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A proof system of the CaIT calculus

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2024年第2期18卷 123-137页

作者： Ningning CHEN Huibiao ZHU Shanghai key laboratory of Trustworthy computing East China Normal UniversityShanghai 200062China

The Internet of Things(IoT)can realize the interconnection of people,machines,and things anytime,*** of the existing research mainly focuses on the practical applications of IoT,and there is a lack of research on modeling and reasoning about IoT systems from the perspective of formal ***,the Calculus of the Internet of Things(CaIT)has been proposed to specify and analyze IoT systems before the actual implementation,which can effectively improve development efficiency,and enhance system quality and *** verify the correctness of IoT systems described by CaIT,this paper presents a proof system for CaIT,in which specifications and verifications are based on the extended Hoare Logic with ***,we explore the cooperation between isolated proofs to validate the postconditions of the communication actions occurring in these proofs,with a particular focus on broadcast *** also demonstrate the soundness of our proof system.A simple“smart home”is given to illustrate the availability of our proof system.

关键词： Internet of Things(loT) Calculus of the Internet of Things(CalT) extended hoare logic cooperation smart home

Survey on Construction of Safety Case Arguments

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Ruan Jian Xue Bao/Journal of Software 2024年第9期35卷

作者： Chen, Ze-Zhong Deng, Yu-Xin Shanghai key laboratory of Trustworthy computing East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China

Safety cases provide clear, comprehensive, and reliable arguments which mean that a system’s operation under a specific environment meets acceptable safety levels. In safety-critical sectors subject to regulations such as automotive, aviation, and nuclear industries, certification authorities often require the system to undergo a rigorous safety assessment process and thus demonstrate that the system complies with one or more safety standards. The safety case utilization in system development is an emerging technical means to express the safety attributes of safety-critical systems in a structured and comprehensive way. This study briefly introduces the four basic steps of building a safety case, including determining the goal, gathering evidence, constructing arguments, and evaluating the case, and then focuses on the key step of constructing arguments. Meanwhile, eight existing forms of safety case expressions are introduced in detail, containing goal structuring notation (GSN), claim-argument-evidence (CAE), and structured assurance case metamodel (SACM), with their strengths and weaknesses analyzed. Given the significant complexity of the materials required for safety cases, software tools are often adopted as practical methods for constructing and evaluating safety cases. Additionally, seven tools for developing and evaluating safety cases are compared, including astah system safety, gsn2x, NOR-STA, Socrates, ASCE, D-Case Editor, and AdvoCATE. Furthermore, this study delves into multiple challenges in building safety cases. These challenges include data reliability and integrity, complexity and uncertainty management, inconsistencies in regulations and standards, human factor engineering, rapid technological advancements, and challenges in team and interdisciplinary collaboration. Finally, a prospect is provided for the future development of safety cases to reveal their potential utilization and relevant research problems. © 2024 Chinese Academy of Sciences. Al

关键词： Accident prevention

IP-Pealing: A Robust Network Flow Watermarking Method Based on IP Packet Sequence

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2024年第3期33卷 694-707页

作者： Wangxin FENG Xiangyang LUO Tengyao LI Chunfang YANG State key laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced computing key laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness of Henan Province

Network flow watermarking(NFW) is usually used for flow *** actively modulating some features of the carrier traffic,NFW can establish the correspondence between different network *** the face of strict demands of network traffic tracing,current watermarking methods cannot work efficiently due to the dependence on specific protocols,demand for large quantities of packets,weakness on resisting network channel interferences and so *** this end,we propose a robust network flow watermarking method based on IP packet sequence,called as *** is designed to utilize the packet sequence as watermark carrier with IP identification field which is insensitive to time jitter and suitable for all IP based *** enhance the robustness against packet loss and packet reordering,the detection sequence set is constructed in terms of the variation range of packet sequence,correcting the possible errors caused by the network *** improve the detection accuracy,the long watermark information is divided into several short sequences to embed in turn and assembled during *** a large number of experiments on the Internet,the overall detection rate and accuracy of IP-Pealing reach 99.91% and 99.42%*** comparison with the classical network flow watermarking methods,such as PROFW,IBW,ICBW,WBIPD and SBTT,the accuracy of IP-Pealing is increased by 13.70% to 54.00%.

关键词： Protocols Packet loss Watermarking Telecommunication traffic Jitter Robustness Internet

High spectral efficiency 4-mode 400-km transmission using hybrid probabilistically and geometrically shaped 128QAM

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2024年第5期67卷 1628-1630页

作者： DING JunJie YU JianJun WANG Chen LONG JianYu ZHU Min ZHANG Jiao pervasive Communication Research Center Purple Mountain LaboratoriesNanjing 211111China key laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves(MoE) Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433China

Wavelength division multiplexing(WDM)and space division multiplexing(SDM)based on few-mode fiber(FMF)and multi-core fiber(MCF)have been vigorously developed to increase the transmission capacity of optical communication networks[1–5].However,the mode crosstalk generated in the mode division multiplexing(MDM)system causes the correlation between different mode signals,which seriously damages the transmission ***,an effective multiple-input-multiple-output(MIMO)time domain or frequency domain equalizer should be used to eliminate the crosstalk between different mode signals.

关键词： crosstalk fiber multiplexing

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Privacy Preserving Algorithm for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Vehicle Networks

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2024年第1期33卷 30-42页

作者： Hongning LI Tonghui HU Jiexiong CHEN Xiuqiang WU Qingqi PEI Guangzhou Institute of Technology Xidian University Guangzhou CEPREI Shaanxi key laboratory of Blockchain and Secure computing

The scarcity of spectrum resources fails to meet the increasing throughput demands of vehicular networks. There is an urgent need to maximize the utilization of spectrum bands in mobile networks. To ascertain the availability of spectrum bands, users should engage in wireless channel sensing and collaboration. However, spectrum sensing data always involves users’ privacy, such as their location. This paper first introduces sensing trajectory inference attack in cognitive vehicular networks and then proposes a data confusion-based privacy-preserving algorithm and a cryptonym array-based privacy-preserving aggregation scheme for spectrum sensing in cognitive vehicular networks. Unlike existing methods, the proposed schemes transmit confused data during the aggregation process. This deliberate obfuscation makes it almost impossible to infer users’ location from the transmitted data. The analysis demonstrates the resilience of the proposed schemes against sensing trajectory inference attack.

关键词： Privacy Data privacy Wireless sensor networks Authentication Data aggregation Throughput Inference algorithms

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Integrating Neighborhood Geographic Distribution and Social Structure Influence for Social Media User Geolocation

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2024年第9期140卷 2513-2532页

作者： Meng Zhang Xiangyang Luo Ningbo Huang key laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness of Henan Province Zhengzhou450001China State key laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced computing Zhengzhou450001China

Geolocating social media users aims to discover the real geographical locations of users from their publicly available data,which can support online location-based applications such as disaster alerts and local content *** relationship-based methods represent a classical approach for geolocating social ***,geographically proximate relationships are sparse and challenging to discern within social networks,thereby affecting the accuracy of user *** address this challenge,we propose user geolocation methods that integrate neighborhood geographical distribution and social structure influence(NGSI)to improve geolocation ***,we propose a method for evaluating the homophily of locations based on the k-order neighbor-hood geographic distribution(k-NGD)similarity among *** are notable differences in the distribution of k-NGD similarity between location-proximate and non-location-proximate *** this distinction,we filter out non-location-proximate social relationships to enhance location homophily in the social *** better utilize the location-proximate relationships in social networks,we propose a graph neural network algorithm based on the social structure *** algorithm enables us to perform a weighted aggregation of the information of users’multi-hop neighborhood,thereby mitigating the over-smoothing problem of user features and improving user geolocation *** results on real social media dataset demonstrate that the neighborhood geographical distribution similarity metric can effectively filter out non-location-proximate social ***,compared with 7 existing social relationship-based user positioning methods,our proposed method can achieve multi-granularity user geolocation and improve the accuracy by 4.84%to 13.28%.

关键词： User geolocation social media neighborhood geographic distribution structure influence

Combo Packet:An Encryption Traffic Classification Method Based on Contextual Information

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第4期79卷 1223-1243页

作者： Yuancong Chai Yuefei Zhu Wei Lin Ding Li State key laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced computing Information Engineering UniversityZhengzhou450001China

With the increasing proportion of encrypted traffic in cyberspace, the classification of encrypted traffic has becomea core key technology in network supervision. In recent years, many different solutions have emerged in this *** methods identify and classify traffic by extracting spatiotemporal characteristics of data flows or byte-levelfeatures of packets. However, due to changes in data transmission mediums, such as fiber optics and satellites,temporal features can exhibit significant variations due to changes in communication links and transmissionquality. Additionally, partial spatial features can change due to reasons like data reordering and *** with these challenges, identifying encrypted traffic solely based on packet byte-level features is significantlydifficult. To address this, we propose a universal packet-level encrypted traffic identification method, ComboPacket. This method utilizes convolutional neural networks to extract deep features of the current packet andits contextual information and employs spatial and channel attention mechanisms to select and locate effectivefeatures. Experimental data shows that Combo Packet can effectively distinguish between encrypted traffic servicecategories (e.g., File Transfer Protocol, FTP, and Peer-to-Peer, P2P) and encrypted traffic application categories (e.g.,BitTorrent and Skype). Validated on the ISCX VPN-non VPN dataset, it achieves classification accuracies of 97.0%and 97.1% for service and application categories, respectively. It also provides shorter training times and higherrecognition speeds. The performance and recognition capabilities of Combo Packet are significantly superior tothe existing classification methods mentioned.

关键词： Encrypted traffic classification packet-level convolutional neural network attention mechanisms

An Active Deception Defense Model Based on Address Mutation and Fingerprint Camouflage

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China Communications 2024年第7期21卷 212-223页

作者： Wang Shuo Chu Jiang Pei Qingqi Shao Feng Yuan Shuai Zhong Xiaoge State key laboratory of Astronautic Dynamics Xi’an Satellite Control CenterXi’an 710043China State key laboratory of Integrated Services Networks Xidian UniversityXi’an 710071China Shaanxi key laboratory of Blockchain and Secure computing Xidian UniversityXi’an 710071China

The static and predictable characteristics of cyber systems give attackers an asymmetric advantage in gathering useful information and launching *** reverse this asymmetric advantage,a new defense idea,called Moving Target Defense(MTD),has been proposed to provide additional selectable measures to complement traditional ***,MTD is unable to defeat the sophisticated attacker with fingerprint tracking *** overcome this limitation,we go one step beyond and show that the combination of MTD and Deception-based Cyber Defense(DCD)can achieve higher performance than either of *** particular,we first introduce and formalize a novel attacker model named Scan and Foothold Attack(SFA)based on cyber kill ***,we develop probabilistic models for SFA defenses to provide a deeper analysis of the theoretical effect under different defense *** models quantify attack success probability and the probability that the attacker will be deceived under various conditions,such as the size of address space,and the number of hosts,attack analysis ***,the experimental results show that the actual defense effect of each strategy almost perfectly follows its probabilistic ***,the defense strategy of combining address mutation and fingerprint camouflage can achieve a better defense effect than the single address mutation.

关键词： address mutation deception defense fingerprint camouflage moving target defense probabilistic model

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Chaotic CS Encryption:An Efficient Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chebyshev Chaotic System and Compressive Sensing

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第5期79卷 2625-2646页

作者： Mingliang Sun Jie Yuan Xiaoyong Li Dongxiao Liu key laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed computing and Service(BUPT) Ministry of EducationBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijing100876China

Images are the most important carrier of human information. Moreover, how to safely transmit digital imagesthrough public channels has become an urgent problem. In this paper, we propose a novel image encryptionalgorithm, called chaotic compressive sensing (CS) encryption (CCSE), which can not only improve the efficiencyof image transmission but also introduce the high security of the chaotic system. Specifically, the proposed CCSEcan fully leverage the advantages of the Chebyshev chaotic system and CS, enabling it to withstand various attacks,such as differential attacks, and exhibit robustness. First, we use a sparse trans-form to sparse the plaintext imageand then use theArnold transformto perturb the image pixels. After that,we elaborate aChebyshev Toeplitz chaoticsensing matrix for CCSE. By using this Toeplitz matrix, the perturbed image is compressed and sampled to reducethe transmission bandwidth and the amount of data. Finally, a bilateral diffusion operator and a chaotic encryptionoperator are used to perturb and expand the image pixels to change the pixel position and value of the compressedimage, and ultimately obtain an encrypted image. Experimental results show that our method can be resistant tovarious attacks, such as the statistical attack and noise attack, and can outperform its current competitors.

关键词： Image encryption chaotic system compressive sensing arnold transform