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Impact of Atmospheric Transmittance and NLTE Correction on Simulation of High Spectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounder onboard FY-3E

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Journal of meteorological Research 2024年第2期38卷 225-234页

作者： Chenggege FANG Peiming DONG Yang HAN Wanlin KAN Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of meteorological Disasters Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological AdministrationNanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044 Donghai laboratory Zhoushan 316021 State key laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Beijing 100081 key laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of china meteorological administration Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric SciencesNanjing 210041

With the launch of the first civilian early-morning orbit satellite Fengyun-3E(FY-3E),higher demands are placed on the accuracy of radiative transfer simulations for hyperspectral infrared data.Therefore,several key issues are investigated in the paper.First,the accuracy of the fast atmospheric transmittance model implemented in the Advanced Research and Modeling System(ARMS)has been evaluated with both the line-by-line radiative transfer model(LBLRTM)and the actual satellite observations.The results indicate that the biases are generally less than 0.25 K when compared to the LBLRTM,while below 1.0 K for the majority of the channels when compared to the observations.However,during both comparisons,significant biases are observed in certain channels.The accuracy of Hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounder-II(HIRAS-II)onboard FY-3E is comparable to,and even superior to that of the Cross-track Infrared Sounder(CrIS)onboard NOAA-20.Furthermore,apodization is a crucial step in the processing of hyperspectral data in that the apodization function is utilized as the instrument channel spectral response function to produce the satellite channel-averaged transmittance.To further explore the difference between the apodized and unapodized simulations,Sinc function is adopted in the fast transmittance model.It is found that the use of Sinc function can make the simulations fit the original satellite observations better.When simulating with apodized observations,the use of Sinc function exhibits larger deviations compared to the Hamming function.Moreover,a correction module is applied to minimize the impact of Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium(NLTE)in the shortwave infrared band.It is verified that the implementation of the NLTE correction model leads to a significant reduction in the bias between the simulation and observation for this band.

关键词： high spectral infrared sounding atmospheric transmittance apodization Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Fengyun-3E(FY-3E)

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Enhancement and Removal of PM2.5 by Cold and Warm Air Masses Accompanying Certain Synoptic Weather Systems across Hangzhou, china during 2014–2020

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Journal of meteorological Research 2024年第3期38卷 620-634页

作者： Bu YU Feng CHEN Hanqing KANG Bin ZHU Hongnian LIU Hangzhou meteorological Bureau Hangzhou International Urbanology Research Center for Urban Governance Studies Zhejiang Institute of meteorological sciences key laboratory for aerosol–cloud–precipitation of china meteorological administration Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology School of Atmospheric sciences Nanjing University

Local air pollution is strongly affected by synoptic weather systems,such as fronts,troughs,low-altitude vortices,or high-altitude ridges.Nevertheless,few studies have analyzed the meteorological properties of cold or warm air masses associated to these systems and their impact on local air quality.In this study,hourly observations of fine particulate matter (diameter of up to 2.5μm,i.e.,PM2.5),wind （V）,temperature （T）,pressure （P）,and precipitation （R）,acquired in Hangzhou in 2014–2020,were analyzed.From this analysis,weather patterns were categorized into 27types;89 and 94 cases illustrating the passage of warm and cold air masses over Hangzhou were identified,respectively;the influence of air mass temperature,wind speed,and wind direction on PM2.5concentrations and local accumulation or removal was quantified.The main results are as follows.（1） Pollution events occurred more frequently for cold than for warm air masses,but average pollutant concentration was lower for cold air masses;（2） 48%of the cold air mass cases corresponded to PM2.5decreases and 52%to PM2.5increases,with strong cold air masses(?T24h>4℃;|V|average>4 m s-1) markedly reducing local pollution,but weak cold air masses (?T24h4℃) reduced the PM2.5concentration whereas weaker winds (|V|average<2 m s-1) increased it;and （4） PM2.5concentration decreased sharply within 4 h after the passage of strong cold air masses,but more gradually within 14 h after the passage of strong warm air masses.These results considerably improve the current understanding of the influence of cold and warm air masses on local pollution patterns.

关键词： weather type air mass enhancement removal meteorological condition

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Improvement of cloud microphysical parameterization and its advantages in simulating precipitation along the Sichuan-Xizang Railway

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science china Earth sciences 2024年第3期67卷 856-873页

作者： Xiaoqi XU Zhiwei HENG Yueqing LI Shunjiu WANG Jian LI Yuan WANG Jinghua CHEN Peiwen ZHANG Chunsong LU china meteorological administration Transportation Meteorology key laboratory Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric SciencesNanjing 210041China Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in Plateau and Basin key laboratory of Sichuan Province Institute of Plateau MeteorologyCMAChengdu 610072China State key laboratory of Disaster Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China china meteorological administration aerosol-cloud and precipitation key laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD) Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China

The Sichuan-Xizang Railway is an important part of the railway network in china, and geological disasters, such as mountain floods and landslides, frequently occur in this region. precipitation is an important cause of these disasters;therefore,accurate simulation of the precipitation in this region is highly important. In this study, the descriptions for uncertain processes in the cloud microphysics scheme are improved;these processes include cloud droplet activation, cloud-rain autoconversion, rain accretion by cloud droplets, and the entrainment-mixing process. In the default scheme, the cloud water content of different sizes corresponds to the same cloud droplet concentration, which is inconsistent with the actual content;this results in excessive cloud droplet size, unreasonable related conversion rates of microphysical process(such as cloud-rain autoconversion), and an overestimation of precipitation. Our new scheme overcomes the problem of excessive cloud droplet size. The processes of cloudrain autoconversion and rain accretion by cloud droplets are similar to the stochastic collection equation, and the mixing mechanism of cloud droplets is more consistent with that occurred during the actual physical process in the cloud. Based on the new and old schemes, multiple precipitation processes in the flood season of 2021 along the Sichuan-Xizang Railway are simulated, and the results are evaluated using ground observations and satellite data. Compared to the default scheme, the new scheme is more suitable for the simulation of cloud physics, reducing the simulation deviation of the liquid water path and droplet radius from 2 times to less than 1 time and significantly alleviating the overestimation of precipitation intensity and range of precipitation center. The average root-mean-square error is reduced by 22%. Our results can provide a scientific reference for improving precipitation forecasting and disaster prevention in this region.

关键词： The Sichuan-Xizang Railway cloud microphysics precipitation Model improvement

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Consistency of Tropospheric Water Vapor between Reanalyses and Himawari-8/AHI Measurements over East Asia

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2024年第1期41卷 19-38页

作者： Di DI Jun LI Yunheng XUE Min MIN Bo LI Zhenglong LI Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China key laboratory for aerosol-cloud-precipitation China Meteorological AdministrationSchool of Atmospheric PhysicsNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China FYSIC National Satellite Meteorological CenterChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China Chengdu university of information science and technology Chengdu 610225China School of Atmospheric sciences and Guangdong Province key laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and EngineeringZhuhai 519082China Cooperative Institute for meteorological Satellite Studies University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadison WI 53706WisconsinUSA Wuxi university Wuxi 214105China

High spatiotemporal resolution radiances from the advanced imagers onboard the new generation of geostationary weather satellites provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the abilities of various reanalysis datasets to depict multilayer tropospheric water vapor(WV),thereby enhancing our understanding of the deficiencies of WV in reanalysis datasets.Based on daily measurements from the Advanced Himawari Imager(AHI)onboard the Himawari-8 satellite in 2016,the bias features of multilayer WV from six reanalysis datasets over East Asia are thoroughly evaluated.The assessments show that wet biases exist in the upper troposphere in all six reanalysis datasets;in particular,these biases are much larger in summer.Overall,we find better depictions of WV in the middle troposphere than in the upper troposphere.The accuracy of WV in the ERA5 dataset is the highest,in terms of the bias magnitude,dispersion,and pattern similarity.The characteristics of the WV bias over the Tibetan Plateau are significantly different from those over other parts of East Asia.In addition,the reanalysis datasets all capture the shift of the subtropical high very well,with ERA5 performing better overall.

关键词： AHI reanalysis dataset multilayer water vapor assessment radiative transfer model

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High-precision temperature retrieval algorithm and verification for mesospheric airglow spectrum photometer

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science china Earth sciences 2024年第5期67卷 1639-1651页

作者： Shuqi NIU Haiyang GAO Zhaoai YAN Ke REN Leilei KOU Baichuan JIANG Lingbin BU key Open laboratory of aerosol and cloud precipitation of china meteorological administration Nanjing 210044China School of Atmospheric Physics Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China National Space science Center Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China university of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100190China

Photometric technology,characterized by its compact structure and relatively high stability,finds wide application in measuring airglow spectra.This instrumentation is anticipated to assume a pivotal role as the primary equipment for extensive network observations of middle and upper atmospheric temperatures in china,thereby providing crucial support for space environmental monitoring and atmospheric dynamic research.Nevertheless,susceptibility to various factors such as instrument inconsistency,variability in observation conditions,and alterations in the background atmospheric environment across different stations poses a challenge,potentially resulting in data inconsistencies in network observations.In response to these challenges,we propose a multiple-parameter iterative inversion(MPII)algorithm for temperature retrieval based on a mesospheric airglow spectrum photometer(MASP)developed by our research group.This algorithm accurately identifies the center of the image circle,corrects image distortion,and thereby obtains an accurate synthetic spectrum reflective of actual observations.It encompasses five adjustable parameters:sky background light,atmospheric temperature,filter temperature,optical system focal length,and degree of synthetic spectrum modulation.Compared to traditional methods,significant enhancements in the accuracy of the inverted temperature are achieved.To validate the effectiveness of the MPII algorithm,we conducted combined active and passive remote sensing synchronous measurements using MASP in conjunction with a sodium fluorescence Doppler lidar developed by the National Space science Center.By utilizing the lidar temperature as a reference,atmospheric background radiation is mitigated from the MASP data,and the temperature is inverted using the MPII algorithm.Comparative analysis with the traditional method reveals that temperatures calculated by the MPII algorithm exhibit better consistency than those observed by the lidar.

关键词： Temperature inversion Airglow spectrum photometer Rotational spectral lines Sodium fluorescence Doppler lidar Comparative observations

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Impact of the Complex Terrain in Beijing on Formation of Low-Level Jets

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Journal of meteorological Research 2024年第1期38卷 138-150页

作者： Li’ao ZHOU Chenggang WANG Shiguang MIAO Ju LI School of Atmospheric Physics Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044 Institute of Urban Meteorology China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100089 key laboratory of Urban Meteorology China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100089

This study investigated how the Taihang Mountains and the Yanshan Mountains affect low-level jets(LLJs)in the Beijing area,based on conventional radiosonde observations from Nanjiao Observatory(2016–2017)and high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting–Advanced Research WRF(WRF-ARW)model simulations.Analysis of radiosonde observations indicated that LLJs in the study area are mainly from the southwest and northwest directions,with occurrence frequency of 44.6%and 33.0%,respectively.Southwest(northwest)LLJs are aligned parallel(perpendicular)to the orientation of the Taihang Mountain Range.Terrain sensitivity experiments using the WRF-ARW model were then conducted to examine the effects of terrain forcing on the northwest and southwest LLJs,with adopted terrain heights of 100%and 50%.The results showed that for northwest LLJs,reduction in the elevation of the Taihang Mountain Range led to weakening of jet intensity by approximately 20%and reduction in jet maximum height by approximately 250 m;lowering the Yanshan Mountain Range had minor influence on the northwest LLJs,with only a 5.2%reduction in intensity and no substantial change in jet maximum height.For southwest LLJs,reduction in the elevation of both the Taihang and Yanshan Mountain ranges resulted in minor changes in the intensity and height of the jets.Further analysis revealed that the topography in the Beijing area could modulate the height and intensity of the stable layer by altering the inversion structure within the boundary layer.The LLJs can develop rapidly within the stable layer,and both the location and the scale of the jet core exhibited reasonable agreement with the extent of the stable layer.

关键词： low-level jets(LLJs) mesoscale numerical simulation terrain forcing

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The Probability Density Function Related to Shallow Cumulus Entrainment Rate and Its Influencing Factors in a Large-Eddy Simulation

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2024年第1期41卷 173-187页

作者： Lei ZHU Chunsong LU Xiaoqi XU Xin HE Junjun LI Shi LUO Yuan WANG Fan WANG Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)and key laboratory for aerosol-cloud-precipitation of china meteorological administration Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric sciences Nanjing 210019China College of Aviation Meteorology Civil Aviation Flight University of ChinaGuanghan 618307China Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Geography Hong Kong Baptist UniversityHong Kong SAR 999077China

The process of entrainment-mixing between cumulus clouds and the ambient air is important for the development of cumulus clouds.Accurately obtaining the entrainment rate(λ)is particularly important for its parameterization within the overall cumulus parameterization scheme.In this study,an improved bulk-plume method is proposed by solving the equations of two conserved variables simultaneously to calculateλof cumulus clouds in a large-eddy simulation.The results demonstrate that the improved bulk-plume method is more reliable than the traditional bulk-plume method,becauseλ,as calculated from the improved method,falls within the range ofλvalues obtained from the traditional method using different conserved variables.The probability density functions ofλfor all data,different times,and different heights can be well-fitted by a log-normal distribution,which supports the assumed stochastic entrainment process in previous studies.Further analysis demonstrate that the relationship betweenλand the vertical velocity is better than other thermodynamic/dynamical properties;thus,the vertical velocity is recommended as the primary influencing factor for the parameterization ofλin the future.The results of this study enhance the theoretical understanding ofλand its influencing factors and shed new light on the development ofλparameterization.

关键词： large-eddy simulation cumulus clouds entrainment rate probability density functions spatial and temporal distribution

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Impact of Local Climate Zones on the Urban Heat and Dry Islands in Beijing:Spatial Heterogeneity and Relative Contributions

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Journal of meteorological Research 2024年第1期38卷 126-137页

作者： Zuofang ZHENG Fu LUO Nana LI Hua GAO Yuanjian YANG Institute of Urban Meteorology China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100089 School of Atmospheric Physics Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044 key laboratory of Urban Meteorology China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100089

Based on the building height and density data on a 100-m resolution,hourly 2-m temperature and humidity data at83 automatic weather stations,and gridded local climate zone(LCZ)data on a 120-m resolution in urban Beijing in2020,this study first employs the semivariogram combined with building parameters to calculate spatial correlations and has identified an LCZ grid resolution of 500 m suitable for best usage of the available observation data.Then,how the spatially heterogeneous LCZs affect and contribute to the canopy urban heat island intensity(UHII)and urban dry island intensity(UDII)are quantitatively investigated.It is found that UHII is high in winter and low in summer with a unimodal diurnal variation while UDI is low in winter but high in summer with a bimodal diurnal variation.The LCZ with compact mid-rise(open high-rise)buildings exhibits the highest UHII(UDII),followed by the compact high-rise(compact low-rise),while the LCZ of scattered trees presents both the lowest UHII and the lowest UDII.The most significant difference in the UHII(UDII)among the nine LCZ types in the urban area of Beijing is2.62℃(1.1 g kg^(-1)).Area-weighted averaging analysis reveals that the open mid-rise LCZ is the most significant contributor to the UHII(UDII),immediately followed by compact mid-rise(open low-rise),with the least contribution from bare rock or paved(scattered trees).The results also indicate that beyond the intrinsic physical properties of the LCZs of a city,their area proportions cannot be overlooked in evaluating their impact on the UHI and UDI.These quantitatively findings could help urban planners to create a livable urban climate and environment by adjusting the relevant land use.

关键词： local climate zone(LCZ) urban heat island(UHI) urban dry island(UDI) distribution pattern contribution rate Beijing

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Predictability of the 7·20 extreme rainstorm in Zhengzhou in stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter ensembles

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science china Earth sciences 2024年第7期67卷 2226-2241页

作者： Min YANG Peilong YU Lifeng ZHANG Xiaobing PAN Quanjia ZHONG Yunying LI College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense TechnologyChangsha 410073China key laboratory of High Impact Weather(Special) China Meteorological AdministrationChangsha 410073China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of meteorological Disasters/key laboratory of meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment ChangeNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China Department of Ocean science Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong 999077China

The scale-dependent predictability of the devastating 7·20 extreme rainstorm in Zhengzhou,china in 2021 was investigated via ensemble experiments,which were perturbed on different scales using the stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter(SKEB)scheme in the WRF model,with the innermost domain having a 3-km grid spacing.The daily rainfall(RAIN24h)and the cloudburst during 1600-1700 LST(RAIN1h)were considered.Results demonstrated that with larger perturbation scales,the ensemble spread for the rainfall maximum widens and rainfall forecasts become closer to the observations.In ensembles with mesoscale or convective-scale perturbations,RAIN1h loses predictability at scales smaller than 20 km and RAIN24h is predictable for all scales.Whereas in ensembles with synoptic-scale perturbations,the largest scale of predictability loss extends to 60 km for both RAIN1h and RAIN24h.Moreover,the average positional error in forecasting the heaviest rainfall for RAIN24h(RAIN1h)was 400 km(50-60)km.The southerly low-level jet near Zhengzhou was assumed to be directly responsible for the forecast uncertainty of RAIN1h.The rapid intensification in low-level cyclonic vorticity,mid-level divergence,and upward motion concomitant with the jet dynamically facilitated the cloudburst.Further analysis of the divergent,rotational and vertical kinetic spectra and the corresponding error spectra showed that the error kinetic energy at smaller scales grows faster than that at larger scales and saturates more quickly in all experiments.Larger-scale perturbations not only boost larger-scale error growth but are also conducive to error growth at all scales through a downscale cascade,which indicates that improving the accuracy of larger-scale flow forecast may discernibly contributes to the forecast of cloudburst intensity and position.

关键词： Stochastic kinetic-energy backscatter(SKEB) Extreme rainfall Ensemble forecast Predictability

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Diagnosis of the Kinetic Energy of the“21·7”Extreme Torrential Rainfall Event in Henan Province,china

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2024年第1期41卷 73-83页

作者： Xiuping YAO Ruoying LI Xiaohong BAO Qiaohua LIU china meteorological administration Training Centre Beijing 100081China State key laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China College of Atmospheric sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China

An extreme torrential rain(ETR)event occurred in Henan Province,china,during 18-21 July 2021.Based on hourly rain-gauge observations and ERA5 reanalysis data,the ETR was studied from the perspective of kinetic energy(K),which can be divided into rotational wind(V_(R))kinetic energy(K_(R)),divergent wind kinetic energy(K_(D)),and the kinetic energy of the interaction between the divergent and rotational winds(K_(RD)).According to the hourly precipitation intensity variability,the ETR process was divided into an initial stage,a rapid increase stage,and maintenance stage.Results showed that the intensification and maintenance of ETR were closely related to the upper-level K,and most closely related to the upperlevel K_(R),with a correlation coefficient of up to 0.9.In particular,the peak value of hourly rainfall intensity lagged behind the K_(R) by 8 h.Furthermore,diagnosis showed that K transformation from unresolvable to resolvable scales made the ETR increase slowly.The meridional rotational wind(u_(R))and meridional gradient of the geopotential(φ)jointly determined the conversion of available potential energy(APE)to K_(R) through the barotropic process,which dominated the rapid enhancement of K_(R) and then caused the rapid increase in ETR.The transportation of K by rotational wind consumed K_(R),and basically offset the K_(R) produced by the barotropic process,which basically kept K_(R) stable at a high value,thus maintaining the ETR.

关键词： extreme torrential rain rotational kinetic energy kinetic energy generation and transport barotropic process

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