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Numerical modeling of secondary migration and its applications to Chang-6 Member of Yanchang Formation (Upper Triassic), Longdong area, Ordos Basin, China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2007年第Z2期50卷 91-102页

作者： LUO XiaoRong YU Jian ZHANG LiuPing YANG Yang CHEN RuiYin CHEN ZhanKun ZHOU Bo key Laboratory of Petroleum resources Researches Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Changqing Oil Company PetroChina Company Limited Xi'an 710021 China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Researches Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Changqing Oil Company PetroChina Company Limited Xi'an 710021 China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Researches Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Researches Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Researches Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

Mathematic modeling, established on the basis of physical experiments, is becoming an increasingly important tool in oil and gas migration studies. This technique is based on the observation that hydrocarbon migration tends to take relative narrow pathways. A mathematical model of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation is constructed using the percolation theory. It is then calibrated using physical experimental results, and is tested under a variety of conditions, to understand the applicability of the model in different migration cases. Through modeling, dynamic conditions of large-scale migration pathways within homogeneous formations can be evaluated. Basin-scale hydrocarbon migration pathways and their characteristics are analyzed during the model application to the Chang-8 Member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong area of Ordos Basin. In heterogeneous formations, spatial changes in fluid potential determine the direction of secondary migration, and heterogeneity controls the characteristics and geometry of secondary migration pathways.

关键词： hydrocarbon migration, percolation theory, numerical model, migration pathway, migration carrier, heterogeneity

Hydrogen isotopic characteristics and their genetic relationships for individual n-alkanes in plants and sediments from Zoigê marsh sedimentary environment

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第9期53卷 1329-1334页

作者： DUAN Yi1, ZHENG ChaoYang2 & WU BaoXiang1 1 key Laboratory of Petroleum resources Research, institute of geology and geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China 2 Department of geology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China key Laboratory of Petroleum resources Research Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China Department of geology Northwest University Xi’an China

To understand internal relations of their hydrogen isotopic compositions in typical marsh environment, we, using GC-IRMS analytical technique, measured the hydrogen isotopes of individual n-alkanes in the herbaceous plant, woody plant leaf, and sediments from Zoigê marsh in China. The results show significant differences in the hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes among the different kinds of plants and the different species in the same kind. δD values of n-alkanes in the herbaceous plants (from -254‰ to -184‰) are lighter than those in woody plant leaf ( from -195‰ to -142‰ ), and the hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes in K. tibetica P. are lighter than P. pratensis L. The mean δD values of n-alkanes in the sediments from Zoigê marsh reflect that they were derived from herbaceous plants, which is consistent with the peat samples being composed mainly of herbaceous plant remnants. The significant differences in hydrogen isotopic compositions of n-alkanes among the sedimentary samples are caused possibly by environment factors and the difference in input quantity of different herbaceous plants. A certain negative correlation exists between the δ13C and δD values of n-alkanes in the samples, and plant types can be distinguished using the cross plot of δD vs. δ13C values of n-alkanes in the plants. These data and recognitions provide scientific basis for hydrogen isotopic applied research of individual n-alkanes.

关键词： marsh environment plants sediments individual lipids hydrogen isotopes genetic relationship

Onset location of scintillation-producing spread-F plume over Sanya

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Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第8期59卷 1692-1699页

作者： ZHENG JianChang HUANG ZhaoGuo WU Zhi HAO XiQing JI JiaLun NING BaiQi HU LianHuan ZHAO XiuKuan LI GuoZhu key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing National Observatory of Space Environment Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

Equatorial spread-F (ESF) backscatter plumes are often observed in radar range-time-intensity (RTI) maps at low latitude. Except case studies, few statistical investigations on the onset locations of scintillation-producing ESF plumes at given sites have been conducted. In this study, a statistical analysis is carried out on onset locations of ESF backscatter plumes observed at a low-latitude location Sanya (18.4°N, 109.6°E; dip lat 12.8°N) during equinoctial months of 2013. By employing a tracing method to locate backscatter plumes, we estimate the onset longitudes of periodic plumes obtained from the Sanya VHF radar five-beam steering measurements. The results show that the inter-plume distances (in longitude) are mostly confined within 200–600 km, and the ESF plumes producing ionospheric scintillations over Sanya are almost exclusively generated at the longitudes of 94°–110°E. The results indicate the necessity to monitor ESF plume initial generation in the longitude region of 94°–110°E to better understand the day-to-day variability in the occurrence of ionospheric scintillations over Sanya.

关键词： Equatorial spread-F Backscatter plume Onset location VHF radar Zonal drift

A Quantitative Method for Characterizing Transport Capability of Compound Hydrocarbon Carrier System

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Journal of Earth Science 2013年第3期24卷 328-342页

作者：雷裕红罗晓容张立宽程明宋成鹏 key Laboratory of Petroleum resources Research Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Research institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development PetroChina

The occurrence of hydrocarbon migration in petroliferous basins depends on the balance of driving force and resistance of carriers, which restricts mostly the quantity and positions of hydrocarbon accumulation. The driving forces of hydrocarbon migration have been quantitatively studied, whereas the migration pathways and carriers were only qualitatively discussed up to now. Establishing a compound hydrocarbon carrier system and quantitatively characterizing its transport capability are significant for understanding the dynamic process of hydrocarbon migration and revealing the hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics. It has become an innovatory trend and also a difficult topic in study of hydrocarbon migration. In this article, a method is described for using displacement pressure to quantitatively characterize the transport capability of the compound carrier system, which composed of sandstone carriers, unconformities and faults. When the weathered and leached zone rarely developed, the basal conglomerate or transgressive sandstone of unconformities can be treated as part of sandstone carriers. An empirical relationship among core porosity, air permeability, and the pore aperture radius corresponding to a mercury saturation of 10% （r 10 ） can be obtained by multiple regression. Using porosity and permeability inversed by seismic data, the displacement pressure of sandstone carriers can be calculated by the empirical relationship and Washburn Equation. Displacement pressure of fault plane can be estimated by the regression formula between fault opening index （FOI） and hydrocarbon column height it can support. This method is applied in the eastern part of south slope in Dongying （东营） depression, Bohai （渤海） Bay Basin, China, to quantitatively characterize thetransport capability of the compound carrier system of Shahejie （沙河街） Formation. The results have good agreement with data from drilling wells. This method may be a step further in study of compound hydrocarbon

关键词： hydrocarbon carrier system quantitative characterization transport capability Dongying depression displacement pressure.

Contributions of non-tectonic micro-fractures to hydraulic fracturing—A numerical investigation based on FSD model

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Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第4期59卷 851-865页

作者： WANG Yu Li Xiao ZHAO ZhiHeng ZHOU RunQing ZHANG Bo LI GuanFang key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

Shale gas has been discovered in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China. Due to the weak tectonic activities in which the shale plays, core observations indicate abundant random non-tectonic micro- fractures in the producing shales. The non-tectonic micro-fractures are different from tectonic fractures and are characterized by being irregular, curved, discontinuous, and randomly distributed. The role of micro-fractures in hydraulic fracturing for shale gas development is currently poorly understood yet potentially critical. Two-dimensional computational modeling studies have been used in an initial attempt toward understanding how naturally random fractured reservoirs respond during hydraulic fracturing. The aim of the paper is to investigate the effect of random non-tectonic fractures on hydraulic fracturing. The numerical models with random non-tectonic micro-fractures are built by extracting the fractures of rock blocks after repeated heating and cooling, using a digital image process. Simulations were conducted as a function of:(1) the in-situ stress ratio;(2) internal friction angle of random fractures;(3) cohesion of random fractures;(4) operational variables such as injection rate; and(5) variable injection rate technology. A sensitivity study reveals a number of interesting observations resulting from these parameters on the shear stimulation in a natural fracture system. Three types of fracturing networks were observed from the studied simulations, and the results also show that variable injection rate technology is most promising for producing complex fracturing networks. This work strongly links the production technology and geomechanical evaluation. It can aid in the understanding and optimization of hydraulic fracturing simulations in naturally random fractured reservoirs.

关键词： Non-tectonic micro-fracture Hydraulic fracturing Fracturing network Numerical simulation

Lithospheric structure and evolution of the North China Craton:An integrated study of geophysical and xenolith data

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Science China Earth Sciences 2021年第2期64卷 205-219页

作者： Jianping ZHENG Bing XIA Hongkun DAI Qiang MA School of Earth Sciences State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral ResourcesChina University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074China State key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China

Determination of the physical and chemical structures of the inaccessible continental lithosphere by comprehensive geophysical and geochemical studies can provide valuable information on its formation and *** studies from various disciplines have revealed complex lithospheric modification of the North China Craton(NCC),but less attention has been paid to an integrated study from different *** we provide an integrated constraint on the lithospheric mantle structure of the NCC by comprehensive semiology,gravity and thermal studies with xenolith data involving depth(levels in the lithosphere),property(chemical and physical),and timing(formation and reworking ages).Our results suggest that the NCC has a relatively heterogeneous lithospheric *** margins and internal weak zones,especially in the eastern NCC,are generally underlain by the fertile,weakly metasomatized mantle with generally young formation *** contrast,its core tends to preserve the refractory,strongly metasomatized mantle with ages roughly coupled to the overlying Archean *** a lithospheric structure shows the preferential modification of the lithospheric mantle in the eastern NCC and in the peripheral regions of the western *** interior of the craton,especially most of the western NCC,remains stable and has been weakly modified.

关键词： Lithospheric thermal and density structure Peridotite xenolith Heterogeneous mantle replacement North China Craton

Geochemical Features, Age, and Tectonic Significance of the Kekekete Mafic-ultramafic Rocks, East Kunlun Orogen, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第5期87卷 1319-1333页

作者： LI Ruibao PEI Xianzhi LI Zuochen SUN Yu FENG Jianyong PEI Lei CHEN Guochao LIU Chengjun CHEN Youxin key Laboratory of Western China’s mineral resources and Geological Engineering Ministry of Education School of Earth Science and resources Chang’an University National key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Information and Image Analysis Technology Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology institute of geology and geophysics CAS School of Earth Science and resources China University of Geosciences

The Kekekete mafic-ultramafic rocks are exposed in the Kekesha-Kekekete-Dawate area, which are in the eastern part of the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt. It outcrops as tectonic slices intruding tectonically in the Paleoproterozoic Baishahe Group and the Paleozoic Nachitai Group. The Kekekete mafic and ultramafic rocks is located near the central fault in East Kunlun and lithologically mainly consists of serpentinite, augite peridotite, and gabbro. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age of the gabbro is 501±7 Ma, indicating that Kekekete mafic-ultramafic rocks formed in the Middle Cambrian. This rock assemblage is relatively poor in SiO2 and （Na20＋K20） but rich in MgO and SFeO. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the gabbro dip slightly to the right; the primitive mantle and MORB-normalized spidergrams of trace elements show enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements （Cs, Rb, Ba, etc.） and no differentiation of high field strength elements. The general dominance of E- MORB features and the geochemical characteristics of OIB suggest that the Kekekete mafic- ultramafic rocks formed in an initial oceanic basin with slightly enriched mantle being featured by varying degrees of mixing of N-MORB depleted mantle and a similar-OIB-type source. From a comprehensive study of the previous data, the author believes that the tectonic history of the East Kunlun region was controlled by a geodynamic system of rifting and extension in the late stages of the Neoproterozoic to early stages of the Early Paleozoic and this formed the paleo-oceanic basin or rift system now represented by the ophiolites along the central fault in East Kunlun, the Kekekete mafic- ultramafic rocks and Delisitan ophiolite.

关键词： ophiolite tectonic attribute Kekekete East Kunlun Orogeny

Cyclical one-way continental rupture-drift in the Tethyan evolution: Subduction-driven plate tectonics

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第12期62卷 2005-2016页

作者： Bo WAN Fuyuan WU Ling CHEN Liang ZHAO Xiaofeng LIANG Wenjiao XIAO Rixiang ZHU State key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

Numerous continents have rifted and drifted away from Gondwana to repeatedly open ocean basins over the past-500 *** Gondwana-derived continents drifted towards and collided with components of the Eurasian continent to successively close the preexisting oceans between the *** tectonics satisfactorily describes the continental drift from Gondwana to Eurasia but does not define the geodynamic mechanism of continuously rifting to collisions of continents in the Tethy an *** reappraisal of geological records of the rift,collision and subduction initiation from the surface and various geophysical observations from depth,we propose that Eurasia-directed subducting oceanic slabs would have driven Tethyan system in the *** Eurasia-directed subduction would have dragged the passive Gondwana margin to rift and drift northwards,giving birth to new oceans since the *** closure of preexisting oceans between the Gondwana-derived continents and Eurasia led to continental collisions,which would have induced the initiation of oceanic subduction in the Tethyan *** episodic switches between collision-subduction-rift repeatedly led to the separation of continental fragments from Gondwana and dragged them to drift towards *** final disappearance of Neo-Tethy s would have induced collision of the Gondwana-derived continents with the Eurasian continent,giving rise to the Cenozoic Alpine-Zagros-Himalayan collisional ***,the Eurasia-directed oceanic subduction would have acted as a’one-way train’that successively transferred the ruptured Gondwana continental fragments in the south,into the terminal in the *** this regard,the engine of this"Tethyan one-way train"is the negative buoyancy of subducting oceanic slabs.

关键词： Tethyan geodynamics Oceanic slab Subduction initiation Continental collision Continental rift

Temperature of Prograde Metamorphism, Decompressional Partial Melting and Subsequent Melt Fractional Crystallization in the Weihai Migmatitic Gneisses,Sulu UHP Terrane:Constraints from Ti-in-Zircon Thermometer

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Journal of Earth Science 2012年第6期23卷 813-827页

作者：续海金叶凯章军锋 State key Laboratory of Geological Processes and mineral resources China University of Geosciences Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences State key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

In order to constrain temperature during subduction and subsequent exhumation of fel- sic continental crust, we carried out a Ti-in-zircon thermometer coupled with zircon internal structure and U-Pb age on migmatitic gneisses from the Weihai region in the Sulu ultra-high pres- sure （UHP） metamorphic terrane, eastern China. The Weihai migmatitic gneisses are composed of in- tercalated compositional layers of melanosome and plagioclase （Pl）-rich lencosome and K-feldspar （Kfs）-rich pegmatite veins. Four stages of zircon growth were recognized in the Weihai migmatitic gneisses. They successively recorded informations of protolith, prograde metamorphism, decompres- sional partial melting during early stage exhumation and subsequent fractional crystallization of pri- mary melt during later stage cooling exhumation. The inherited cores in zircon from the melanosome and the Pl-rich leucosome suggest that the pro- tolith of the migmatitic gneiss is Mid- Neoproterozoic （-780 Ma） magmatic rock. Metamorphic zircons with concordant ages ranging from 243 to 256 Ma occur as over- growth mantles on the protolith magmatic zir- con cores. The estimated growth temperatures （625-717 ＂C） of the metamorphic zircons have a negative correlation with their ages, indicating a progressive metamorphism in HP eciogite-facies condition during subduction. Zircon recrystal- lized rims （228-2 Ma） in the PI-rich ieucosome layers provide the lower limit of the decompress-sional partial melting time during exhumation. The ages from 228^-2 to 219~2 Ma recorded in the Pl-rich leucosome and the Kfs-rich pegmatite vein, respectively, suggest the duration of the fractional crystallization of primary melt during exhumation. The calculated growth temperatures of the zircon rims from the Pl-rich leucosome range from 858 to 739 , and the temperatures of new growth zircon grains （219±2 Ma） in Kfs-rich vein are between 769 and 529 . The estimated temperatures have a positive correlation with ages from the Pl-r

关键词： Ti-in-zircon thermometer prograde metamorphism decompressional partial melting,fractional crystallization migmatitic gneiss Sulu UHP metamorphic terrane.