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Effects of Increased Night Temperature on Cellulose Synthesis and the Activity of Sucrose Metabolism Enzymes in Cotton Fiber

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Journal of Integrative agriculture 2013年第6期12卷 979-988页

作者： TIAN Jing-shan HU Yuan-yuan GAN Xiu-xia ZHANG Ya-li HU Xiao-bing GOU Ling LUO Hong-hai ZHANG Wang-feng key laboratory of oasis eco-agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Group/College of Agronomy Shihezi University

Temperature is one of the key factors that influence cotton fiber synthesis at the late growth stage of cotton. In this paper, using two early-maturing cotton varieties as experimental materials, night temperature increase was stimulated in the field using far-infrared quartz tubes set in semi-mobile incubators and compared with the normal night temperatures （control） in order to investigate the effects of night temperature on the cotton fiber cellulose synthesis during secondary wall thickening. The results showed that the activity of sucrose synthase （SuSy） and sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） quickly increased and remained constant during the development of cotton fiber, while the activity of acid invertase （AI） and alkaline invertase （NI） decreased, increased night temperatures prompted the rapid transformation of sugar, and all the available sucrose fully converted into cellulose. With night temperature increasing treatment, an increase in SuSy activity and concentration of sucrose indicate more sucrose converted into UDPG （uridin diphosphate-glucose） during the early and late stages of cotton fiber development. Furthermore, SPS activity and the increased concentration of fructose accelerated fructose degradation and reduced the inhibition of fructose to SuSy; maintaining higher value of allocation proportion of invertase and sucrose during the early development stages of cotton fiber, which was propitious to supply a greater carbon source and energy for cellulose synthesis. Therefore, the minimum temperature in the nightime was a major factor correlated with the activity of sucrose metabolism enzymes in cotton fiber. Consequently, soluble sugar transformation and cellulose accumulation were closely associated with the minimum night temperature.

关键词： cotton fiber night temperature sucrose metabolism enzyme activity

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Formation and Developmental Characteristics of A- and B-Type Starch Granules in Wheat Endosperm

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Journal of Integrative agriculture 2012年第1期11卷 73-81页

作者： YIN Yong-an QI Jun-cang LI Wei-hua CAO Lian-pu WANG Zi-bu key oasis eco-agriculture laboratory of xinjiang production and construction Group/Agricultural Faculty Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832003P.R.China

Wheat grain natural transverse sections of 12 periods were observed and analyzed using scanning electron micrographs technology and Bio-Quant system IV image analyzer in order to detect the developing process of A- and B-type starch granules. In addition, the chemical composition and starch granule-bound proteins （SGPs） of A- and B-type starch granules were tested and analyzed. The results showed that A-type starch granules in wheat began from 3 d post anthesis （DPA） till grain maturing and B-type starch granules occured after 15 DPA till grain maturing. Approximately 98.5% of chemical compositions in both A- and B-type starch granules were amylose and amylopectin, and more than half of which were amylopectin. The amylopectin contents, average chain length, and chain length distribution （degree of polymerization〉 40） of amylopectin in A-type starch granules were significant higher than that of B-type starch granules. SGP-145, SGP-140, and SGP-26 kD were associated with A-type starch formation in wheat grain.

关键词： wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) A- and B-type starch granules formation and developmental characteristics

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Effect of leaf removal on photosynthetically active radiation distribution in maize canopy and stalk strength

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Journal of Integrative agriculture 2017年第1期16卷 85-96页

作者： XUE Jun GOU Ling SHI Zhi-guo ZHAO Ying-shan ZHANG Wang-feng key laboratory of oasis eco-agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Group/Agricultural College Shihezi University Shihezi 832000 P.R. China

The objectives of this study were to determine how the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation （PAR） in a maize canopy affected basal internode strength and stalk lodging. The distributions of PAR within the canopies of two maize cultivars （Zhongdan 909 and Xinyu 41） were altered by removing whole leaves or half leaves in different canopy layers. The results showed that removing whole leaves or half leaves above the three-ear-leaves （RAE and RAE/2） at flowering sig- nificantly increased. PAR at the ear and interception of PAR （IPAR） from the ear to middle of the ear and soil surface. These changes increased the structural carbohydrate content and rind penetration strength （RPS） of the third basal internode by 5.4-11.6% and reduced lodging by 4.2-7.8%. Removal of the first three leaves below the three-ear-leaves （RBE） before flowering significantly reduced IPAR from the ear to half way below the ear. This reduced the structural carbohydrate con- tent and the RPS of the third basal internode by 9.1-17.4% and increased lodging by 7.0-11.2%. Removal of the three lowest green leaves （RB） in the canopy before flowering increased PAR at the bottom of the canopy, but had no effect on the structural carbohydrate content of the basal internode, the RPS, and the lodging rate. Overall, the results indicated that the key factors affecting the basal internode strength formation and lodging were PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear. Increasing PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear could enhance lodging resistance by increasing the structural carbohydrate content and mechanical strength of the basal internode.

关键词： maize leaf removal light distribution stalk strength lodging resistance

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Systematical regulation involved in heterogeneous photosynthetic characteristics of individual leaf in pima cotton

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Journal of Integrative agriculture 2022年第4期21卷 995-1003页

作者： ZHANG Yu-jie HAN Ji-mei LEI Zhang-ying MENG Hao-feng ZHANG Wang-feng ZHANG Ya-li key laboratory of oasis eco-agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of AgronomyShihezi UniversityShihezi 832003P.R.China

Light heterogeneity leads to anatomically and physiologically heterogeneous features in leaves. However, little attention has been paid to the effects of nonuniform illumination on the anatomical and photosynthetic performance on both sides along the leaf main vein. This study explored such effects by combining in situ determination in the field with shading simulation in the phytotron, on pima cotton that has cupping leaves. Photosynthetic characteristics and morphological structures were measured in the field on both sides along the main vein of eastward, westward, southward, and northward leaves. The results showed that the difference in photosynthetic capacity between the two sides along the main vein in different directions was closely related to the daily photo irridiance(DPI). This result indicates that the photosynthetic heterogeneity between the two sides is related to their intercepted light energy. The conclusion was further verified by the shading simulation experiments. Photosynthetic capacity and leaf thickness of the unshaded sides of leaves in the half-shaded treatment decreased, compared to those in the unshaded treatment. Therefore, it is conjectured that the development of photosynthetic characteristics on one side is systematically regulated by that on the other side. The study provides theoretical guidance on accessing the feasibility of sampling and directional planting.

关键词： photosynthetic heterogeneity morphological traits leaf mass per area shade systemic regulation

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Fiber damage of machine-harvested cotton before ginning and after lint cleaning

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Journal of Integrative agriculture 2018年第5期17卷 1120-1127页

作者： TIAN Jing-shan ZHANG Xu-yi ZHANG Wang-feng LI Jian-feng YANG Yan-long DONG Heng-yi JIU Xing-li YU Yong-chuan ZHAO Zhan XU Shou-zhen ZUO Wen-qing key laboratory of oasis eco-agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of AgronomyShihezi University Regimental Farm 149 Division EightXinjiang Production and Construction Corps Regimental Farm 133 Division EightXinjiang Production and Construction Corps Regimental Farm 12 Division OneXinjiang Production and Construction Corps

Machine harvesting increases the foreign matter content of seed cotton. Excessive cleaning causes fiber damage and economic loss. Most trading companies in the xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China have indicated reluctance to use machine-harvested cotton. The first objective was to determine how the fiber quality was affected by the ginning and lint cleaning and how the fiber damage during levels of lint cleaning changed. The second objective was to determine the optimum number of lint cleaners for machine-harvested cotton based on fiber damage. Cotton samples were collected from 13 fields and processed in seven ginneries between 2013 and 2015. The results indicated that ginning and lint cleaning didn＇t have significant effect on fiber strength and significantly affected both fiber length and short fiber index. Fiber length was reduced by more than 1.00 mm from six of 13 fields after lint cleaning, then the damage rate on short fiber index from 11 of 13 fields was more than 20%. The third lint cleaning caused great fiber damage, reducing fiber length by 0.35 mm and increasing short fiber index by 0.65%. So, the lint should be cleaned by one lint cleaner in the xinjiang, however, the stage of lint cleaning was sometimes omitted when the foreign matter content of lint was little.

关键词： xinjiang machine-harvested cotton lint cleaning foreign matter

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The Relative Contribution of Non-Foliar Organs of Cotton to Yield and Related Physiological Characteristics Under Water Defi cit

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Journal of Integrative agriculture 2014年第5期13卷 975-989页

作者： HU Yuan-yuan ZHANG Ya-li YI Xiao-ping ZHAN Dong-xia LUO Hong-hai Chow Wah Soon ZHANG Wang-feng The key laboratory of oasis eco-agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Group Shihezi University Division of Plant Science Research School of Biology The Australian National University

Water deficit is one of the most important causes of decreased yield in cultivated plants. Non-foliar green organs in cotton play an important role in yield formation at the late growth stage. Although better photosynthetic performance was observed in a non-foliar organ （bract） compared with leaves under water deficit. However, the physiological response of each organ in cotton to water deficit has not been comprehensively studied in relation to the water status and photosynthesis characteristics. We studied the maintenance of water status of each organ in cotton by measuring their relative water content, proline content and stomatal characteristics. Water deficit significantly decreased the surface area of each organ, but to a lesser extent in non-foliar organs. Our results showed that the relative contribution of biomass accumulation of non-foliar organs increased under water deficit. Non-foliar organs （bracts and capsule wall） showed less ontogenetic decrease in O2 evolution capacity and in RuBPC activity （per dry weight） as well as better antioxidant systems than leaves at various days after anthesis. We conclude that the photosynthesis from non-foliar organs is important for increasing cotton yield especially under water deficit conditions.

关键词： non-foliar organ water deficit water status antioxidant systems biomass accumulation cotton

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Carbon cycle in response to residue management and fertilizer application in a cotton field in arid Northwest China

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Journal of Integrative agriculture 2019年第5期18卷 1103-1119页

作者： ZHANG Peng-peng XU Shou-zhen ZHANG Guo-juan PU Xiao-zhen WANG Jin ZHANG Wang-feng The key laboratory of oasis eco-agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Agricultural College Shihezi University College of Life Science Shihezi University Wulanwusu Agro-meteorological Experiment Station of xinjiang

Understanding the influence of farming practices on carbon(C) cycling is important for maintaining soil quality and mitigating climate change, especially in arid regions where soil infertility, water deficiency, and climate change had significantly influenced on agroecosystem. A field experiment was set up in 2009 to examine the influence of residue management and fertilizer application on the C cycle in a cotton field in the xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of Northwest China. The study included two residue management practices(residue incorporation(S) and residue removal(NS)) and four fertilizer treatments(no fertilizer(CK), organic manure(OM), chemical fertilizer(NPK), chemical fertilizer plus organic manure(NPK+OM)). Soil organic carbon(SOC) and some of its labile fractions, soil CO_2 flux, and canopy apparent photosynthesis were measured during the cotton growing seasons in 2015 and 2016. The results showed that SOC, labile SOC fractions, canopy apparent photosynthesis, and soil CO_2 emission were significantly greater in S+NPK+OM(residue incorporation+chemical fertilizer) than in the other treatments. Analysis of all data showed that canopy apparent photosynthesis and soil CO_2 emission increased as SOC increased. The S+OM(residue incorporation+organic manure) and S+NPK+OM treatments were greater for soil C sequestration, whereas the other treatments resulted in soil C loss. The S+NPK treatment is currently the standard management practice in xinjiang. The results of this study indicate that S+NPK cannot offset soil C losses due to organic matter decomposition and autotrophic respiration. Residue return combined with NPK fertilizer and organic manure application is the preferred strategy in arid regions for increasing soil C sequestration.

关键词： residue fertilizer SOC pool canopy apparent photosynthesis soil respiration soil C balance

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Research progress on reduced lodging of high-yield and-density maize

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Journal of Integrative agriculture 2017年第12期16卷 2717-2725页

作者： XUE Jun XIE Rui-zhi ZHANG Wang-feng WANG Ke-ru HOU Peng MING Bo GOU Ling LI Shao-kun Institute of Crop Sciences Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and EcologyMinistry of Agriculture key laboratory of oasis eco-agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Group/Agricultural CollegeShihezi University

Increasing plant density is an effective way to enhance maize yield, but often increases lodging rate and severity, significantly elevating the risk and cost of maize production. Therefore, lodging is a major factor restricting future increases in maize yield through high-density planting. This paper reviewed previous research on the relationships between maize lodging rate and plant morphology, mechanical strength of stalks, anatomical and biochemical characteristics of stalks, root characteristics, damage from pests and diseases, environmental factors, and genomic characteristics. The effects of planting density on these factors and explored possible ways to improve lodging resistance were also analyzed in this paper. The results provide a basis for future research on increasing maize lodging resistance under high-density planting conditions and can be used to develop maize cultivation practices and lodging-resistant maize cultivars.

关键词： maize lodging resistance stalk strength high yield high plant density

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Characteristics of Photosystem Ⅱ Behavior in Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) Bract and Capsule Wall

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Journal of Integrative agriculture 2013年第11期12卷 2056-2064页

作者： ZHANG Ya-li LUO Hong-hai HU Yuan-yuan Reto J Strasser ZHANG Wang-feng key laboratory of oasis eco-agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Group/Agricultural CollegeShihezi University Bioenergetics laboratory University of Geneva Weed Research laboratory Nanjing Agricultural University North West University

Though bract and capsule wall of boll in cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） have different photosynthetic capacities, the features of photosystem II （PS II） in these organs are scarce. In this paper, chlorophyll a lfuorescence emission was measured to investigate the difference in the photosynthetic apparatus of dark-acclimated （JIP-test） and light-acclimated （light-saturation pulse method） bract and capsule wall. Compared with leaves, the oxygen evolving system of non-foliar organs had lower efifciency. The pool size of PS II electron acceptor of non-foliar organs was small, and the photochemical activity of leaves was higher than that of the bract and capsule wall. In regard to the photosystem I （PS I） electron acceptor side, the pool size of end electron acceptors of leaves was larger, and the quantum yield of electron transport from QA （PS II primary plastoquinone acceptor） further than the PS I electron acceptors of leaves was higher than that of bract and capsule wall. In all green organs, the actual quantum yield of photochemistry decreased with light. The thermal dissipation fraction of light absorbed by the PS II antennae was the highest in bract and the lowest in capsule wall relative to leaves. Compared with leaves, capsule wall was characterized by less constitutive thermal dissipation and via dissipation as lfuorescence emission. These results suggested that lower PS II photochemical activity in non-foliar organs may be result from limitations at the donor side of PS II and the acceptor sides of both photosystems.

关键词： cotton non-foliar photosynthesis chlorophyll fluorescence JIP-test

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Comparisons of Photosynthetic Characteristics in Relation to Lint Yield Among F_1 Hybrids, Their F_2 Descendants and Parental Lines of Cotton

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Journal of Integrative agriculture 2014年第9期13卷 1909-1920页

作者： FENG Guo-yi GAN Xiu-xia YAO Yan-di LUO Hong-hai ZHANG Ya-li ZHANG Wang-feng The key laboratory of oasis eco-agriculture Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/College of AgricultureShihezi University key laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Cotton in Huanghuaihai Semiarid Area Ministry of Agriculture/Cotton Research InstituteHebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences

We compared the photosynthetic characteristics in relation to yield of two F1 cotton hybrids（Shiza 2-F1 and Xinluzao 43-F1）, their parental lines（NT2, H2 and 4-14） and their F2 descendants at different growth and development stages. The two F1 exhibited heterobeltiosis in net photosynthetic rate（Pn） by 8.1-52.1%, canopy apparent photosynthetic rate（CAP） by 8.2-57.6% and canopy respiration rate（CR） by 3.0-78.7% during the growing season. They also exhibited mid-parent heterosis by 2.0-5.2% in leaf chlorophyll content（SPAD） during the late growth and development stages. Regression analysis showed that both parents contributed to increase in Pn, SPAD and CAP in the F1. A low CR in the F1 matched a low CR of the parental line. Photosynthetic characteristics in the F2 were mainly dependent upon the magnitude and degeneration rate of the F1. Mid-parent heterosis in CAP and in CR during the late growth and development stage reduced the degeneration of the F2. Average dry matter accumulation was 10.7-34.7% higher in the parental lines of Xinluzao 43-F1 than in the parental lines of Shiza 2-F1. Heterobeltiosis in dry matter accumulation was 7.0-23.1% greater for Xinluzao 43-F1 than for Shiza 2-F1. Dry matter accumulation in the F1 was affected by either the dry matter accumulation of parents or heterobeltiosis. Dry matter accumulation in the F2 was mainly influenced by dry matter accumulation in the F1. The yields of the two F1 were 39.1-46.3% higher than their respective parents and 26.4-45.9% higher than that of the conventional cultivar Xinluzao 33. The yields of the two F2 were 9.2-12.8% higher than the parents and 14.9-27.4% higher than that of Xinluzao 33. The photosynthetic production and yield of the F1 and F2 were higher than that of their parents. The increases in Pn and CAP of the F1 and F2 were dependent on the photosynthetic characteristics of their parents. It is thus concluded that the photosynthetic performance, light use efficiency and yield of the F1 can be

关键词： hybrid cotton heterosis photosynthetic characteristics F2

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