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Crustal magma oxidation state and endowments in porphyry copper deposits

Science China Earth Sciences 2025年第1期68卷 226-236页

作者： Yumin AI Massimo CHIARADIA Chao WU Huayong CHEN key laboratory of mineralogy and metallogeny Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Earth Sciences University of Geneva Guangdong Provincial key laboratory of mineral Physics and Materials

Porphyry copper deposits（PCDs） supply the majority of the world's copper（Cu） as well as significant amounts of molybdenum（Mo） and gold（Au）. The formation of these deposits is controlled by a variety of geological factors, among which the magmatic oxidation is one of the focuses of current research. This study investigates the redox characteristics of arc magmas by analyzing the ratio of vanadium（V） to scandium（Sc） and its correlation with the oxygen fugacity （fO2） of magmas from arcs of various crustal thicknesses globally. We compiled an extensive dataset of published V/Sc values and studied the partition coefficients of Vand Sc between minerals and silicate melts across various magmatic environments. The results demonstrate that fractional crystallization of magnetite markedly reduces V/Sc values of the residual melt. Furthermore, magnesium number（Mg#） at the onset of magnetite fractionation is strongly positively correlated with fO2of the equilibrium magma. Based on this,the oxidation of arc magmas from different crustal thicknesses can be evaluated. The result suggests that magmas generated in crusts thicker than 20 km tend to be more oxidized with increasing crust thickness. This trend is attributed to enhanced intracrustal differentiation processes involving garnet and amphibole, particularly in mature island and continental arcs. In contrast,magmas in thinner arc crusts（<20 km）, which are significantly influenced by subducted slab materials, display higher oxidation states than most of their thicker crust counterparts. These findings suggest that both subduction dynamics and crustal thickness play a vital role in determining the oxidation state of arc magmas and, consequently, their capacity to generate PCDs. Highly oxidized, primitive arc magmas are less favorable for PCD formation due to that they tend to experience magnetite fractionation and thus sulfide saturation in the early stage of magma evolution, a process leading to copper depletion. On the contra

关键词： Magma evolution V/Sc systematics Magnetite Oxygen fugacity Porphyry copper deposits

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Economic effect of China's carbon neutrality target under shared socioeconomic pathways

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Science China Earth Sciences 2025年第1期68卷 142-157页

作者： Zemiao LIU Xianjin HUANG Xinxian QI School of Geography and Ocean Science Nanjing University key laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Territory Optimization Ministry of Natural Resources Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling Nanjing University

Economic feasibility is crucial for achieving the carbon neutrality target. However, current integrated assessments often underestimate the economic impacts of mitigation policies due to the lack of consideration of their economic benefits. This study integrates a warming-labour productivity model with a typical integrated assessment model using shared socioeconomic pathways. It simulates China's economic development and carbon emission levels under both baseline and carbon-neutral policy scenarios, evaluating the economic costs and benefits of emission reduction policies aimed at achieving carbon neutrality. These findings reveal the following:(1) The economic costs of emission reduction policies are projected to peak between 2050 and 2060, ranging from 0.41% to 9.37% of total GDP in the baseline scenario, primarily due to increased energy prices and R&D investments. These costs are expected to decline rapidly after 2070.(2) China's carbon-neutral policies will mitigate global warming, with the economic benefits of mitigation projected to reach 5.65% to 17.24% of China's total GDP by 2100.(3) Lowcarbon scenarios SSP1 and SSP4 could significantly reduce initial economic costs and advance the onset of net economic gains to 2060. This integrated assessment confirms that China's carbon neutrality target offers substantial net economic benefits in the long term. To minimize initial economic costs, efforts should focus on enhancing consumption-side transitions, upgrading lowcarbon technologies, and adopting new energy sources.

关键词： Climate change China Carbon neutrality Economic effects Policy

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Research on the deformation mechanism of flexural toppling deep-seated landslides based on large centrifuge physical model testing: A case study of the Genie landslide in the Tibetan Plateau

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Journal of Earth Science 2025年

作者： Shichao Cao Xiujun Dong Changbao Guo Ruian Wu Zhihua Yang Guang Zheng Xiaoqiang Zhu State key laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection， Chengdu University of Technology Institute of Geomechanics， Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences key laboratory of Active Tectonics and Geological Safety， ministry of natural resources

Flexural toppling is a widespread failure mode in natural and excavated anti-inclined rock slopes of the eastern Tibetan Plateau， which can further evolve into large deep-seated landslides， posing significant threats to the construction and operation of important infrastructure. In this study， we took the large deep-seated Genie landslide as a case study and established a centrifuge physical model to analyze the deformation mechanism and evolutionary process of flexural toppling deep-seated landslides under the effect of gravity. The results indicate that the geomechanical mode of landslide instability is characterized by flexural toppling-shearing-sliding， with the deformation process could be divided into three stages: initial slow deformation stage marked by crack generation， rapid deformation stage characterized by the expansion and fracturing of cracks， and a low-speed deformation stage characterized by creep. Notably， the sliding surfaces do not adhere strictly to predefined bending zones but develop cracks along the bending parts， which gradually expand and penetrate deeper， eventually forming multiple potential sliding surfaces. The analysis of the entire process deformation evolution of flexural toppling deep-seated landslides suggests that the rapid deformation stage is the optimal time to take action for landslide prevention and control. The study demonstrates that the shear strength also plays a key factor in the evolution of flexural toppling. The research reveals the deformation mechanism and evolutionary process of large deep-seated landslides in deep-cut canyon areas， providing valuable reference for the prediction， assessment， and prevention of such slopes and landslides.

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Dissolved rare earth elements estimation of ion-absorption rare earth ores using reflectance spectroscopy in south Jiangxi province,China

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Journal of Rare Earths 2021年第10期39卷 1300-1310,I0005页

作者： Jingjing Dai Denghong Wang Zhenghui Chen Institute of mineral resources Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China ministry of natural resources.key laboratory of metallogeny and mineral assessment Beijing 100037China

Ion-absorption rare earth ores are an important mineral resource in ***,the unauthorized mining has become a serious problem,resulting in severe water pollution and the wastage of rare earth elements(REEs).Being able to estimate the concentration of dissolved REEs in water bodies near mines is essential for tackling this environmental ***,quantitative analyses of the contents of dissolved REEs are performed using laboratory-based techniques,which can be time consuming and *** reflectance is a rapid and cost-effective means of characterizing the chemical compositions of light-absorbing *** this study,reflectance spectroscopy was performed on dissolved REEs,and the correlation between their reflectance characteristics and REE content was determined.A total of 50 aqueous media samples collected in south Jiangxi Province and 25 laboratory-produced aqueous media samples were tested,and their reflectance spectra and REE contents were measured using reflectance spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,***,the reflectance,differential reflectance,and absorption depth were analysed based on the REE *** diagnostic absorption features related to REEs are recognised in the visible and near-infrared wavelength regions,along with several smaller *** indicates that the results of the absorption depth analysis are in accordance with the absorption spectra characteristics of the REEs,with the R2 value being higher than *** intensity of each of the six absorption bands exhibits a linear correlation to the total REE ***,linear regressio n models can be derived for estimating the total concentration of REEs in aqueous media ***’s more,the detection limit for REEs is determined to be about 30μg/***,it can be concluded that reflectance spectroscopy is a suitable technique for estimating the concentration of dissolved REEs.

关键词： Rare earth elements Ion-absorption rare earth ores Spectroscopy Concentration Correlation analysis

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Geochronology and Geochemistry of Mafic Rocks in the Xuhe, Shaanxi, China: Implications for Petrogenesis and Mantle Dynamics

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2015年第1期89卷 187-202页

作者： WANG Kunming WANG Zongqi ZHANG Yingli WANG Gang MLR key laboratory of metallogeny and mineral assessment Institute of Mineral Resources CAGS

The Xuhe mafic rocks, located in Ziyang county of Shaanxi Province, are dominated by diabase-porphyrite, gabbro-diabase, diabase, and pyroxene diorite. Primitive mantle-normalized multi-element patterns show that, the Xuhe marie rocks are enriched in large ion lithophile elements （LITE）, such as Ba and Pb, depleted in K and Sr for basic rocks, and are depleted in Sr, P and Ti for pyroxene diorite. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns display LREE enrichment （LaN/YbN = 9.34- 13.99） and have normalized patterns for trace element and REE similar to that of typical OIB. Detailed SIMS zircon U-Pb dating yields emplacement ages of 438.4 ± 3.1 Ma for Xuhe mafic rocks. The relatively low MgO （basic rock： 3.11-7.21 wt%; pyroxene diorite： 0.89-1.21 wt% ） and Mg# （0.20- 0.49） for Xuhe mafic rocks suggest that they were possibly originated from an extremely evolved magma. The rising parental mafic magmas underwent pyroxene and plagioclase fractionation. Crustal contamination of pyroxene diorite before emplacement occurred at a higher crustal level compared to other lithology in Xuhe mafic rocks. The degree of partial melt was low （5%-10%） and in garnetspinel transition facies. Sr-Nd isotope of pyroxene diorite and enrichment mantle characteristics for Xuhe mafic rocks suggest that mafic rocks in the North Daba Mountains were derived from a mixture of HIMU, EMII and small amount of EMI components. Furthermore, this study discusses mantle geodynamic significance of Xuhe mafic rocks in the Silurian, which indicates subduction and uplift of magma caused back-arc extension.

关键词： Xuhe mafic rock SIMS U-Pb chronology geochemistry petrogenesis mantle dynamic

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Lithium-bearing Pegmatite Exploration in Western Altun,Xinjiang,using Remote-Sensing Technology

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2023年第2期97卷 681-694页

作者： JIANG Qi DAI Jingjing WANG Denghong WANG Chenghui TIAN Shufang key laboratory of metallogeny and mineral assessment Ministry of Natural ResourcesInstitute of Mineral ResourcesChinese Academy of Geological SciencesBeijing 100037China China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083China

Western Altun in Xinjiang is an important area,where lithium(Li)-bearing pegmatites have been found in recent ***,the complex terrain and harsh environment of western Altun exacerbates in prospecting for Li-bearing ***,remote-sensing techniques can be an effective means for prospecting Li-bearing *** this study,the fault information and lithologyical information in the region were obtained using the median-resolution remotesensing image Landsat-8,the radar image Sentinel-1 and hyperspectral data *** Landsat-8 data,the hydroxyl alteration information closely related to pegmatite in the region was extracted by principal component analysis,pseudoanomaly processing and other *** high spatial resolution remote-sensing data WorldView-2 and WorldView-3 short-wave infrared images were used and analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA),the band ratio method and multi-class machine learning(ML),combined with conventional thresholds specified the algorithms used to automatically extract Li-bearing pegmatite ***,the Li-bearing pegmatite exploration area was determined,based on a comprehensive analysis of the faults,hydroxyl alteration lithology and Li-bearing pegmatite *** investigations have verified that the distribution of pegmatites in the central part of the study area is consistent with that of Li-bearing pegmatites extracted in this *** study provides a new technique for prospecting Li-bearing pegmatites,which shows that remote-sensing technology possesses great potential for identifying lithium-bearing pegmatites,especially in areas that are not readily accessible.

关键词： remote sensing prospecting multi-class machine learning Li-bearing pegmatites western Altun

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mineralization Styles and Genesis of the Yinkeng Au-Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu-Mn Polymetallic Orefield, Southern Jiangxi Province, SE China: Evidence from Geology, Fluid Inclusions, Isotopes and Chronology

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2014年第3期88卷 825-844页

作者： FENG Chengyou LI Daxin ZENG Zailin ZHANG Dequan SHE Hongquan key laboratory of metallogeny and mineral Resource assessment Ministry of Land and Resources Institute of mineral resources CAGS South Jiangxi Geological Survey Party of JBGMR

The Yinkeng orefield in Yudu County,Jiangxi Province,SE China,is a zone of concentrated Au-Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu-Mn polymetallic *** on summing up basic geology and ore geology of the orefieid,the polymetallic deposits in the orefield have been divided into seven major substyles according to their occurring positions and control *** ore-forming fluid inclusion styles in the orefield include those of two-phase fluid,liquid CO2-bearing three-phase and daughter mineral-bearing *** homogenization temperatures range from 382° to 122℃,falling into five clusters of 370° to 390°,300° to 360°,230° to 300°,210° to 290° and 120° to 200°,and the clusters of 300° to 360°,230° to 300° and 120° to 200° are three major mineralization stages,with fluid salinity peaks from 4.14% to 7.31%,2.07% to 7.31% and 0.53% to 3.90%,*** ore-forming fluids are mainly type of NaCl-H2O with medium to high density （0.74-1.02 g/cm3）,or CO2-bearing NaCl-H2O with medium to low density （0.18-0.79 g/cm3）.The fluid salinity and density both show a decline tendency with decreasing *** to the measurement and calculation of Hand O-isotopic compositions in the quartz of the quartz-sulfide veins,δDV-SMOW of the ore-forming fluid is from-84‰ to-54‰,and δ18OV-SMOW of that is from 6.75‰ to 9.21‰,indicating a magmatic *** δ34SV-CDT of sulfides in the ores fall into two groups,one is from-4.4‰ to 2.2‰ with average of-1.42‰,and the other from 18.8‰ to 21.6‰ with average of 19.8‰.The S-isotopic data shows one peak at-4.4‰ to 2.2‰ （meaning-1.42‰） suggesting a simple magmatic sulfur *** ore Pbisotopic ratios are 206pb/204pb from 17.817 to 17.983,207pb/204pb from 15.470 to 15.620 and 208pb/204pb from 38.072 to 38.481,indicating characteristics of mantle-derived *** data show that the major ore deposits in the orefield have a magmatic-hydrothermal genesis and that the SHRIMP zircon age of the granodiorite porphyry,closely related to the mineralization,is 1

关键词： Ore geology geochemistry fluid inclusion SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating ore genesis,Carboniferous Jiangxi Province

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New Zircon U-Pb Age of Granodiorite from the Shayikenbulake Be Deposit in Altay, Xinjiang and its Significance

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2018年第2期92卷 870-871页

作者： LI Qiang YANG Fuquan YANG Chengdong key laboratory of metallogeny and mineral assessment Ministry of Land and Resources Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

Objective Intrusive rocks are widely distributed in Altay, Xinjiang, and appear in every structural belt. The rocks are mainly granite （Song Peng et al., 2017）, which formed from 523 Ma to 202 Ma and can be divided into five periods： 479-421 Ma, 410-370 Ma, 368-313 Ma, 300- 252 Ma and 247-202 Ma. However, intrusive rocks earlier than the Ordovician are rarely found. The small- scale low-grade metamorphic granite intruded in the Kanasi Group is the oldest intrusion reported up to now, which is the only one formed in the Early Cambrian （5234-19 Ma, Liu Yuan et al., 2013）. Few Cambrian intrusions limit the study of early magmatic-tectonic evolution in Altay. Medium-free-grained granodiorite is exposed widely in the Shayikenbulake deposit of Central Altay, and occurs as batholith. It formed in the Early Cambrian indicated by U-Pb dating, and is an ideal intrusion for studying Cambrian magmatic-tectonic events in Altay.

关键词： Pb ICP MS Co Xinjiang and its Significance New Zircon U-Pb Age of Granodiorite from the Shayikenbulake Be Deposit in Altay

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Re-Os Isotopic Dating of a W-Be Polymetallic Deposit in the Southern Qinling Region, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2018年第1期92卷 414-415页

作者： DAI Hongzhang WANG Denghong WANG Chenghui HUANG Fan key laboratory of metallogeny and mineral Resource assessment Ministry of Land and ResourcesInstitute of Mineral Resource Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences

Objective In recent years, a series of tungsten prospecting breakthroughs have been made in the southern Qinling Mountains. Especially, a new deposit type with a scheelite -beryl-molybdenite assemblage in the Zhen＇an area of Shaanxi Province was firstly discovered. This deposit is currently in a detailed investigation stage, and no detailed study has been yet conducted. This work selected one molybdenite sample from the Be （W） ores in this deposit for Re-Os isotope measurements to define the time limit of tungsten and beryllium mineralization, and to further reveal the ore-forming geological setting of rare metals in the southern Qinling region.

关键词： Re-Os Isotopic Dating Re-Os Isotopic Dating of a W-Be Polymetallic Deposit the Southern Qinling Region

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Indo–Chinese Magmatic Activity in the Duobaoshan District of Heilongjiang Province and Its Geological Significance

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2017年第6期91卷 2058-2077页

作者： LI Yun HOU Xiaoyu YANG Bo ZHAO Yuanyi CHEN Long China University of Geosciences key laboratory of metallogeny and mineral assessment of the Institute of mineral resources of Geological Sciences Chinese Academy of Geological SciencesMinistry of Land and Resources

The Duobaoshan ore concentration area, located in Nenjiang County of Heilongjiang Province, is an important porphyry Cu-Mo ore concentration area in China, which is characterized by complex magmatic activities and multi-phase overprinting metallogenesis. On the basis of field geological observation, systematic sampling, in-lab analysis and the metallogenic regularity in the Xiang＇an- Mongolian metallogenic belt, this work carried out high-precision dating and geochemical analysis on the Yuejin, 173-kilometer and Wolihedingzi rock bodies. These rock bodies are renamed monzonitic granite and their consistent age （238 Ma） show that they were formed not in Variscan but in Indosinian. Therefore, it is inferred that the ore spots formed in the potassium silicate and sericite alteration zones of the rock mass also belong to Indosinian. In addition, we collected granodiorite from the Tongshan mining pit, and its zircon age is 223.1＋2.8 Ma and the Cu content of the sample is high. The Tongshan mineralization is inferred to undergo the superimposition of Indosinian diagenetic mineralization. The age of the granodiorite porphyry related to copper-molybdenum mineralization in the Xiaoduobaoshan area is 222.1~5.5 Ma, and the earlier age of granodiorite is 471.8^-7.4 Ma, indicating that the initial magmatic activities belong to the Duobaoshan porphyry system in the Caledonian period. The geochemical characteristics of the Indosinian rock samples show continental arc features, with reference to tectonic-magmatic activities of the whole Daxing＇anling area. We consider that the magmatic activities and mineralization of the Indosinian period are affected by the southward subduction of Okhotsk Ocean since Late Permian. By combining the mineralization rules of Daxinganling area and the structural systems of Duobaoshan ore concentration area, we divide two rock-mineralization belts in this area including the Yuejin-Duobaoshan-Tongshan belt and 173-kilometer-Xiaoduobaoshan-Wolihedingzi b

关键词： Indosinian Okhotst Ocean prospecting direction Duobaoshan Heilongjiang Province

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