing and imaging

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science China Chemistry 2025年第1期68卷 26-34页

作者： Yutao Zhang Juan Li Wei-Hong Zhu Zhiqian Guo Shanghai key laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology State key laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering Shanghai Frontier Science Research Base of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell MetabolismEast China University of Science & Technology

Sequence-activated chemiluminescence(CL) technique offers a unique approach to detecting specific biomolecules or cellular events with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. The fundamental principle behind sequence-activated CL probes involves tailoring highly-controllable CL signals in response to specific sequences or events of interest, thus enabling high-contrast signals under complex physiological conditions. This sequential activation could be triggered by enzymes, reactive oxygen species(ROS), biothiols or changes in the microenvironment. These unique sequence-activated CL probes bestow several advantages, including minimal background, deep-tissue penetration, and the ability of non-invasive or minimally invasive detection. The sequence-activated CL techniques represent a significant advancement in molecular imaging and diagnostics. In this mini-review, we focus on the latest developments in sequential CL probes, addressing the technical challenges and discussing the future trajectory by harnessing CL signaling and molecular recognition.

关键词： chemiluminescnece sequence-activation in-vivo bioimaging cyclic peroxide

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Double [5]carbohelicene: facile synthesis, chiroptical properties,isomerization study, and lasing application

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science China Chemistry 2025年第1期68卷 233-240页

作者： Peipei Liu Yantong Li Meng-Xiang Wu Hao Kang Xiao-Li Zhao Lin Xu Linlin Liu Xiaodong Li Junfeng Fang Zhiwei Fang Ya Cheng Hai-Bo Yang Huakang Yu Xueliang Shi State key laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University School of Physics and optoelectronics South China University of Technology Institute of Polymer optoelectronic Materials & Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices South China University of Technology School of Physics and Electronic science Engineering Research Center of Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument Ministry of EducationEast China Normal University State key laboratory of precision Spectroscopy School of Physics and Electronic Science East China Normal University

Double carbohelicenes have attracted considerable attention due to their aesthetic structures, distinct π-conjugation extension, inherent chirality, and intriguing optical and electronic properties. Herein, the concise de novo synthesis of a new double[5]carbohelicene 1 together with its chiroptical properties, isomerization process and lasing application is presented. 1 was synthesized by a simple protocol involving the formation of a 6,6′-bipentacene as the key intermediate. It is worth noting that1 existed as two diastereomers 1-PP/MM and 1-PM, which were successfully isolated and unambiguously confirmed by Xray crystallography. The optical resolution of the racemic 1-PP/MM was successfully achieved by chiral-phase highperformance liquid chromatography（HPLC）, and 1-PP and 1-MM were characterized by circular dichroism. Interestingly, it was found that 1-PP/MM could be completely isomerized to 1-PM upon heating, and the detailed thermodynamics and kinetics of the isomerization process were systematically investigated. 1-PM exhibited deep-red luminescence with emission maximum at 723 nm and fluorescence quantum yield as high as 32.95%. Consequently, we can showcase the lasing application of 1-PM by doping with epoxy resin to assemble a bottle microlaser spontaneously, which the lasing wavelength is 796.6 nm at a threshold of 0.8 m J cm-2. We believe that our studies, including the facile synthesis methodology, detailed isomerization studies, and lasing application, will shed some light on the design and synthesis of novel carbohelical systems with more functions.

关键词： double carbohelicene optical resolution organic laser isomerization X-ray diffraction

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2D free-standing ultra-large ferromagnetic nanosheets via a topotactic transformation strategy

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science China Chemistry 2025年

作者： Haofeng Sun Minghao Wang Wenjie Li Yang Liu Xinyu Sun Wenjie Wang Yuqiao Guo Yi Xie Changzheng Wu key laboratory of precision and Intelligent Chemistry University of Science&Technology of China National Synchrotron Radiation laboratory University of Science and Technology of China

Considerable progress has been made in synthesizing two-dimensional （2D） materials by exfoliating layered ***,for tremendous non-layered inorganic materials,especially magnet solids,usually with closely packed bulk phases by strong chemical bonds,it is challenging to obtain their high-quality 2D ***,we highlighted a new structure of free-standing ferromagnetic nanosheets featuring （111） *** magnet,Fe3O4,its inversed spinel crystalline has limited abilities to exfoliate into 2D forms and rarely exists as free-standing nanosheets owing to aggregation induced by magnetic *** realized a breakthrough in achieving free-standing ferromagnetic nanosheets with dramatically surpassing size limitations via topotactic conversion from layered *** Fe3O4nanosheets exhibited a maximum width of 60μm while only～4 nm thick,prominently exposing （111） facets.2D Fe3O4behaved anisotropic magnetism,which displayed a 4.6 emu g-1moment（H=500 Oe） in the （111） plane but 2.1 emu g-1out of the （111） plane,indicating a （111） in-plane easy *** anticipated our topotactic conversion strategy would inspire the creation of 2D non-layered materials and enrich the 2D materials family.

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Lightweight Al-Nb-Ti-V-Cr high entropy alloys with high hardness and enhanced mechanical properties via doping Co

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China Foundry 2025年

作者： Fang-dong Xu De-zhi Chen Rui-run Chen Bin Gan Jing-yue Yu National key laboratory for precision Hot Processing of Metals Harbin Institute of Technology Suzhou laboratory

To develop high-hardness and high-strength lightweight high entropy alloys （LHEAs）,a series of CoxAlNbTiVCr alloys were *** phase constitution,distribution,and crystal structure of the Laves phase in alloys can be altered by adjusting the composition of HEAs,which in turn influences their mechanical *** Nb Ti VCr （x=0,0.5,1,1.5,and 2,atomic ratio percentage） LHEAs were designed and prepared to characterize the microstructure and tailor the mechanical *** introduction of Co changes the microstructure of LHEAs from a single B2 structure to a mixture dendrite structure,which consists of B2 phase,C14 and C15 Laves *** the C14 and C15 Laves phases exhibit coupled *** parameters including mixing enthalpy (ΔHmix),valence electron concentration （VEC）,atomic radius size （δ）,mixing entropy （ΔS）,and electronegativity difference （Δχ） are used to predict the formation of B2 and Laves phase in *** the Co content increases from 0 to 1.5at.%,Laves phase volume fraction gradually increases,which leads to an enhancement in the compressive strength from 1,520.8 MPa to 1,844.4 ***1.5Al Nb Ti VCr alloy exhibits the maximum Vickers hardness of 699.4 *** improvement of mechanical properties mainly originates from solid solution strengthening and second phase strengthening.

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High-precision magnetic field measurement system based on a coherent population trapping magnetometer onboard the SATech-01 satellite

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science China Technological sciences 2025年

作者： Hongbo XUE Wei SONG Haoran ZHAO Yiteng ZHANG Shanzhi YE Jindong WANG Ran TAO Peng SANG Keli CHEN Xingzi BI Bingjun CHENG Bin ZHOU Yongliang XUE Yingying TANG Liu LIU Jinsong LI Xiaocheng ZHU Baoquan LI Jinguo LIU Wen CHEN Xiaofeng ZHANG Yonghe ZHANG Lei LI State key laboratory of space Weather National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences key laboratory of Solar Activity and space Weather National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences key laboratory of Electronics and Information technology for space Systems National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences State key laboratory of Robotics Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation Academy for Microsatellites Chinese Academy of Sciences

On July 27, 2022, a high-precision system for measuring the magnetic field based on a coherent population trapping magnetometer（referred to as the CPT system） was launched onboard the space Advanced technology demonstration satellite（SATech-01） by a ZK-1A rocket. The payload comprises a scalar coherent population trapping magnetometer（CPTM）, triaxial anisotropic magnetoresistance magnetometer（AMRM）, and nano star tracker mounted on a non-magnetic telescopic tubular mast. This configuration enables synchronized measurement of scalar and vector geomagnetic fields, as well as the attitude,making the payload with its compact sensors suitable for applications on miniature satellite platforms. On November 7, 2022,the novel telescopic tubular mast was deployed in orbit, extending to a length of 5.28 m. The CPTM, an absolute scalar magnetometer with an omnidirectional sensor, is the first China-developed quantum/atomic magnetometer successfully operating in space. In orbit, the CPTM has sensitivity of ～10 pT/Hz1/2and can automatically operate under complex magnetic field variations. The difference between the scalar fields obtained using the CPTM and CHAOS model has a mean deviation of–3.73 n T and a standard deviation of 26.11 nT（1σ）, without on-orbit calibration or correction. The miniaturized AMRM has a sensitivity of ～0.3 n T/Hz1/2and maintains stable and reliable operation in orbit. The low-power and miniaturized nano star tracker has a measurement uncertainty of 14.23″（1σ） in orbit. The mission has realized the on-orbit technical verification of the integrated and synchronized detection of the vector magnetic field and attitude and fully validated the system's performance,automation level, and reliability.

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