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Enhancing MXene-based supercapacitors:Role of synthesis and 3D architectures

Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第4期91卷 1-26页

作者： Wen Siong Poh Wen Jie Yiang Wee-Jun Ong Pau Loke Show Chuan Yi Foo School of Energy and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University MalaysiaSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia&College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen 361005FujianChina Kelip-kelip!Center of Excellence for Light Enabling Technologies Xiamen University MalaysiaSelangor Darul Ehsan 43900Malaysia Center of Excellence for NaNo Energy&Catalysis Technology(CONNECT) Xiamen University MalaysiaSelangor Darul Ehsan 43900Malaysia Department of Chemical Engineering Khalifa UniversityShakhbout Bin Sultan St-Zone 1Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates zhejiang Provincial key laboratory for subtropical water environment and marine biological resources protection Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035ZhejiangChina Department of Chemical and environmental Engineering Faculty of Science and EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham MalaysiaJalan Broga43500 SemenyihSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia Department of Sustainable Engineering Saveetha School of EngineeringSIMATSChennai 602105India

MXene has been the limelight for studies on electrode active materials,aiming at developing supercapacitors with boosted energy density to meet the emerging influx of wearable and portable electronic *** its various desirable properties including intrinsic flexibility,high specific surface area,excellent metallic conductivity and unique abundance of surface functionalities,its full potential for electrochemical performance is hindered by the notorious restacking phenomenon of MXene *** to its two-dimensional(2D)nature and surface functional groups,inevitable Van der Waals interactions drive the agglomeration of nanosheets,ultimately reducing the exposure of electrochemically active sites to the electrolyte,as well as severely lengthening electrolyte ion transport *** a result,energy and power density deteriorate,limiting the application versatility of MXene-based *** 3D architectures using 2D nanosheets presents as a straightforward yet ingenious approach to mitigate the fatal flaws of ***,the sheer number of distinct methodologies reported,thus far,calls for a systematic review that unravels the rationale behind such 3D MXene structural ***,this review aims to serve this purpose while also scrutinizing the structure–property relationship to correlate such structural modifications to their ensuing electrochemical performance ***,the physicochemical properties of MXene play fundamental roles in determining the effective charge storage capabilities of 3D MXene-based *** largely depends on different MXene synthesis techniques and synthesis condition variations,hence,elucidated in this review as ***,the challenges and perspectives for achieving viable commercialization of MXene-based supercapacitor electrodes are highlighted.

关键词： MXene 3D architectures Synthesis design Supercapacitor Energy storage

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Seasonal variation in body mass and energy budget in Chinese bulbuls (pycnonotus sinensis)

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Chinese Birds 2014年第1期5卷 21-30页

作者： Mengsi Wu Yuchao Xiao Fang Yang Limeng Zhou Weihong Zheng Jinsong Liu School of Life and environmental Sciences Wenzhou University key laboratory for subtropical water environment and marine biological resources protection in zhejiang province

Background: Seasonal adjustments in body mass and energy budget are important for the survival of small birds in temperate zones. Seasonal changes in body mass, body temperature, gross energy intake(GEI), digestible energy intake(DEI), body fat content, as well as length and mass of the digestive tract, were measured in Chinese Bulbuls(Pycnonotus sinensis) caught in the wild at Wenzhou, ***: Body mass was determined with a Sartorius balance. The caloric contents of the dried food and feces were then determined using a oxygen bomb calorimeter. Total fat was extracted from the dried carcasses by ether extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. The digestive tract of each bird was measured and weighed, and was then dried to a constant ***: Body mass showed a significant seasonal variation and was higher in spring and winter than in summer and autumn. Body fat was higher in winter than in other seasons. GEI and DEI were significantly higher in *** length and mass of the digestive tract were greatest in winter and the magnitude of both these parameters was positively correlated with body mass, GEI and DEI. Small passerines typically have higher daily energy expenditure in winter, necessitating increased food ***: This general observation is consistent with the observed winter increase in gut volume and body mass in Chinese Bulbuls. These results suggest that Chinese Bulbuls adjust to winter conditions by increasing their body mass, body fat, GEI, DEI and digestive tract size.

关键词： Digestive tract Energy budget Morphology Pycnonotus sinensis Seasonal variation

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Relationships between interspecific differences in the mass of internal organs,biochemical markers of metabolic activity,and the thermogenic properties of three smallpasserines

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Chinese Birds 2016年第2期7卷 116-124页

作者： Minlan Bai Xujian Wu Kejing Cai Weihong Zheng Jinsong Liu School of Life and environmental Sciences Wenzhou University zhejiang Provincial key Lab for subtropical water environment and marine biological resources protection

Background:The capacity for thermogenesis is considered part of an animal's adaptive strategy for survival,and basal metabolic rate(BMR) is one of the fundamental physiological standards for assessing the energy cost of thermoregulation in *** has been shown to be a highly flexible phenotypic trait both between,and within,species,but the metabolic mechanisms involved in the regulation of BMR,which range from variation in organ mass to biochemical adjustments,remain *** this study,we investigated the relationship between organ mass,biochemical markers of metabolic tissue activity,and thermogenesis,in three species of small passerines:wild Bramblings(Fringilla montifringilla),Little Buntings(Emberiza pusilla) and Eurasian Tree Sparrows(Passer montanus),caught in Wenzhou,southeastern ***:Oxygen consumption was measured using an open-circuit respirometry *** state-4 respiration and cytochrome c oxidase(COX) activity in liver and pectoral muscle were measured with a Clark ***:Our results show that Eurasian Tree Sparrows had significantly higher BMR,digestive organ mass,mitochondrial state-4 respiration capacity and COX activity in liver and muscle,than Bramblings and Little ***,interspecific differences in BMR were strongly correlated with those indigestive tract mass,state-4 respiration and COX ***:Our findings suggest that the digestive organ mass,state-4 respiration and COX activity play an important role in determining interspecific differences in BMR.

关键词： Basal metabolic rate(BMR) Cytochrome c oxidase(COX) State-4 respiration Fringilla montifringilla Emberiza pusilla Passer montanus

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Short photoperiod increases energy intake, metabolic thermogenesis and organ mass in silky starlings Sturnus sericeus

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Zoological Research 2016年第2期37卷 75-83页

作者： Jia-Qi WANG Jia-Jia WANG Xu-Jian WU Wei-Hong ZHENG Jin-Song LIU School of Life and environmental Sciences Wenzhou University zhejiang Provincial key Lab for subtropical water environment and marine biological resources protection

environmental cues play important roles in the regulation of an animal＇s physiology and behavior. One such cue, photoperiod, plays an important role in the seasonal acclimatization of birds. It has been demonstrated that an animal＇s body mass, basal metabolic rate （BMR）, and energy intake, are all affected by photoperiod. The present study was designed to examine photoperiod induced changes in the body mass, metabolism and metabolic organs of the silky starling, Stumus sericeus. Captive silky starlings increased their body mass and BMR during four weeks of acclimation to a short photoperiod. Birds acclimated to a short photopedod also increased the mass of certain organs （liver, gizzard and small intestine）, and both gross energy intake （GEl） and digestible energy intake （DEI）, relative to those acclimated to a long photoperiod. Furthermore, BMR was positively correlated with body mass, liver mass, GEl and DEI. These results suggest that silky starlings increase metabolic thermogenesis when exposed to a short photoperiod by increasing their body and metabolic organ mass, and their GEl and DEI. These findings support the hypothesis that bird species from temperate climates typically display high phenotypic flexibility in thermogenic capacity.

关键词： Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Body mass Energy budget Organ mass Photoperiod Silkystarling Sturnus sericeus.

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Daily variation in body mass and thermoregulation in male Hwamei(Garrulax canorus) at different seasons

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Chinese Birds 2015年第1期6卷 14-21页

作者： Lidan Zhao Runmei Wang Yunan Wu Mengsi Wu Weihong Zheng Jinsong Liu School of Life and environmental Sciences Wenzhou University key laboratory of water environment and marine biological resources protection in zhejiang province Wenzhou University

Background: Acclimatization to winter conditions is an essential prerequisite for survival of small passerines of the northern temperate zone. In the present study, we measured diurnal variations in body mass, body temperature and basal metabolic rate(BMR) for seasonally acclimatized Hwameis(Garrulax canorus).Methods: Body mass was determined with a Sartorius balance. Metabolic rates of Hwameis were measured with an open-circuit respirometry ***: Body masses varied with time of day and were higher in daytime for Hwameis in both summer and winter, and body masses in winter were higher compared to that in summer. Body temperatures of Hwameis were higher in daytime, and the summer acclimatized birds had significantly higher body temperatures compared to the winter acclimatized birds. BMRs of Hwameis were significantly higher during the daytime compared to the nighttime of the daily cycle in both summer and winter, and Hwameis in winter had significantly higher BMRs than that in ***: This result showed that Hwameis rely mostly on metabolic capacity to maintain their body temperature in cold weathers, and Hwameis exhibited daily and seasonal flexibility in morphology and physiology which is important under changing environmental conditions.

关键词： Hwamei(Garrulax canorus) Body mass Body temperature Diurnal rhythm Metabolic rate

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Oxidative stress responses to cadmium in the seedlings of a commercial seaweed Sargassum fusiforme

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2020年第10期39卷 147-154页

作者： Tiantian Zhang Minheng Hong Mingjiang Wu Binbin Chen Zengling Ma College of Life and environmental Science Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China zhejiang Provincial key laboratory for subtropical water environment and marine biological resources protection Wenzhou 325035China

Cadmium(Cd)is a common heavy metal pollutant in the aquatic environment,generally toxic to plant growth and leading to growth inhibition and biomass *** study the oxidation resistance in Sargassum fusiforme seedlings in response to inorganic Cd stress,we cultured the seedlings under two different Cd levels:natural seawater and high Cd *** Cd stress significantly inhibited the seedlings growth,and darkened the thalli ***,the pigment contents,growth rate,peroxidase(POD)activity,dehydroascorbic acid(DHA)content,and glutathione reductase(GR)activity in *** were significantly reduced by high Cd ***,the Cd accumulation,Cd2+absorption rate,dark respiration/net photosynthetic rate(Rd/Pn),ascorbic acid(Vc)content,soluble protein(SP)content,glutathione(GSH),and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)of *** under Cd treatment significantly increased compared to the control *** decrease of malondialdehyde(MDA)was not *** *** seedlings increased the antioxidant activities of POD,SOD,Vc,and the AsA-GSH cycle to disseminate H2O2 and maintain healthy metabolism,high Cd stress caused Cd accumulation in the stem and leaves of *** *** excessive Cd significantly restricted photosynthesis and reduced photosynthetic pigments in the seedlings,resulting in growth inhibition and deep morphological color,especially of the *** levels of Cd in seawater had toxic effects on commercial *** seedlings,and risked this edible seaweed for human food.

关键词： Sargassum fusiforme cadmium stress oxidation resistance photosynthesis aquaculture marine pollution

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Seasonal phenotypic flexibility in body mass,basal thermogenesis,and tissue oxidative capacity in the male Silky Starling(Sturnus sericeus)

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Avian Research 2017年第4期8卷 243-254页

作者： Min Li Yingqiao Sun Hongzhen Mao Jinhua Xu Weihong Zheng Jinsong Liu School of Life and environmental Sciences Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China zhejiang Provincial key Lab for subtropical water environment and marine biological resources protection Wenzhou 325035China

Background: Acclimatization to winter conditions is an essential prerequisite for the survival of small birds in the northern temperate *** in photoperiod,ambient temperature and food availability trigger seasonal physiological and behavioral acclimatization in many *** trends in metabolic parameters are well known in avian populations from temperate environments;however,the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying these trends are incompletely *** this study,we used an integrative approach to measure variation in the thermogenic properties of the male Silky Starling(Sturnus sericeus) at different levels or organization,from the whole organism to the *** measured body mass(Mb),basal metabolic rate(BMR),energy budget,the mass of selected internal organs,state 4 respiration and cytochrome c oxidase(COX) activity in the heart,liver and ***: Oxygen consumption was measured using an open-circuit respirometry *** energy intake of the birds were then determined using an oxygen bomb *** state 4 respiration and COX activity in heart,liver and pectoral muscle were measured with a Clark ***: The results suggest that acclimatization to winter conditions caused significant change in each of the measured variables,specifically,increases in Mb,organ mass,BMR,energy intake and cellular enzyme ***,BMR was positively correlated with body mass,energy intake,the mass of selected internal organs,state 4 respiration in the heart,liver and muscle,and COX activity in the heart and ***: These results suggest that the male Silky Starling's enhanced basal thermogenesis under winter conditions is achieved by making a suite of adjustments from the whole organism to the biochemical level,and provide further evidence to support the notion that small birds have high phenotypic plasticity with respect to seasonal changes.

关键词： Basal metabolic rate(BMR) Cytochrome c oxidase(COX) Organ mass Seasonal variation Sturnus sericeus State 4 respiration

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The role of temperature as a driver of metabolic flexibility in the Red-billed Leiothrix(Leiothrix lutea)

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Avian Research 2019年第4期10卷 485-496页

作者： Danqi Cui Na Wang Jingru Ge Jiaying Xu Weihong Zheng Jinsong Liu School of Life and environmental Sciences Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China zhejiang Provincial key Lab for subtropical water environment and marine biological resources protection Wenzhou 325035China

Background:The thermoregulatory ability of animals is strongly influenced by the temperature of their *** to cold requires a range of physiological and morphological *** this study,we tested the hypothesis that a small passerine,the Red-billed Leiothrix(Leiothrix lutea),can maintain homeothermy in cold conditions by adjusting the physiology and biochemistry of its tissue and organs and return to its former physiological and biochemical state when moved to a warm ***:Phenotypic variation in thermogenic activity of the Red-billed Leiothrixs(Leiothrix lutea)was investigated under warm(35℃),normal(25℃)or cold(15℃)ambient temperature *** consumption was measured using an open-circuit respirometry *** state-4 respiration and cytochrome-c oxidase(COX)activity in liver,kidney heart and pectoral muscle were measured with a Clark ***:Birds acclimated to an ambient temperature of 15℃ for 4 weeks significantly increased their basal metabolic rate(BMR)compared to a control group kept at 25℃.Birds acclimated to 35℃ decreased their BMR,gross energy intake(GEI)and digestible energy intake(DEI).Furthermore,birds acclimated to 15℃ increased state-4 respiration in their pectoral muscles and cytochrome-c oxidase(COX)activity in their liver and pectoral muscle,compared to the 25℃ control *** acclimated to 35℃ also displayed lower state-4 respiration and COX activity in the liver,heart and pectoral muscles,compared to those kept at 25℃.There was a positive correlation between BMR and state-4 respiration,and between BMR and COX activity,in all of the above organs except the liver and ***:Our study illustrates that the morphological,physiological,and enzymatic changes are associated with temperature acclimation in the Red-billed Leiothrix,and supports the notion that the primary means by which small birds meet the energetic challenges of cold conditions is through metabolic adj

关键词： Basal metabolic rate Cold acclimation Cytochrome C oxidase Leiothrix lutea State-4 respiration

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Interspecific variation of thermoregulation between small migratory and resident passerines in Wenzhou

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Zoological Research 2016年第3期37卷 167-175页

作者： Qing-Gang QIAO Hong-Ji LIANG Min-Lan BAI Wei-Hong ZHENG Jin-Song LIU School of Life and environmental Sciences Wenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China zhejiang Provincial key Lab for subtropical water environment and marine biological resources protection Wenzhou 325035China

Physiological adaptation arises from several fundamental sources of phenotypic variation. Most analyses of metabolic adaptation in birds have focused on the basal metabolic rate （BMR）, the lower limit of avian metabolic heat production. In this study, we investigated thermoregulation in three passerine species; the yellow-billed grosbeak Eophona migratoria, white-rumped munia Lonchura striata and black-throated bushtit Aegithalos concinnus, in Wenzhou, China. Metabolic rate was measured using the closed-circuit respirometer containing 3.5 L animal chambers. Body temperature （Tb） was measured during metabolic measurements using a lubricated thermocouple. The minimum thermal conductance of these species was calculated by measuring their Tb and metabolic rates. The yellow-billed grosbeak remained largely normothermic, and the white-rumped munia and black-throated bushtit exhibited variable Tb at ambient temperatures （Ta）. Mean metabolic rates within thermal neutral zone were 2.48±0.09 02 （mL）/g/h for yellow-billed grosbeaks, 3.44±0.16 02 （mL）/g/h for white-rumped munias, and 3.55±0.20 O2 （mL）/g/h for black-throated bushtits, respectively. Minimum thermal conductance of yellow-billed grosbeak, white-rumped munia and black-throated bushtit were 0.13±0.00, 0.36±0.01, and 0.37±0.01 02 （mL）/g/h/℃, respectively. The ecophysiological characteristics of these species were：（1） the yellowbilled grosbeak had relatively high Tb and BMR, a low lower critical temperature and thermal conductance, and a metabolic rate that was relatively insensitive to variation in Ta; all of which are typical of cold adapted species and explain its broader geographic distribution; （2） the white-rumped munia and black- throated bushtit had high thermal conductance, lower critical temperature, and relatively low BMR, all which are adapted to warm environments where there is little selection pressure for metabolic thermogenesis. Taken together, these data illustrate small migratory and resident passeri

关键词： Basal metabolic rate Body temperature Thermal conductance Eophona migratoria Lonchurastriata Aegithalos concinnus

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Effects of temperature acclimation on body mass and energy budget in the Chinese bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis

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Zoological Research 2014年第1期35卷 33-41页

作者： Yu-Nan WU Lin LIN Yu-Chao XIAO Li-Meng ZHOU Meng-Si WU Hui-Ying ZHANG Jin-Song LIU School of Life and environmental Sciences Wenzhou University zhejiang Provincial key Lab for subtropical Freshwater environment and marine biological resources protection Institute of Applied Ecology Wenzhou University

Chinese bulbuls （Pycnonotus sinensis） are small passerine birds that inhabit areas of central, southern and eastern China. Previous observations suggest that flee-living individuals of this species may change their food intake in response to seasonal changes in ambient temperature. In the present study, we randomly assigned Chinese bulbuls to either a 30 ~C or 10 ~C group, and measured their body mass （BM）, body temperature, gross energy intake （GEl）, digestible energy intake （DEI）, and the length and mass of their digestive tracts over 28 days of acclimation at these temperatures. As predicted, birds in the 30 ℃ group had lower body mass, GEI and DEI relative to those in the 10 ℃ group. The length and mass of the digestive tract was also lower in the 30 ℃ group and trends in these parameters were positively correlated with BM, GEl and DEI. These results suggest that Chinese bulbuls reduced their absolute energy demands at relatively high temperatures by decreasing their body mass, GEI and DEI, and digestive tract size.

关键词： Body mass Energy budget Pycnonotus sinensis Temperature acclimation

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