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Theoretical Progress and key technologies of Onshore Ultra-Deep oil/gas exploration

Engineering 2019年第3期5卷 458-470页

作者： Xusheng Guo Dongfeng Hu Yuping Li Jinbao Duan Xuefeng Zhang Xiaojun Fan Hua Duan Wencheng Li SINOPEC exploration Company Chengdu 610041 China Institute of oil and gas School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China

oil/gas exploration around the world has extended into deep and ultra-deep strata because it is increasingly difficult to find new large-scale oil/gas reservoirs in shallow–middle buried strata. In recent years, China has made remarkable achievements in oil/gas exploration in ultra-deep areas including carbonate and clastic reservoirs. Some (ultra) large-scale oil and gas fields have been discovered. The oil/gas accumulation mechanisms and key technologies of oil/gas reservoir exploration and development are summarized in this study in order to share China’s experiences. Ultra-deep oil/gas originates from numerous sources of hydrocarbons and multiphase charging. Liquid hydrocarbons can form in ultradeep layers due to low geothermal gradients or overpressures, and the natural gas composition in ultra-deep areas is complicated by the reactions between deep hydrocarbons, water, and rock or by the addition of mantle- or crust-sourced gases. These oils/gases are mainly stored in the original highenergy reef/shoal complexes or in sand body sediments. They usually have high original porosity. Secondary pores are often developed by dissolution, dolomitization, and fracturing in the late stage. The early pores have been preserved by retentive diageneses such as the early charging of hydrocarbons. oil/gas accumulation in ultra-deep areas generally has the characteristics of near-source accumulation and sustained preservation. The effective exploration and development of ultra-deep oil/gas reservoirs depend on the support of key technologies. Use of the latest technologies such as seismic signal acquisition and processing, low porosity and permeability zone prediction, and gas–water identification has enabled the discovery of ultra-deep oil/gas resources. In addition, advanced technologies for drilling, completion, and oil/gas testing have ensured the effective development of these fields.

关键词： oil/gas exploration Ultra-deep sources Reservoir Petroleum accumulation exploration and exploitation technologies

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Characteristics of biomarker in source rocks of Linxi Formation in Taohaiyingzi region, Zhalute basin

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2015年第3期34卷 338-345页

作者： Li Liu You-jun Tang Xing-chao Jiang key laboratory of exploration technologies for oil and gas resources Ministry of Education School of Earth Environment and Water Resources Yangtze University

Based on gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques, the authors researched biomarker characteristics of the Linxi Formation source rocks in the area of Taohaiyingzi, and analyzed the information and petroleum geological significance that were indicated by source of organic matter, sedimentary environment, maturity and so on. gas chromatography peak of saturated hydrocarbons from Linxi Formation source rocks showed ‘‘the former peak'' of the single peak distribution and the C23-dominant main peak. This indicates that the main source of organic matter was mixed organic matter; Pr/Ph ratios ranged from 0.3 to 0.6, indicating a strongly reducing sedimentary *** fossil assemblages in Linxi Formation source rocks were abundant in tricyclic terpane with long side chains, had high level of gammacerane, and showed dominant distribution of C27 steranes. Gammacerane ratios range from 0.15 to 0.29, with an average of 0.19, implying that Linxi Formation hydrocarbon source rocks were formed in the environment of micro-saltwater water to half-saltwater water. The hopanes/steranes ratios are mainly between 0.6 and 1.0, with an average of 0.84, implying that bacteria and algae had almost the samecontribution to organic matter. C27 steranes abundance is high and the ratio of C27steranes/C29 steranes is 1.13,showing that algae is the main source of hydrocarbon precursors.

关键词：生物标志物烃源岩特征比值范围盆地石油地质意义气相色谱沉积环境

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Molecular geochemical characteristics of source rock in faulted lacustrine basin:A case study of the Lishu Fault Depression in southern Songliao Basin,China

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2013年第4期32卷 413-419页

作者： LI Hongbo ZHANG Min CHEN Xiaohui Department of Geochemistry Yangtze University key laboratory of exploration technologies for oil and gas resources Ministry of EducationYangtze University

Terrestrial faulted lacustrine basin is considered as a favorable place for the development of source rocks,especially the fault basins in eastern *** on molecular composition study of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in the extracts of source rocks of the Yingcheng and Shahezi formations in the Lishu Fault Depression,it is revealed that the extracts of source rocks are provided with low ratio of Pr/Ph,low content of C24 tetracyclic terpanes,high content of tricyclic terpanes and gammacerane,relatively high content of C27 steranes in the sag belt and its periphery;relatively high ratio of Pr/Ph,relatively high content of tetracyclic terpanes and gammacerane,low content of C27 steranes and obvious advantages of C29 steranes in its gentle slope belt;with high ratio of Pr/Ph,high content of C19,C20 tricyclic and C24 tetracyclic terpanes,very low content of gammacerane and C27 steranes,and high content of C29 steranes in the edge of fault *** to the organic matter input and sedimentary environment,three types of source rocks have been established,which,respectively,are the mode of mixing organic matter input in deep and semi-deep lake,the advantage of terrigenous input in shallow lake and terrigenous input in shore-shallow *** first mode is supposed to generate oil and gas,while the second one tends to generate *** distribution characteristics of oil and gas in the Lishu Fault Depression are very likely to be controlled by hydrocarbon generating characteristic of different source rock types.

关键词：梨树断陷断陷湖盆中国东部分子组成烃源岩松辽盆地南部地球化学特征伽马蜡烷

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Geochemical characteristics and genetic types of crude oils from Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields in the Lishu Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, northeastern China

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2014年第1期33卷 103-108页

作者： ZENG Wei LIU Haiyu ZHANG Min School of Earth Environment and Water resources Yangtze University key laboratory of exploration technologies for oil and gas resources Ministry of EducationYangtze University

The Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields are new Mesozoic petroleum exploration targets in Lishu Fault Depression of Songliao Basin, northeastern China. Currently, researches on geochemistry of crude oils from Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields have not been performed and the genesis of oils is still uncertain. Based on bulk analyses, the crude oils in the Qinjiatun and Qikeshu oilfields of Lishu Fault Depression from the Lower Cretaceous can be classified as three types. TypeⅠoils, from Quantou and Denglouku formations of Qikeshu oilfield, are characterized by high C24tetracyclic terpane/C26tricyclic terpanes ratios, low gammacerance/C30hopane ratios, tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios, C29Ts/C29norhopane ratios and 17α(H)-diahopane/17α(H)-hopane ratios, indicating a brackish lacustrine facies. TypeⅡoils, from Shahezi Formation of Qikeshu oilfield show low C24tetracyclic terpane/C26tricyclic terpanes, high gammacerance/C30hopane ratios, tricyclic terpanes/hopanes ratios, C29Ts/C29 norhopane and C30diahopane/C30hopane ratios, thus suggesting that they originated from source rocks deposited in a weak reducing brackish lacustrine environment, or clay-rich sediments. Type oilsⅢ, from some wells of Qikeshu oilfield have geochemical characteristics intermediate between those two types and may be mixture of typeⅠand Ⅱoils.

关键词：地球化学特征成因类型梨树断陷松辽盆地东北部油田原油中国

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Evaluation of the in-place adsorbed gas content of organic-rich shales using wireline logging data: a new method and its application

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2021年第2期15卷 301-309页

作者： Xin NIE Yu WAN Da GAO Chaomo ZHANG Zhansong ZHANG key laboratory of exploration technologies for oil and gas resources Yangtze UniversityWuhan 430100China Cooperative Innovation Center of Unconventional oil and gas Yangtze UniversityWuhan 430100China

Adsorbed gas content is an important parameter in shale gas reservoir evaluations,and its common calculation method is based on core ***,in different areas,the correlations between the adsorbed gas content and well logging data might ***,a model developed for one specific area cannot be considered *** on previous studies,we studied the relationships between temperature,TOC,organic matter maturity and adsorbed gas content and revealed qualitative equations between these ***,the equations were combined to establish a new adsorbed gas content calculation model based on depth and total organic carbon(TOC).This model can be used to estimate the adsorbed gas content using only conventional well logging data when core experimental data are rare or even *** method was applied in the southern Sichuan Basin,and the adsorbed gas content results agree well with those calculated using the Langmuir isothermal model and core experimental *** actual data processing results show that the adsorbed gas content model is reliable.

关键词： shale reservoir adsorbed gas well logging temperature pressure TOC depth

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Identifying and localizing of seismogenic electromagnetic anomalies from data observed by permanent MT stations

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第5期67卷 1698-1713页

作者： Bing HAN Wenbao HU Guoze ZHAO Ji TANG State key laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics Institute of GeologyBeijing 100029China key laboratory of exploration technologies for oil and gas resources of Ministry of Education Yangtze UniversityWuhan 430100China

In this research, an arbitrarily oriented electric dipole at subsurface is used to simulate Seismogenic Electromagnetic(SEM) radiation emanating from a seismic zone during its gestation phase. Analytical synthesis of responses at the Lijiang magnetotelluric(MT) station has revealed that SEM radiation could induce identifiable anomalies in the electromagnetic(EM)spectrum, apparent resistivity and phase within specific frequency bands. Background variations were extracted from long-term observation data of Dali and Lijiang MT stations, enabling the identification of SEM anomalies related to the Yunlong and Yangbi earthquakes. Multiple parameters of dipole sources at subsurface were obtained by applying the Differential Ant Colony Optimization(DACO) algorithm to anomalous data of two stations with multi-frequencies and various response functions. The spatial distribution of these predicted dipoles is predominantly clustered in or around the seismogenic area, with their azimuthal orientation aligning towards the seismogenic fault in general. This study has demonstrated the potential of using subsurface electric dipole simulations for SEM radiation analysis, offering a feasible approach for the prediction and understanding of seismogenic zones.

关键词： MT responses Identifying SEM anomaly Vector electric dipole responses Localizing SEM sources by inversion

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An invariance in the carbazoles of petroleum

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2005年第3期24卷 253-256页

作者：张春明赵红静胡伯良 key laboratory of exploration technologies for oil and gas resources (Yangtze University) MOE Jingzhou 434023 China Department of Geochemistry Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China key laboratory of exploration technologies for oil and gas resources (Yangtze University) MOE Jingzhou 434023 China

A remarkable invariance in the ratio of 1,3-dimethylcarbazole (DMC) to 1,6-DMC was discovered in crude oils from the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea. The remarkably invariant ratio is kept at a constant of about unity regardless of their concentrations, sources or maturities for the samples. In combination with the molecular structures of 1,3- and 1,6-DMCs, the invariance might indicate that the nitrogen compounds share a common precursor with a skeleton of 1-methylcarbazole and are formed through methylation at C-3 and C-6 with an essentially identical rate.

关键词：石油中国咔唑地质构造

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Genesis study of high abundant 17α(H)-diahopanes in Lower Cretaceous lacustrine source rocks of the Lishu Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, Northeast China

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Chinese Journal Of Geochemistry 2014年第2期33卷 201-206页

作者： LIU Haiyu ZHANG Min LI Xing School of Earth Environment and Water resources Yangtze University key laboratory of exploration technologies for oil and gas resources Yangtze University Zhanjiang Branch of CNOOC Ltd.

Relatively abundant 17α(H)-diahopanes have been detected in the lower cretaceous lacustrine source rocks from the Lishu Fault Depression in the Songliao Basin Northeast China. Rich long chain tricyclic terpanes(carbon number up to C35) and gammacerane have been observed in those source rocks with relatively abundant 17α(H)-diahopanes, which is rarely seen in previous reports. In this paper, the formation of 17α(H)-diahopanes has been discussed from three aspects including maturity, oxidation-reduction nature of depositional environment and parent material composition by the GC/MS analyses. The results reveal that maturity and oxidation-reduction nature of depositional environment have little effect on the formation of 17α(H)-diahopanes in the investigated area. However, the positive correlation between long-chain tricyclic terpanes and 17α(H)-diahopanes argues strongly for a common origin, and the origin is related to the algaes in saline water environment. The algaes in saline water environment may be a kind of origin of 17α(H)-diahopanes.

关键词：中国东北地区湖相烃源岩重排藿烷梨树断陷松辽盆地下白垩统 A(H) 成因

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Pyrite-hydrocarbon Interaction under Hydrothermal Conditions: an Alternative Origin of H_2S and Organic Sulfur Compounds in Sedimentary Environments

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第6期90卷 2133-2148页

作者： DING Kangle MEI Ping LUO Yue key laboratory of exploration technologies for oil and gas resources of Ministry of Education Yangtze University State key laboratory of Petroleum resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Yangtze University

Sulfate rocks and organic sulfur from sedimentary organic matter are conventionally assumed as the original sulfur sources for hydrogen sulfide （H2S） in oil and gas reservoirs. However, a few recent experiments preliminarily indicate that the association of pyrite and hydrocarbons may also have implications for H2S generation, in which water effects and natural controls on the evolution of pyrite sulfur into OSCs and H2S have not been evaluated. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted from 200 to 450°C to investigate chemical interactions between pyrite and hydrocarbons under hydrothermal conditions. Based on the experimental results, preliminary mechanism and geochemical implications were tentatively discussed. Results of the experiments showed that decomposition of pyrite produced H2S and thiophenes at as low as 330°C in the presence of water and n-pentane. High concentrations of H2S were generated above 450°C under closed pyrolysis conditions no matter whether there is water in the designed experiments. However, much more organic sulfur compounds （OSCs） were formed in the hydrous pyrolysis than in anhydrous pyrolysis. Generally, most of sulfur liberated from pyrite at elevated temperatures was converted to H2S. Water was beneficial to breakdown of pyrite and to decomposition of alkanes into olefins but not essential to formation of large amounts of H2S, given the main hydrogen source derived from hydrocarbons. In addition, cracking of pyrite in the presence of 1-octene under hydrous conditions was found to proceed at 200°C, producing thiols and alkyl sulfides. Unsaturated hydrocarbons would be more reactive intermediates involved in the breakdown of pyrite than alkanes. The geochemistry of OSCs is actually controlled by various geochemical factors such as thermal maturity and the carbon chain length of the alkanes. This study indicates that the scale of H2S gas generated in deep buried carbonate reservoirs via interactions between pyrite and natural

关键词： laboratory experiments pyrite hydrocarbon H2S OSCs geochemical implications

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Extended hopanes and 8,14-secohopanes up to C_(40)in unbiodegraded marine oils from the Tarim Basin,NW China

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Petroleum Science 2022年第2期19卷 498-508页

作者： Jian-Ping Bao Cui-Shan Zhu Xi Yang Hubei key laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry and Environment Key Lab.of Exploration Technologies for Oil&Gas ResourcesMinistry of EducationGeochemistry DepartmentYangtze UniversityWuhan430100HubeiChina

Extended 17α(H),21β(H)-hopanes and three series of 8,14-secohopanes up to C_(40),including 8α(H),14α(H),17α(H),21β(H)-,8α(H),14α(H),17β(H),21α(H)-and 8α(H),14β(H),17β(H),21α(H)-,were detected by GC-MS-MS method in the branched/cyclic hydrocarbon fractions of some unbiodegraded marine oils from the Tazhong uplift in the Tarim Basin,NW *** coexistence of extended hopanes and 8,14-secohopanes up to C_(40)in unbiodegraded oils suggests that they are primary and independent on *** similarity of distribution and composition for extended hopanes and 8,14-secohopanes up to C_(40)in unbiodegraded oils proposes that they could be derived from a similar biological ***,an abrupt decrease up to 3-5 times in the relative abundance from C_(35)to C_(36)in C_(31-40)extended hopanes and extended 8,14-secohopanes suggests that C_(31-35)and C_(36-40)extended hopanes and extended 8,14-secohopanes should have their own biological *** known C35bacteriohopanetetrol should be biological precursor of C_(31-35)extended hopanes and 8,14-secohopanes,but an unknown C_(40)functionalized hopanoid could be biological precursor of C_(36-40)extended hopanes and 8,*** attention should be paid to their potential roles in oil-source correlation for severely biodegraded oils based on their widespread occurrence in various source rocks,unbiodegraded and severely biodegraded oils.

关键词： Extended hopanes Extended 8,14-secohopanes Biomarkers Bacteriohopanetetrol Unbiodegraded marine oils Tazhong Uplift Tarim Basin

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