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Quantifying the impact of earthquakes and geological factors on spatial heterogeneity of debris-flow prone areas:A case study in the Hengduan mountains

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Journal of mountain Science 2024年第5期21卷 1522-1533页

作者： HU Xudong SHEN Yitong HU Kaiheng XU Wennian LIU Daxiang HE Songtang GAO Jiazhen WEI Li LIU Shuang Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Slope Habitat Construction Technique Using Cement-based Materials(China Three Gorges University) Yichang 443002China Hubei key laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation(China Three Gorges University) Yichang 443002China College of Civil Engineering and Architecture China Three Gorges UniversityYichang 443002China Shanghai Investigation Design&Research Institute Co.Ltd.Shanghai 200335China key laboratory of mountain hazards and Earth surface processes Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China institute of mountain hazards and environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China Wuhan Polytechnic Wuhan 430074China

Understanding the spatial heterogeneity of debris-flow-prone areas holds significant implications for regional risk management, particularly in seismically active regions with geological faults. Despite the significance of this knowledge, a comprehensive quantification of the influence of regional topographical and geological factors on the spatial heterogeneity of debris-flow-prone areas has been lacking. This study selected the Hengduan mountains, an earthquake-prone region characterized by diverse surface conditions and complex landforms, as a representative study area. An improved units zoning and objective factors identification methodology was employed in earthquake and fault analysis to assess the impact of seismic activity and geological factors on spatial heterogeneity of debrisflow prone areas. Results showed that the application of GIS technology with hydrodynamic intensity and geographical units analysis can effectively analyze debris-flow prone areas. Meanwhile, earthquake and fault zones obviously increase the density of debrisflow prone catchments and make them unevenly distributed. The number of debris-flow prone areas shows a nonlinear variation with the gradual increase of geomorphic factor value. Specifically, the area with 1000 m-2500 m elevation difference, 25°-30° average slope, and 0.13-0.15 land use index is the most favorable conditions for debris-flow occurrence;The average annual rainfall from 600 to 1150 mm and landslides gradient from 16° to 35° are the main causal factors to trigger debris flow. Our study sheds light on the quantification of spatial heterogeneity in debris flow-prone areas in earthquake-prone regions, which can offer crucial support for post-debris flow risk management strategies.

关键词： debris-flow prone areas causal factors GIS-based method spatial heterogeneity Hengduan mountains

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Forecast Method of Multimode System for Debris Flow Risk Assessment in Qingping Town,Sichuan Province,China

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Journal of mountain Science 2011年第4期8卷 592-602页

作者： KONG Jiming key laboratory of mountain hazards and Earth surface processes Chinese Academy of Sciences institute of mountain hazards and environment Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Wenchuan Earthquake of May 12,2008 triggered large numbers of *** heavy rain on 13 August 2010 triggered debris flows with total volume of more than 6 million cubic meters and the debris flows destroyed 500 houses and infrastructure built after the Wenchuan *** study area Qingping Town was located in the northwestern part of the Sichuan Basin of China,which needs the second reconstructions and the critical evaluation of debris *** study takes basin as the study unit and defines collapse,landslide and debris flow hazard as a geo-hazard system.A multimode system composed of principal series system and secondary parallel system were established to evaluate the hazard grade of debris flow in 138 drainage basins of Qingping *** evaluation result shows that 30.43% of study basins(42 basins) and 24.58% of study area,are in extremely high or high hazard grades,and both percentage of basin quantity and percentage of area in different hazard grades decrease with the increase of hazard *** to the geo-hazard data from the interpretation of unmanned plane image with a 0.5-m resolution and field investigation after the Wenchuan Earthquake and 8.13 Big Debris Flow,the ratio of landslides and collapses increased after the Wenchuan Earthquake and the ratios of extremely high or high hazard grades were more than moderate or low hazard grades obviously.23 geo-hazards after8.13 Big Debris Flow in Qingping town region all occurred in basins with extremely high or high hazard grades,and 9 debris flows were in basins with extremely high hazard *** model of multimode system for critical evaluation could forecast not only the collapse and landslide but also the debris flow precisely when the basin was taken as the study unit.

关键词： Multimode System Risk assessment Debris flow landslide Wenchuan Earthquake Qingping Town

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Causes for the Unimodal Pattern of Leaf Carbon Isotope Composition in Abies faxoniana Trees Growing in a Natural Forest along an Altitudinal Gradient

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Journal of mountain Science 2015年第1期12卷 39-48页

作者： ZHAO Hong-xia DUAN Bao-li LEI Yan-bao key laboratory of mountain surface processes and Ecological Regulation Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences

Leaf morphological and physiological traits of Abies faxoniana growing in a natural forest along an altitudinal gradient were measured with the aim to identify the central mechanism for the marked variation in foliar δ13C determined by an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. There is a unimodal pattern of plant functional traits in these temperate and semi- humid areas. Stomatal parameters, specific leaf area, and C/N ratio increased, whereas C, N and δ13C values decreased with increasing altitude below 3000 m a.s.1. In contrast, they exhibited opposite trends above 3000 m a.s.l.. Our results demonstrated that high-altitude plants achieve higher water use efficiency （WUE） at the expense of decreasing nitrogen use efficiency （NUE）, whereas plants at 3000 m can maintain a relatively higher NUE but a lower WUE. Such intra-specific differences in the trade-off between NUE and WUE may partially explain the altitudinal distribution of the plants in relation to moisture and nutrient availability. Our results clearly indicate that the functional relations between nutritional status and the structure of leaves are responsible for the altitudinal variations associated with δ13C. The pivotal role of specific leaf area in regulating plant adaptive responses provides a potential physiological mechanism for the observed growth advantage of populations occupying the medium altitude. These adaptive responses altitudinal gradients showed that an altitude to of approximately 3000 m a.s.1, is the optimum distribution zone for A. faxoniana, allowing the most vigorous growth and metabolism. These results improve our understanding of the various roles of environmental and biotic variables upon δ13C dynamics and provide useful information for subalpine coniferous forest management.

关键词： Abiesfaxoniana Age Altitude Carbonisotope ratio Nitrogen content

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Experimental study of debris flow caused by domino failures of landslide dams

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2014年第3期29卷 414-422页

作者： Hua-Yong CHEN Peng CUI Gordon G.D.ZHOU Xing-Hua ZHU Jin-Bo TANG key laboratory of mountain hazards and Earth surface Process CAS institute of mountain hazards and environment CAS

The formation of landslide dams is often induced by earthquakes in mountainous *** failure of a landslide dam typically results in catastrophic flash floods or debris flows *** attention has been given to the processes and mechanisms involved in the failure of individual landslide ***,the processes leading to domino failures of multiple landslide dams remain *** this study,experimental tests were carried out to investigate the domino failure of landslide dams and the consequent enlargement of downstream debris *** blockage conditions were considered,including complete blockage,partial blockage and erodible bed(no blockage).The mean velocity of the flow front was estimated by *** stress transducers(TSTs)and Laser range finders(LRFs) were employed to measure the total stress and the depth of the flow front,*** a complete blockage pattern,a portion of the debris flow was trapped in front of each retained landslide dam before the latter collapsed *** was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the mean velocity of the flow ***,under both partial blockage and erodible bed conditions,the mean velocity of the flow front increased gradually downward along the sloping *** failures of the landslide dams were triggered when a series of dams(complete blockage and partial blockage) were distributed along the ***,not all of these domino failures led to enlarged debris *** modes of dam failures have significant impacts on the enlargement of debris ***,further research is necessary to understand the mechanisms of domino failures of landslide dams and their effects on the enlargement of debris flows.

关键词： Debris flow landslide dams Domino failures Enlargement of debris flow Mean velocity

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Variations of bacterial and fungal communities along a primary successional chronosequence in the Hailuogou glacier retreat area(Gongga mountain, SW China)

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Journal of mountain Science 2016年第9期13卷 1621-1631页

作者： SUN Hong-yang WU Yan-hong ZHOU Jun BING Hai-jian key laboratory of mountain surface processes and Ecological Regulation Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences

New terrestrial habitats have emerged and a primary succession has developed in the retreat area （29°34＇N, 102°oo＇E, 2951-2886 m） after the retreat of the Hailuogou glacier. To investigate soil microbial changes along the primary successional chronosequence, mixed soil samples were collected at six sites at different ages （2 young sites, 2 mid-aged sites, and 2 old sites）. The RNA was extracted and amplified. Bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal 18S rRNA were analyzed using high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing analysis. Overall, pyrosequeneing showed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Baeteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the main bacterial phyla, and the fungal communities were strongly dominated by the phyla Ascomyeota and Basidiomyeota in the retreat area. The Shannon diversity index （Hshannon） of bacteria was 6.5 - 7.9, and that of fungi was 2.2 - 4.1 in these sites. For the bacterial communities, diversity and evenness values were highest on the mid-age sites and were relatively low on the young trend was observed for the and old sites. A similar fungal communities. In contrast, soil properties showed significant linear distributional trends （increase or decrease） with the age of the site. Combining the linear change patterns of soil properties, the highest values of bacterial and fungal evenness and diversity in the mid-aged sites indicated that there was less environmental stress and more niches for microbial communities in the middle successional stage compare with other stages. In addition, our analysis showed that microbial communities were the main drivers that build a soil organic matter pool to expedite pedogenesis for ecosystem succession. This primary succession in the Hailuogou glacier retreat area is developing rapidly compared with that in other glacier retreats.

关键词： Primary successional chronosequence Microbial community Soil properties 454sequencing Rapid succession

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Phosphorus Biogeochemical Cycle Research in mountainous Ecosystems

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Journal of mountain Science 2013年第1期10卷 43-53页

作者： WU Yan-hong ZHOU Jun YU Dong SUN Shou-qin LUO Ji BING Hai-jian SUN Hong-yang key laboratory of mountain surface processes and Ecological Regulation Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences

Phosphorus(P),as a limiting nutrient,plays a crucial role in the mountainous ecosystem *** biogeochemical cycle in mountainous ecosystems determines the bioavailability and sustainable supply of P,and thus becomes a crucial process which needs to be fully understood and described for ecological and environmental ***,most of research about P biogeochemical processes has been carried out in aquatic environment and agronomic field,but rare researches have been done in mountain *** the present review,we summarize researches on P biogeochemical cycle concerning mountain ecosystem in recent decades,including rock weathering,the release,transformation and bioavailability of P,interactions between the P biological cycle and microbial and plant life,as well as the development of *** on the state of art,we propose the future work on this direction,including the integration of all these research,the development of a practical model to understand the P biogeochemical cycle and its bioavailability,and to provide a reference for ecological and environmental conservation of mountainous ecosystems and lowland aquatic systems.

关键词： Phosphorus Biogeochemical cycle Weathering Microbe and plant Model mountainous ecosystem

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Changes in land Use and Agricultural Production Structure Before and After the Implementation of Grain for Green Program in Western China–Taking Two Typical Counties as Examples

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Journal of mountain Science 2014年第2期11卷 526-534页

作者： ZHOU Ping WEN An-bang YAN Dong-chun SHI Zhong-lin GUO Jin JU Zhan-sheng ZHANG Yi-lan The key laboratory of mountain surface processes and Ecological Regulation Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences

Soil erosion becomes a serious environmental problem in the world, especially in western China. An effective management practice called the Grain for Green Program(GGP), which was launched in 1999, aims to reduce soil and water loss and alleviate the ecological environment problem in western China. Two typical counties in western China, the Zhongxian(in Chongqing Municipality) and Ansai(in Shaanxi Province) were chosen to evaluate the dynamic changes of land use and agricultural production structure before and after the implementation of the Program in this paper. The results showed that the cultivated land area was reduced by 7.08% from 1989 to 2003. The cultivated land per person was decreased by 8.42% during 1999-2003. Moreover, the stability index of the secondary sector of the economy was increased from 0.91 in the period 1990-1999 to 0.94 in the following ten years. In addition, the stability index of tertiary economic sector increased from 0.88 to 0.92 in Zhongxian county. Meanwhile, the cultivated land area was reduced by 15.48% from 1990 to 1999. The soil erosion modulus was decreased by 33.33% from 1999 to 2006. Also, the stability index of secondary and tertiary economic sectors was 0.86 in the period 1998-2002. However, it decreased by 77% during 2002 to 2007 in Ansai County. These results imply that the Grain for Green Program had different impact on the two regions. Several effective strategies of soil and water conservation have been carried out to ameliorate the sustainable development of ecological environment and economy in these two counties of western China.

关键词： Cultivated land Stability index Agricultural production structure Grain for Green Program (GGP) Three Gorges Reservoir region Loess Plateau

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Assessment of Soil Erosion by Compensatory Hoeing Tillage in a Purple Soil

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Journal of mountain Science 2012年第1期9卷 59-66页

作者： SU Zhengan ZHANG Jianhui XIONG Donghong LIU Gangcai key laboratory of mountain hazards and Earth surface processes Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China institute of mountain hazards and environment Chinese Aeademy of SciencesChengdu 610041China

This study explores the role of a traditional tillage method,i.e.,compensatory hoeing,for sustainable agro-ecosystem management in the hilly areas of the Chongqing municipality,south-western *** validate the effects of compensatory tillage on the terraced slopes,the tillage method of noncompensatory hoeing was conducted on a linear *** acquire information about 137 Cs inventories and soil texture,soil samples were collected by a core sampler with a 6.8-cm diameter at 5.0-m intervals along the toposequence and the linear slope in the dry season(March) of ***,a tillage erosion model was used for evaluating the spatial pattern of tillage *** 137 Cs data showed that on the terraced slope,soil was lost from the upper slope,and soil deposition occurred at the toe slope positions on each *** a result,abrupt changes in the 137 Cs inventories of soil were found over short distances between two sides of terrace *** obtained from the tillage erosion model and the 137 Cs data indicate that soil redistribution mainly results from tillage erosion in the terraced *** non-compensatory tillage caused soil redistribution on the linear slope,resulting in thin soil profile disappearing at the top and soil accumulating at the bottom positions of the linear *** result further validates that compensatory tillage could avoid the complete erosion of the thin soil layer at the summit ***,this traditional ***,i.e.,compensatory tillage,has maintained the soil quality at the summit of the slope in the past decades.

关键词： Compensatory tillage Tillage erosion model 137 Cs Three Gorges Reservoir region China

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Reservoir-landslide Hazard Assessment Based on GIS: A Case Study in Wanzhou Section of the Three Gorges Reservoir

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Journal of mountain Science 2013年第6期10卷 1085-1096页

作者： WANG Meng QIAO Jian-ping key laboratory of Geo-surface Process and mountain hazards Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Science

Reservoir-landslide is mainly caused by changes in hydrodynamic conditions of slope interior at the time of water storage or discharge. The current study mainly focuses on the typical reservoirlandslide, but the sudden occurrence of some unknown landslides brought a lot of difficulties for hazards prevention. Therefore, we proposed a method to evaluate the regional scale reservoir-landslide hazard. We took Wanzhou section of Three Gorges Reservoir(China) as the study area and systemically and synthetically carried out the reservoir-landslide hazard evaluation under the condition of water level regulation. Firstly, we made reservoir-landslide susceptibility assessment by using the methods of spatial analysis and statistics based on geological and geomorphological materials and field survey data, and then, analyzed the regional-scale slope stability based on the infinite slope model used to analyze the bank slope stability change under the condition of water fluctuation, finally, developed a reservoir-landslide hazard evaluation model based on the results of susceptibility and stability. The hazard evaluation model was used to predict and evaluate the hazard change under the role of water level regulation. The results showed that the landslide hazard of the whole region decreased during water storage, landslide hazards increased during water discharge. The faster the regulation speed, the greater the slope hazard. The results can provide the basis for hazard management and regional land-use planning.

关键词： Reservoir-landslide hazards assessment

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Improvement of LCM model and determination of model parameters at watershed scale for flood events in Hongde Basin of China

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Water Science and Engineering 2017年第1期10卷 36-42页

作者： Jun Li Chang-ming Liu key laboratory of mountain hazards and Earth surface processes Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences key laboratory of Water Cycle and Related land surface processes Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences

Considering the fact that the original two-parameter LCM model can only be used to investigate rainfall losses during the runoff period because the initial abstraction is not included, the LCM model was redefined as a three-parameter model, including the initial abstraction coefficient l, the initial abstraction Ia, and the rainfall loss coefficient R. The improved LCM model is superior to the original two-parameter model, which only includes r and R, where r is the initial rainfall loss index and can be calculated with l using the Soil Conservation Service curve number （SCS-CN） method, with r = 1/（1 ＋ λ）. The trial method was used to determine the parameter values of the improved LCM model at the watershed scale for 15 flood events in the Hongde Basin in China. The results show that larger r values are associated with smaller R values, and the parameter R ranges widely from 0.5 to 2.0. In order to improve the practicability of the LCM model, r = 0.833 with λ = 0.2 is reasonable for simplifying calculation. When the LCM model is applied to arid and semi-arid regions, rainfall without yielding runoff should be deducted from the total rainfall for more accurate estimation of rainfall-runoff.

关键词： LCM model SCS-CN method Rainfall-runoff Initial abstraction Partial-area runoff Determination of parameter Loess Plateau

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