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Derivation of baroclinic Ertel–Rossby invariant-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation in moist flow

chinese physics B 2014年第11期23卷 700-705页

作者：杨帅高守亭 laboratory of cloud-precipitation physics and severe storms (LACS) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

For the potential vorticity （PV） invariant, there is a PV-based complete-form vorticity equation, which we use heuris- tically in the present paper to answer the following question： for the Ertel-Rossby invariant （ERI）, is there a corresponding vorticity tendency equation？ Such an ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation is derived and discussed in detail in this study. From the obtained new vorticity equation, the vertical vorticity change is constrained by the vertical velocity term, the term associated with the slope of the generalized momentum surface, the term related to the horizontal vorticity change, and the baroclinic or solenoid term. It explicitly includes both the dynamical and thermodynamic factors＇ influence on the vorticity change. For the ERI itself, besides the traditional PV term, the ERI also includes the moisture factor, which is excluded in dry ERI, and the term related to the gradients of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy that reflects the fast-manifold property. Therefore, it is more complete to describe the fast motions off the slow manifold for severe weather than the PV term. These advantages are naturally handed on and inherited by the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation. Then the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation is further transformed and compared with the traditional vorticity equation. The main difference between the two equations is the term which describes the contribution of the solenoid term to the vertical vorticity development. In a barotropic flow, the solenoid term disappears, then the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation can regress to the traditional vorticity equation.

关键词： vorticity equation derivation Ertel-Rossby invariant

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Another look at the moist baroclinic Ertel–Rossby invariant with mass forcing

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chinese physics B 2018年第2期27卷 655-663页

作者：杨帅高守亭陈斌 laboratory of cloud-precipitation physics and severe storms (LACS) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences State key laboratory of severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

Due to the importance of the mass forcing induced by precipitation and condensation in moist processes, the La- grangian continuity equation without a source/sink term utilized to prove the Ertel-Rossby invariant （ERI） and its con- servation property is re-derived considering the mass forcing. By introducing moist enthalpy and moisture entropy, the baroclinic ERI could be adapted to moist flow. After another look at the moist ERI, it is deployed as the dot product be- tween the generalized velocity and the generalized vorticity in moist flow, which constitutes a kind of generalized helicity. Thus, the baroclinic ERI is further extended to the moist case. Moreover, the derived moist ERI forumla remains formally consistent with the dry version, no matter whether mass forcing is present. By using the Weber transformation and the Lagrangian continuity equation with a source/sink effect, the conservation property of the baroclinic ERI in moist flow is revisited. The presence or absence of mass forcing in the Lagrangian continuity equation determines whether or not the baroclinic ERI in moist flow is materially conserved. In other words, it would be qualified as a quasi-invariant but only being dependent on the circumstances. By another look at the moist baroclinic ERI, it is surely a neat formalism with a simple physical explanation, and the usefulness of its anomaly in diagnosing atmospheric flow is demonstrated by case study.

关键词： quasi-Ertel-Rossby invariant generalized helicity mass forcing adapting

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Aircraft Observations of Liquid and Ice in Midlatitude Mixed-Phase clouds

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2014年第3期31卷 604-610页

作者： ZHAO Zhen LEI Hengchi key laboratory of cloud-precipitation physics and severe storms Institute of Atmospheric physics Chinese Academy of Sciences

ABSTRACT This paper reports airborne measurements of midlatitude altostratus clouds observed over Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China on 3 March 2007. The case demonstrates mixed-phase conditions at altitudes from 3200 to 4600 m （0°C to -7.6°C）, with liquid water content ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 g m-3. In the observed mixed-phase cloud, liquid water content exhibited a bimodal distribution, whereas the maximum ice particle concentration was located in the middle part of the cloud. The liquid and ice particle data showed significant horizontal variability on the scale of a few hundred meters. The cloud droplet concentration varied greatly over the horizontal sampling area. There was an inverse relationship between the cloud droplet concentration and ice particle concentration. A gamma distribution provided the best description of the cloud droplet spectra. The liquid droplet distributions were found to increase in both size and concentration with altitude. It was inferred from the profile of the spectra parameters that the cloud droplet sizes tend to form a quasi-monodisperse distribution. Ice particle spectra in the cloud were fitted well by an exponential distribution. Finally, a remarkable power law relationship was found between the slope （λ） and intercept （No） parameters of the exponential size distribution.

关键词： cloud structure liquid water content droplet spectra particle measuring systems

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Image of local energy anomaly during a heavy rainfall event

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chinese physics B 2017年第11期26卷 565-573页

作者：杨帅左群杰高守亭 laboratory of cloud-precipitation physics and severe storms (LACS) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences State key laboratory of severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

A clear and interesting image of local total energy anomaly(EA) is depicted for a heavy rainfall event in this *** the convection development, it exhibits a positive local EA, implying local total energy(TE) experiences heaping up to prepare for the future system development. As the convection grows, it transforms into an opposite spatial modality with negative EA dominant, which means that the local TE is consumed to feed the convection growth in the middle and lower levels. The local total EA has consistent variation regular in intensity with severe weather system evolution. By utilizing the local TE budget equation in variable density fluid, the flux divergence of energy and its components are investigated, which could account for the local TE variation better. To relax the restriction and complexity introduced by identifying sporadic and alternative positive/negative signals of EA, the method taking the absolute-value operator on energy flux divergence is used to further simplify analyses. The derived characteristic signal of absolute EA is clearer and cleaner than ***, the EA could be illustrated based on the active degree of energy supply/consumption in a generalized sense whatever positive or negative anomaly should be it, which could be used easily to identify and even predict the system development for operational application. Note that, although two sets of methodologies are used to define EA herein, they play absolutely different roles in nature throughout the whole context. For example, the taking-perturbation method provides a diagnostic tool to portray a preliminary sketch and to give sufficient necessity of this research, while tendency equation of local TE illuminates more predictive sense and accounts for future local EA related to following system evolution. Therefore, the latter could be a more effective tool to routine usage.

关键词： local energy anomaly energy budget equation heavy rainfall

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A phase analysis of vorticity vectors associated with tropical convection

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chinese physics B 2008年第6期17卷 2304-2310页

作者：崔晓鹏 laboratory of cloud-precipitation physics and severe storms (LACS) Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences

Three new vorticity vectors have been proposed by Gao et al to study the two-dimensional tropical convection. In the present paper, phase relations between surface rain rate and the vorticity vectors are analysed with the calculations of lag correlation coefficients based on hourly zonally-averaged mass-integrated cloud-resolving simulation data. The cloud-resolving model is integrated with the vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal thermal and moisture advections, and sea surface temperature observed and derived from tropical ocean global atmosphere - coupled ocean atmosphere response experiment （TOGA-COARE） for 10 days. Maximum local increase of the vertical component of the convective vorticity vector leads maximum surface rain rate by 2 hours mainly due to the interaction between vorticity and zonal gradient of ice heating. While maximum local increase of the vertical component of the moist vorticity vector leads maxfinum surface rain rate by 2 hours mainly because of the interaction between zonal specific humidity gradient and zonal buoyancy gradient. And the maximum local decrease of the zonal component of the dynamic vorticity vector leads maximum surface rain rate by 2 hours mainly due to the interactions between vorticity and vertical pressure gradient as well as vorticity and buoyancy.

关键词： phase analysis vorticity vectors tropical convection cloud-resolving model

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The Mesoscale Balance and Imbalance and the Corresponding Potential Vorticity Inversion from the View of Helicity

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2016年第4期30卷 559-571页

作者：高守亭周菲凡左群杰 laboratory of cloud-precipitation physics and severe storms Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

The static balance and the geostrophic balance are the common balances in *** the synoptic systems and most of the mesoscale systems satisfy the above two ***,due to the strong convection and non-geostrophic feature,many mesoscale systems usually present as static imbalance,and the quasi-geostrophic approximation is no longer *** paper tried to find out a kind of balance that exists for mesoscale convective *** do this,the concrete mathematics definitions for balance and imbalance equations were ***,it is proposed that the new balance equation should include the divergence,vorticity,and vertical motion simultaneously,and the helicity equation was a good choice for the ***,the mesoscale balance and imbalance equations were constructed,as well as a new balance model that was based on the helicity,horizontal divergence,vertical vorticity,continuity,and thermal dynamic equations under same ***,the corresponding potential vorticity（PV）inversion technique was *** was pointed out that by using the PV conservation and the potential temperature conservation,the flows of the mesoscale balance model can be deduced,and their comparison with the real fields would give the degree of the imbalance.

关键词： helicity mesoscale balance mesoscale imbalance PV inversion

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The Impact of Deformation on Vortex Development in a Baroclinic Moist Atmosphere

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2016年第2期33卷 233-246页

作者： Na LI Lingkun RAN Shouting GAO key laboratory of cloud-precipitation physics and severe storms Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences State key laboratory of severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

A mathematical relation between deformation and vertical vorticity tendency is built by introducing the frontogenesis function and the complete vertical vorticity equation, which is derived by virtue of moist potential vorticity. From the mathematical relation, it is shown that properly configured atmospheric conditions can make deformation exert a positive contribution to vortex development at rates comparable to other favorable factors. The effect of deformation on vortex development is not only related to the deformation itself, but also depends on the current thermodynamic and dynamic structures of the atmosphere, such as the convective stability, moist baroclinicity and vertical wind shear （or horizontal vorticity）. A diagnostic study of a heavy-rainfall case that occurred during 20-22 July 2012 shows that deformation has the most remarkable effect on the increase in vertical vorticity during the rapid development stage of the low vortex during its whole life cycle. This feature is mainly due to the existence of an approximate neutral layer （about 700 hPa） in the atmosphere where the convective stability tends to be zero. The neutral layer makes the effect of deformation on the vertical vorticity increase significantly during the vortex development stage, and thus drives the vertical vorticity to increase.

关键词： deformation low vortex vorticity frontogenesis function

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precipitation efficiency and its relationship to physical factors

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chinese physics B 2014年第6期23卷 260-265页

作者：周玉淑李小凡高守亭 laboratory of cloud-precipitation physics and severe storms (LACS) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Earth sciences Zhejiang University

The precipitation efficiency and its relationship to physical factors are examined by analyzing a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation during TOGA COARE in this study. The basic physical factors include convective avail- able potential energy, water-vapor convergence, vertical wind shear, cloud ratio, sea surface temperature, air temperature, and precipitable water. precipitation efficiencies do not show a close relationship to air temperature nor to sea surface tem- perature nor to precipitable water. The precipitation efficiency increases as the water-vapor convergence rate increases and vertical wind shear weakens, whereas it decreases as the convective available potential energy dissipates and anvil clouds develop.

关键词： precipitation efficiency water-vapor convergence convective available potential energy cloud ratio

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The effects of giant cloud condensation nuclei on the structure of precipitation in hailstorm clouds

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Science China Earth sciences 2012年第1期55卷 126-142页

作者： YANG HuiLing XIAO Hui HONG YanChao laboratory of cloud-precipitation physics and severe storms Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) has been used to investigate the effects of varied giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) concentrations on precipitation characteristics of the spring hailstorms in a semi-arid region. The simulation result shows that this variation has significant effects on the storm microphysical processes as well as on the surface precipitation. The coverage of hail and hail mixing ratio maxima in cloud increases with greater GCCN concentrations. The accumulation zone structure benefits the growth of hail particles. Higher GCCN concentrations lead to more supercooled rain water and cloud water available for freezing. This simulation also shows that increasing GCCN concentrations may produce more rainfall on the surface but less hail precipitation, and the total accumulated precipitation increases while the ice phase precipitation decreases. This effect is stronger in polluted air than in clean air. The surface flow field changes with different GCCN concentrations. The identification index of spring hailstorm is different from that of summer hailstorm with a different aerosol background.

关键词： aerosol giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN) micro-physics hailstorm precipitation

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Effects of water and ice clouds on cloud microphysical budget:An equilibrium modeling study

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chinese physics B 2014年第2期23卷 270-277页

作者：高守亭李小凡周玉淑 laboratory of cloud-precipitation physics and severe storms (LACS) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Earth sciences Zhejiang University

The effects of water and ice clouds on the cloud microphysical budget associated with rainfall are investigated through the analysis of grid-scale data from a series of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model equilibrium sensitivity simulations. The model is imposed without large-scale vertical velocity. In the control experiment, the contribution from rainfall （cM） associated with net evaporation and hydrometeor loss/convergence is about 29% of that from the rainfall （Cm） associated with net condensation and hydrometeor gain/divergence and about 39% of that from the rainfall （CM） associated with net condensation and hydrometeor loss/convergence. The exclusion of ice clouds enhances rainfall contribution of CM, whereas it reduces rainfall contributions of Cm and cM. The removal of radiative effects of water clouds increases rainfall contribution of CM, barely changes rainfall contribution of Cm and reduces the rainfall contribution of cM in the presence of the radiative effects of ice clouds. Elimination of the radiative effects of water clouds reduces the rainfall contributions of CM and Cm, whereas it increases the rainfall contribution of cM in the absence of the radiative effects of ice clouds.

关键词： effects of water and ice clouds cloud budget net condensation hydrometeor change/convergence

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